from Jaffa you arrive near Jerusalem || vered her face with the wrinkles of before you see it. age; but who still retains some gen On a nearer view of the city, you eral features, by which we recognize perceive that it is built on several hills; her as the person, who used to be the viz. Zion at the south-west part, Cal-delight of the circle in which she movvary at the north-west, Moriah at the ed. Such is the present appearance south-east, and Bezetha at the north- of this Holy City, which was once "the perfection of beauty, the joy of the whole earth." east. Jerusalem, as to general form, may be called a square, or rather a rhomboid, for the north-east and southwest angles are acute, and the northwest and south-east are obtuse. The south wall passes over Mount Zion, near its summit, so that a great part of the hill is without the city. South of the hill is the deep valley of the son of Hinnom; the same valley, turning north, bounds Zion likewise on the west. The vallies which sepa- Near the bend on the west side is rate it in the city from Calvary on the Jaffa gate, called, also, the gate of north, and Acra on the north-east, are Bethlehem, and the pilgrims gate, and not deep. Moriah has on the east the Bab el Khaoleel [the gate of the Bedeep valley of Cedron. On the south loved, i. e. Abraham.] On the south of it, without the city, is a little ele-side is the gate of Zion, called, also, vation, which is marked on D'An- the gate of David. On the east side ville's map as Ophel; thence the de- near the pool of Bethesda, is the gate scent is steep, till you come to of Stephen, called likewise the Sheep the fountain of Siloah. The vallies gate and the gate of the Virgin Mary. north and west of Moriah at present On the west side, between Calvary are not very deep. Calvary was per- and Bezetha, is Damascus gate. These haps only a small elevation on a great- || four are the principal gates of the city, er hill, which is now the north-west and are always open from morning till part of the city; but the name is now sunset. given to the whole hill. Bezetha is separated from Calvary by a wide valley; and the east of Calvary is the dividing valley between Moriah and Bezetha, in which is the pool of Bethesda. 768 W.side We measured the city by paces, and the following is the result: From the N. W. corner. Paces. to Jaffa gate, 300 to S. W. Corner, 468 to Zion Gate, - 195 to bend in S. wall, 295 to gate Mogrebbins 244 to S. E. Corner, to Golden gate, 415 353 360 359 250 >1149S. side to Stephen's gate, 230943 E. side We have viewed Jerusalem from different stations, have walked around it and within it, and have stood on the Mount of Olives with Josephus's description of it in our hands, trying to discover the hills and vallies as laid down by him near 1800 years ago; and after all our research we compare Jerusalem to a beautiful person, whom we have not seen for many years, and who has passed through a great variety of changes and mis- The total is 4279 paces, and allows fortunes, which have caused the rose ing five paces to a rod, this gives 859 on her cheeks to fade, her flesh to rods, or about two miles and two consume away, and her skin to be-thirds, for the cricumference of the come dry and withered, and have co- city. Mundrel measured the city, >1419Nside it are four minarets. There are two others on Bezetha, one on Acra; one on Zion, and two on Calvary placed on opposite sides of the Holy Sepulchre, like the two thieves on the right and left of our Lord. and judged it to be two miles, and al half in circumference. According to Josephus, it was 33 furlongs in circumference before Titus destroyed it. Mount Zion was then included, and the city seems from his description to have extended further north than it does now. The wall of the city is high, but not thick. From counting the rows of stones we supposed the height, in different places to be 40, 50, and perhaps 60 feet. There is a castle, with two towers, on the west side, a little south of Jaffa gate, to which travellers have given the name of Pi-three convents on Mount Zion, a large san's Tower. For a little distance, near the north-east corner, there is a trench without the wall, but now nearly filled up. The Jews have a number of synagogues, all connected together in the quarter where they live. The church of the Holy Sepulchre stands on Calvary. The Catholics have one con vent on the same mountain. The Greeks have twelve here, and one near Zion gate. The Armenians have one and a small one in the city, and another a little without Zion gate, where, it is believed stood the house of Caiaphas, where Jesus was arraignIn regard to the population of Jeru-ed, and where Peter denied him. The salem, the following estimate seems to us as probably correct as any one we have heard, viz. Mussulmans, Jews, Greeks, Catholics, Armenians, Total, 10,000 2,000 500 20,000 The Jews themselves say, that they have only 600 families of Sephartim, or Spanish Jews, and 25 families of Ashkenasin, or Polish Jews. But The Copts, Syrians, and Abysinians have also each a small convent. The houses are of stone, most of them low & irregular, with flat roofs or terraces, in the middle of which usually rises a small dome. The windows are small and those toward the street have usually strong iron grates for defence, and then fine wooden grates to prevent the women from being seen by those who pass. The streets are narrow, and most of them irregular. There are but few gardens in the city. Jerusalem is seen to best advantage some think the Jews more numerous from Mount Olivet. We however than the Mussulmans. They occupy, see most of the city from the terrace however, a much smaller part of the of the convent where we lodge. The city than the Turks and Arabs. The Temple is seen to the best advantage Armenians live in and around their from the terrace of the Governor's convent on Mount Zion; the Greeks house. Here you see not a single and Catholics have their convents mosque, but a collection of mosques and houses on Mount Calvary. and oratories. The two principal Turks and Arabs occupy Bezetha, buildings are called el-Aksa and eland all the eastern part of the city, Sahhara. Around them the vacant and have scattered dwellings in every area is covered with green grass, inquarter. The Jews live in the dust terspersed with paved walks and trees, between Zion and Moriah. The whole which furnish an agreeable shade to area of the ancient Jewish Temple on the loitering Turk. Ali Bey has givMoriah, which now encloses theen a good description of the Temple, Mosque of Omar, is walled in, and and its various buildings, and of the none but Mussulmans are allowed to foolish opinions of the Turks concerns enter it on pain of death. In and nearing them. 86 SHIP-BUILDING. Ship-Building. "The first efforts at ship-building were rude and imperfect. Observation first taught the inhabitants of the world that trees floated on the surface of the water, and were often able to support even the weight of a man, without sinking; hence, in crossing rivers, their first vessel was probably a raft, consisting of a few pieces of wood, so placed together as to exclude the water. The early Egyptians made their boats of the papyrus, a reed which grows on the banks of the Nile, and resembles parchment in its external skin, or bark. Boats were frequently made of the skins of animals, stretched on a hollow frame of wicker-work, like those of the native Americans, and which are used in Ireland on the coast of Clare. 20,000 men, and provisions for six months, besides the weight of 1,800 cannon and military stores. "The Phoenicians were the next who improved the art of ship-building. They inhabited a barren soil, but their industry and application to manufactures and commerce procured for them what agriculture denied. They had safe and commodious harbors, and the neighboring mountains afforded them abundance of wood for ships. At first they cautiously crept along the shore, and it was only during the summer months that they ventured to leave their harbors. By degrees they became bolder, and availed themselves of the sun and stars to guide them in their course, till at length they spread themselves over the neighboring shores, and possessed the entire commerce of the civilized world. "The next improvement consisted, most probably, in hollowing a tree. The natives of the South Sea Island still use a kind of canoe, made from a tree which is of a long shape, having only room for one person in breadth, and several in length. At first, perhaps, they ventured but a short distance from the shore, and pushed themselves along with a pole; at present, these islanders are extremely dexterous in the use of their paddles, striking with great regularly, and bal-nificent edifice ever erected. ancing, at the same time, the vessel "The success of the Phoenicians encouraged the Jews to build ships for the purpose of trading. Solomon, king of Isreal, sent his fleets to distant countries, and they returned once every three years, laden with gold, and silver, and ivory. He was thus enabled to collect the materials necessary for building a temple of God, which from the description, must have been the grandest and most mag "Ptolemy is said to have built a with their bodies, to prevent its over-ship of such an enormous bulk, that, turning. "The ark was the first regularly built vessel, and the largest that ever floated on the waters. It was 120 years in building, and was 450 feet long, and 75 broad. It consisted of three stories, or floors, and resembled a large box, with a sloping roof, rising up from the sides, that the waters might run off. Its burden may be supposed at 42,213 tons. A first rate ship of war is between 2,200 and 2,300 tons; the ark, therefore had the capacity, or stowage, of eighteen of such ships, and was able to contain at a distance, it looked like a floating island, or mountain, and upon a nearer view, like a prodigious castle on the ocean. It was 420 feet long, 57 feet broad, and 72 feet high, and carried 400 rowers, 400 sailors, and 3000 soldiers-yet this was nothing equal to the ship built under the direction of Archimedes, on the structure of which a whole volume was written? There was wood enough in it to make 50 gallies; it had as many apartments as a palace; galleries, gardens, fish-ponds, stables, mills, baths, and temples. The floor of the mid The Lord will provide-Scott's Commentary. 87 He The above anecdote was related to the editor of the Religious Intelligencer, by a pious old lady of New Haven, who is a native of Wales, and who has heard Mr. Williams preach, and has one of his Bibles. dle apartment was inlaid, and repre-expectation that he should not be sented, in different colors, various permitted to return. When just as stories; the ceilings, windows, and all he was mounting his horse, a stranger other parts were finished with won- rode up and gave him a letter. "derful art, and adorned with all kinds stopped and opened it, and found to of ornaments. In the uppermost a- his astonishment, that a lady had bepartment there was a place for exer- queathed him a legacy of 500l. sterlcise, and water was conveyed to the ing. "Now" said he, "my dear wife, garden by pipes, some of hardened I can finish my Bible, pay my debts, clay, and others of lead. The floors and live in peace at home." of the temple were inlaid with agates, and other precious stones-the inside lined with cyprus wood; the windows were decorated with ivory paintings, and small statues; there was also a library. The vessel was adorned on all sides with fine paintings; it had 20 benches of oars, and was encompassed with an iron rampart; eight towers with walls and bulwarks, furnished with machines of war, one of which threw a stone of 300 pounds, or a dart 18 feet long, to the distance of half a mile. Caligula, the Roman emperor, also built a vessel, adorned with jewels in the poop, with sails of many colors, and finished with large porticoes, baths, and baqueting rooms, besides, rows of vines and fruit trees, of various kinds." THE LORD WILL PROVIDE. From the London Baptist Magazine. SCOTT'S COMMENTARY. The excellent Commentary of the late Rev. T. Scott, (ed. 1808) contains, in the Old Testament, according to his divisions, 1451 sections of practical observation; add to this 40 for the preface and the introductions 1491. By reading 6 of these divisions to the 39 books, and the whole will be daily, the whole will be perused in 248 days; i. e. by September 6th; and a few sections over. The new Testament contains 774 sections of practical observations; add Long before the establishment of to this the introduction to the New Bible Societies, the Rev. Peter Wil-Testament, and those to the 27 books liams, a pious distinguished clergyman of the same, and the whole will be 802 in Wales, seeing that his countrymen sections, which, if begun on the 7th were almost entirely destitute of the of September, may be read through, at Bible, and knowing that the work of 7 per day, and the last two or three the Lord could not prosper without it, days of the year will be vacant. Thus undertook, with holy confidence, almay the whole of this laborious work, though destitute of the means, to so full of rich devotional theology, be translate and publish a Welch Bible perused in less than one year. for his countrymen. Having expended all his living, and being greatly involved in debt, with the work unfinished, he expected every hour to be arrested and imprisoned without the means or hope of release. One morning he had taken an affectionate! leave of his family for the purpose of pursuing his pious labors, with an Sections. 1491 Old Testament 2293 7)802(114 362 3 remainder 4 remainder P. S. If the reader pause at the end of Mark's gospel, and begin Luke Oct. last, he will find the above work reach exactly to the 31st of Dec, with only three sections for the closing day of the year. immortal interests, unless the minister give continually a sound exposition of the Holy Scriptures, train up the youth in the nurture and admonition of the Lord, carry the law and the gospel home to the business and the bosoms of all his herears, and enforce the duty and discipline of personal prayer, and domestic worship in every family of his flock. I can testfiy, with gratitude to God There are a thousand avenues of for the sweet fruits of the revered conviction to the sinner's heart, which author's labor, that reading the sa- no public instruction from the pulpit cred scripture with the comment can reach. Innumerable difficulties daily, on the above plan, is the most to be solved, and cases of conscience delightful profitable exercise I ever to be explained, which are too minute. engaged in. The connexion and and too subtle to be comprehended or beauty of divine truth, with the ex-touched by any course of general mincellant remarks of the commentator, istration. The adoption of scripand the unequalled practical obser-tural truth to many particular circumvations on every part, render the Bi- stances of individual need, can only ble daily more and more lovely in my take place in the familiar conversation eyes: may your readers try this plan, of private and friendly intercourse. and I doubt not they will find it so! The hearts of the people are most effectually subdued, by a faithful correspondence between the pastor's practice and the preacher's doctrine. It is very easy to mark, with a pen or pencil, the places where each day's reading should begin; this may be found very useful to the careful reader. If the insertion of these hints should promote, in the smallest degree, attention to the sacred word of life, and hereby benefit precious souls, great will be the joy of your constant reader. B. H. B. THE CHRISTIAN PASTOR. By pastoral vigilance and prudence only, are often to be prevented or checked the beginning of those abuses and scandles which, when unrestrained, defy the interposition of ecclesiastical tribunals, disgrace the church, and injure the community. How are children, the hope of the congregation, to learn to look up to their minister as to their spiritual father, except The whole history of the christian by frequent pastoral intercourse? church, from the advent of the Messiah And how is the clergyman himself to to the present hour, proves, that with- become acquainted with the actual out a stated ministry, and a regular state of his flock, their individuals, performance of pastorial duty, no con- their family, their social religion and gregation ever can be built up in spir-morals, if he only sees them gathered itual growth and holiness. A cler-once a week to listen to his pulpit disgyman may preach ably, pray ear-courses? How are the feeble to be nestly, expound instructively, and strengthened, the thoughtless admonyet, without parochial visitation, be lamentably deficient in feeding the flock committed to his charge. No christian community can be bound up and consolidated in its valuable, its ished, the drooping cheered, the hasty restrained, the poor comforted, the sick soothed, the dying supported, but by the voice, the smile, the tears, the prayers of their pastor; all point |