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by the two abovementioned architects at the distance of about 90 years afterwards. The most remarkable things which he mentions are these: that the pillars of the new choir were of the same form and thickness with those of the old choir, but that they were 12 feet longer; that the former capitals were plain, while the latter were delicately carved; that there were no marble columns in Lanfranc's work, but an incredible number in that which succeeded it that the stones which formed the antient arches were cut with an axe; those of the new arches with a chissel: that the vaulting of the side ailes of the choir was formerly plain, but now pointed with key-stones that the old choir was covered with a flat ceiling, ornamentally painted, while the new one was elegantly arched, with hard stone for the ribs, and light toph stone for the interstices: finally, that there was only one triforium or gallery round the antient choir, while there were two round the modern one. The present state of the East end of Canterbury Cathedral still corresponds with the account of Gervase, written above 600 years ago." The Doctor then in an architectural mode describes the various features of the building, exemplified by an engraving borrowed (by permission) from J. Carter's work of Antient Architecture.

"The style adopted in the first metropolitical church of this kingdom, was followed in the suffragan cathedrals, as Lincoln, 1195; Winchester, 1202; York, 1227; Worcester and Salisbury were going on at this time. Westminster Abbey was beginning in 1245." In all of which the Doctor points out to notice the various decorations then bringing forward necessary to form and complete the Perfect

Order.

Chapter VII. "During the reign of our first Edward, which commenced in 1272, the architecture of this country, through the genius, industry, and piety, of its architects and artists, acquired a new character, or rather transformed itself into a new order of the Pointed Style." The Doctor then. proceeds to particularize and illustrate the features of the Second Order; demonstrates the true proportion of the pointed arch, naming the several ornaments; directs attention to pinnacles; advances the system of windows

in their mullions and tracery; and the Western porches, or Galilee *; adverts to niches and tabernacles," in which as much architectural skill and industry was often bestowed as in building the whole church." Ribs, in all their varied traceries, and their instructive sculptured devices are pointed out. Examples of works then are enumerated : Eleanor crosses, 1290; Monument of Edmund Crouchback, 1296. "But the most perfect specimen of the whole detail of these improvements is to be met with in York Minster; the pave built between the years 1290 and 1330, and the choir some 30 years afterwards." "Similar erections on a smaller scale: St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, 1348. Other cathedr is rebuilt, or repaired in the new improved manner. Before 1321, Lady Chapel, and West front of Lichfield Cathedral added: same time part of the nave of Westminster Abbey Church was building. Between the years 1327 and 1370, Exeter Cathedral was in part changed into the new work. 1381, nave of Canterbury Cathedral rebuilt. About the same period, William de Wykeham was employed in performing the same work in Winchester Cathedral. Gloucester, St. Alban's, and Rumsey, great churches, were also worked upon in like man

ner.

The taste for improvement descended to the parish churches, in which, though means should have been wanting for making other alterations, yet the windows, at least of almost all of them, were changed by some benefactor or other into those of the Pointed Style. Hence it is not uncommon to see figures of knights or ladies presenting windows of this form in the painted glass of such churches.” (Concluding Chapters VIII. and IX. of the REMARKS, are deferred.) ́

*A most curious piece of information is here given with regard to the use of the Galilee or Western porch, raised directly under the West window of a cathedral or other great church. Females were there allowed to see the monks who were relatives. This is gathered from a passage in Gervase. A woman applying for leave to see a monk her relation, was answered in the words of Scripture: "He goeth before you into Galilee, there you

shall see him." The term Galilee is still retained for the Western porches at Durham and Ely Cathedrals.

WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL,

Visited 1810.

"Though Canterbury be the higher stall, Winchester is the better manger."

The meaning of this old saw being so obvious, little need be said in explanation, otherwise than to express some surprize that this church of Winchester is so indifferently attended to in regard to common necessary repairs. The West front remains in the same neglected condition as it appeared in 1789. The North transept, one of the grandest examples of Saxon architecture, has indeed been cleared since the foregoing date from the rubbish that usually filled up its ailes; yet still continues to be shut out from the rest of the fabrick, as though it werea part possessing neither use or beauty. I found a few repairs going on in the choir; but, on enquiry, was given to understand the progress was so slow, that many visitors had suspected the requisite funds for executing the same were either deficient or circumscribed, so that a lively and vigorous prosecution of the undertaking was altogether an impossible thing. I recollect no other trace of ecclesiastical

care.

The yearly visitation paid to Waynefleet's monumental chapel is duly performed, but with such a duty the Church has no concern; Magdalen College looks to this. Beaufort's monumental chapel, its companion in splendour and noble design,fares rather ill in this respect: no reverential sons pay obligatory attention to the sublime sepulchral memorial; it is left to take its chance, as it is called, either from the damage sustained in being exposed to the out-of-repair vaultings over it, or from the depredations of mischievous people, encouraged by those who resort to the spot for no other purpose but to censure and deride the pious remains of antient art. William de Wykeham's monumental chapel, like that of Waynefleet's, and from the like motives, also meets with protection,

Notwithstanding the seeming fair condition of the two more fortunate chapels, there are a few objections to be made to what the hands of ignorant repairers and beautifiers have done to them. The mutilations wrought on the statues of Wykeham and Waynefleet, in the noses, mouths,

and other particular parts, by the rage of barbarous and misguided zeal, have been restored, but in such a slovenly disgraceful manner that perhaps this part of the undertaking had better not have been attended to. The shields and other embellishments more directly on Wykeham's tomb, also restored, but in a modern fancy way, by paintings instead of sculptured work, according to the original design. These incongruities may probably escape a casual observer; but to the patient and exploring eye of an artist they appear most glaring and unseemly. How far the engraving of the head of Waynefleet in a recent publication of his Life can be valued, becomes a question, when more attention was paid by the engraver to a plaster cast of the head (including its modern deformities) than to a drawing made for the occasion, with natural restorations of the parts before dilapidated. Hence the want of the delineator's name to the engraving is accounted for.

Though the prince of poets (Shakspeare) and the prince of painters (the late Sir Joshua Reynolds) in their labours have each endeavoured to render the memory of Beaufort odious, his statue in this church is uninjured, perfect in all its lines, and to certain passers-by (unbiassed in their minds when reflecting on the real character of the Cardinal) a memento of " terrific awe and veneration."

There is in this church a kind of griping avaricious propensity with the officers deputed to shew the same to strangers. Artists and other ingenious men are most unfeelingly pressed in this sort; which, with the extreme difficulty they stand under in obtaining leave from the higher powers to study after the antiquities, render the following public questions necessary.

Are the revenues of the ecclesiastical establishment unequal to remunerate its menial attendants, that they must seek their wages from the accidental payments of certain travellers? and is example found in some corner of the foundation thus to warrant the driving away literary men or artists, the handers-down to posterity of passing events and existing antiquarian objects, through the means of hard pecuniary requisitions?

Yours, &c. AN ARCHITECT.
A ME-

A METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL, kept at CLAFTON, in Hackney.

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Dec. 19. Cirri and haze, cloudy day.

20. Small rain, wind by night. 21. Cloudy, windy, hazy, some rain followed. 22. Fair day and various clouds: at night a Corona Lunaris coloured. 23. Various clouds; the atmosphere finely coloured at sunset. 24. Cloudy and hazy. 25. Clear, and a few light Cirri. 26. White frost and cloudy sky some Cirri afterwards. 27. Cloudy and frosty, then snow and rain. 28. Some snow fell toward evening. 29. Cloudy. 30. Clear A. M. cloudy P. M. 31. Cold, frosty, and cloudy morning, then warmer.

1812, Jan. 1. Complete thaw.

2. Lofty Cirri, then showers. showers: windy night. 4. Foggy and raw. 5. Showery. Cirrocumulus, cloudy P. M. 7. Snow before night; windy. Snow. 9. Cirrus and Cirrocumulus, dark snowy night.

3. Clear and

6. Cirrus and 8. Showers of 10. Cloudy and foggy,

16.

thaw, 11. Cloudy. 12. Fair, with various clouds. 13. Long and gentle showers. 14. Clouds and haze. 15. Fair gilded linear Cirri at sunset. Hazy. 17. Hazy and calm. 18. Much cloud: some stars visible by night. 20. Fair Cirri, Cirrocumuli, and Cumuli, followed by Cumulostratus.

The Hygrometer has been accidentally damaged, so I cannot give a report this month. I believe I forgot to mention that the figures in the columns entituled Rain and Evaporation signify the 100ths of an inch of rain and vapour fallen or flown off since the date of the last observation.

Five Houses, Clapton, January 22, 1812.

THOMAS FORSTER.

Mr.

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