and a legate received him on shore. After some questions of routine, as to the objects of the embassy, the number of persons it consisted of, &c. they adverted to the ko-tou, or ceremony of prostration, and observed that previous practice would be required to secure the proper performance of it in the emperor's presence. Lord Amherst only observed, on this occasion, that whatever was right would be done.

But so early a discussion of this delicate topic was ominous of disaster. Lord Amherst now formally took the opinion of Sir George Staunton and his coadjutors: when Sir George at once declared that the performance of the ceremony thus demanded was not only incompatible with personal and national respectability, but that it would be attended with the most injurious effects on the Company's interests at Canton which were maintained principally by a respect for the firmness of British principles, known to be pledged on this subject.

On the 12th of August they reached Tien-sing, and an entertainment being given to the embassy on the following day, in the name of the emperor, he, argued the mandarins, was supposed to be present, and the ko-tou was peremptorily required. Lord Amherst declared his intention of following, in every respect, the precedent established by lord Macartney. They said that lord Macartney had performed every ceremony, and especially the ko-tou, not only in the presence of the emperor but at all other times; and Soo declared that himself remembered his having performed it at Canton: they had even the assurance to appeal to Sir George Staunton for the truth of this assertion. Nor was this all: they produced a paper, purporting to be an extract from the official records of the court of ceremonies, describing the whole ceremony as performed by lord Macartney.

Lord Amherst, however, was firm, and the utmost ceremony to which he would submit was to bow nine times to the vacant seat of the emperor, while the mandarins performed the ko

tou.

From Tong-choo, notwithstanding this, a report was forwarded to the emperor that the English tribute-bearer was daily practising the ceremony with the highest possible respect and veneration. We have noticed the haughty demand of his imperial majesty on the arrival of lord Amherst at Pekin. He had scarcely taken his seat, after travelling all night, when Chang, one of the first ministers of the imperial court, delivered him a message to appear with his suite, and the other commissioners, before the emperor instantly. Much surprise, says Mr. Ellis, was naturally expressed; the previous arrangement for the eighth of the Chinese month, a period certainly much too early for comfort, was adverted to; and the utter impossibility of his excellency appearing in his present state of fatigue, inanition, and deficiency of every necessary equipment, was strongly urged. Chang was very unwilling to be the bearer of this answer, but was finally obliged to consent. During this time the room had filled with spectators of all ages and ranks, who rudely pressed upon us to gratify their brutal curiosity; for such it may be called, as they seemed to regard us rather as

wild beasts than mere strangers of the same species with themselves. Some other messages were interchanged between the koong-yay and lord Amherst, who, in addition to the reasons already given, stated the indecorum and irregularity of his appearing without his credentials. In reply to this it was said, that in the proposed audience the emperor merely wished to see the ambassador, and had no intention of entering upon business. Lord Amherst having persisted in expressing the inadmissibility of the proposition, and in transmitting through the koong-yay an humble request, to his imperial majesty, that he would be graciously pleased to wait till tomorrow, Chang and another mandarin finally proposed that his excellency should go over to the koong-yay's apartments, whence a reference might be made to the emperor. Lord Amherst, having alleged bodily illness as one of the reasons for declining the audience, readily saw that if he went to the koong-yay this plea, which to the Chinese (though now scarcely admitted) was in general the most forcible, would cease to avail him; he therefore positively declined compliance: this produced a visit from the koongyay, who, too much interested and agitated to heed ceremony, stood by lord Amherst and used every argument to induce him to obey the emperor's commands. Among other topics he used that of being received with our own ceremony, using the Chinese words ne-muntihlee, your own ceremony. All proving ineffectual, with some roughness, but under pretext of friendly violence, he laid hands upon lord Amherst, to take him from the room; another mandarin followed his example. His lordship, with great firmness and dignity of manner, shook them off, declaring that nothing but the extremest violence should induce him to quit that room for any other place but the residence assigned to him; adding that he was so overcome by fatigue and bodily illness as absolutely to require repose. Lord Amherst further pointed out the gross insult he had already received in having been exposed to the intrusion and indecent curiosity of crowds, who appeared to view him rather as a wild beast than the representative of a powerful sovereign at all events he entreated the koongyay to submit his request to his Imperial Majesty, who, he felt confident, would, in consideration of his illness and fatigue, dispense with his immediate appearance. The koong-yay then pressed lord Amherst to come to his apartments, alleging that they were cooler, more convenient, and more private: this lord Amherst declined, saying that he was totally unfit for any place but his own residence.

They now drove to the rest of the party at Hai-tien, and hither the emperor's orders followed for their immediate departure. It was in vain to plead fatigue; no consideration could weigh against the positive imperial command; and, at four o'clock in the afternoon, lord Amherst had the pleasure of a second night's journey round the walls of Pekin, within which he was not suf fered to enter. The embassy was afterwards conducted nearly to Canton, and some gleams of repentance seem to have entered the imperial mind; but the embassy was suffered to depart,

and no practical advantage seems to have resulted from it.

In the above article it will be found that we have strictly confined ourselves to China Proper. There are several other countries, some of them of immense extent, which are not included in it, but will be treated of in their proper places,

CHINA ORANGE, n. s. From China and orange. The sweet orange; brought originally from China.

Not many years has the China orange been propagated in Portugal and Spain. Mortimer's Husbandry. CHI'NA ROOT, n. s. From China and root. A medicinal root; brought originally from China. CHINCHOOR, a town in Hindostan, in the province of Aurungabad, between Bombay and Poonah. It is a neat place with good houses, and well supplied shops, pleasantly situated on the bank of a river, with about 5000 inhabitants, of whom there are 300 brahmin families. It is the residence of Chintamun Deo, whom the Mahrattas believe to be an incarnation of their deity, Goonputty. The present is the eighth from the first, and they alternately assume the names Chintamun Deo, and Narrain Deo. The Brahmins say, that,, at the death of each, a small image of the deity arises from the ashes, which they deposit in the tomb and worship; and the Deo worships his other self in this form. He is further described as totally unmindful of worldly affairs, and unable to hold conversation beyond the simplest question and answer. He eats, drinks, takes wives, &c. like the other brahmins. In 1809 he was a boy of twelve years old. His palace, near the Moorta, is a vast but inelegant building, having its floors covered with the sacred cow-dung, and near it stand the tombs of the former deos, in the form of small temples surrounded by trees. Here the pilgrims and devotees perform their ablutions, but with the utmost listlessness and apathy; the women pouring oil, water, and milk, over the images of the gods, and the children dressing them with flowers.

CHINCLEPUT, a town and district on the coast of Hindostan, lying betweet Madras and the Palar river. After having been subject to a native chief called the Rayeel, it was conquered at the close of the seventeenth century by the Mahommedans, and made over by Nabob Mohammed Ali Khan in 1750, to the English East India Company, when it became more commonly known as the Jaghire district. The soil is poor and parched, but it has lately much recovered, and the district is the circuit of an English judge, collector of the company, &c. Chincleput, the capital, 'is situated on the north-east bank of the Palar River, thirty-nine miles from Madras, and is a fortress of some importance. It was taken by the French in the year 1751, but shortly after recovered by our forces, and, during the conflicts with Hyder Ali, always withstood his arms, and served as a depôt for stores.

CHI'NCOUGH, n. s. Perhaps more properly kincough, from kinckin, Dutch, to pant,

such as CHINESE TARTARY, comprising the countries of Mongolia, Mantchoo, Thibet, &c.; COREA, the Loo-CHOO Islands, Formosa, Hainan, &c. most of them inhabited by races of men, distinct in manners, customs, and language; the description of which will more properly fall under their respective heads.

and cough. A violent and convulsive cough, to which children are subject.

I have observed a chincough, complicated with an intermitting fever. Floyer on the Humours. CHINCH, n. s. Span. chinche; Ital. cimice; Lat. cimex. A bug. CHINE, n. s. & v. a. Fr. echine; Ital. schienna, from Lat. spina. The back bone; a piece of the back of an animal. To chine, is to cut into chines.

Cut out the burly boned clown in chines of beef ere thou sleep. Shakspeare. She strake him such a blow upon his chine, that she opened all his body. Sidney.

He presents her with the tusky head,
And chine with rising bristles roughly spread.

Dryden.

He that in his line did chine the long ribbed Apennine. Id. He had killed eight fat hogs for this season, and he had dealt about his chines very liberally among his neighbours. Spectator.

Sometimes with oysters we combine, Sometimes assist the savory chine, From the low peasant to the lord, The turkey smokes on every board. CHING, a Chinese musical instrument, formed by cutting off the neck of a gourd, and reserving the lower part, B. To this a cover is fitted, having as many holes as are equal to the number of sounds required. In each of these holes a pipe, C, C, C, made of bamboo is fixed, and it is shorter or longer according to the tone intended. The mouth of the instrument A, is formed of another pipe shaped like the B neck of a goose; which is fixed to the gourd on one side, and serves to convey the air to all the pipes it contains; see the diagram.

Gay.

CHINK, v. a. & v. n. Probably from gingle, to sound. To sound by shaking substances together, as pieces of money in a purse.

He chinks his purse, and takes his seat of state : With ready quills the dedicators wait.

Pope's Dunciad. Lord Strutt's money shines as bright, and chinks as well as 'squire South's.

Arbuthnot's History of John Bull. CHINK, n. s. Sax. cyna; Goth. ginca, CHI'NKY, adj. from gia, gina; Sax. cinan; xavw. A small opening; a crevice; a small aperture longwise; an opening or gap between the parts of anything. Full of holes; gaping. opening into narrow clefts

on piles, and is the main safe-guard of that city. Population 20,000: fourteen miles south of Venice.

CHIP, CHEAP, CHIPPING, in the names of places, imply a market; from the Saxon cyppan ceapan, to buy.

CHIP, v. a. & n. s. Į Swed. kippa; Teut. CHIPPING, n. s. Skippen. Probably corrupted from chop. To cut into small pieces; to diminish, by cutting away a little at a time. His mangled Myrmidons, Noseless, handless, hackt and chipt, came to him, Crying on Hector. Shakspeare. Troilus and Cressida. To return to our statue in the block of marble, we see it sometimes only begun to be chipped; some times rough hewn, and just sketched into an human figure. Addison's Spectator. Cucumbers do extremely affect moisture, and overdrink themselves, which chaff or chips forbiddeth. Bacon.

The chippings and filings of these jewels, could they be preserved, are of more value than the whole mass of ordinary authors. Felton on the Classicks. Industry Taught him to chip the wood, and hew the stone.

Thomson.

CHIPPENHAM, a borough and market town of Wiltshire, seated on the Avon. It has a handsome stone bridge, over the river, of sixteen arches; and sends two members to parliament. It was anciently a seat of King Alfred the Great, and was then one of the strongest towns in the kingdom. It has a market on Saturday, and four fairs. It carries on a manufacture of superfine woollen cloth, and lies twentyone miles east of Bristol. and ninety-three west of London.

CHIPPEWAYS, or CHEPEWAYS, an Indian tribe in North America, who hurt on grounds surrounding the Sandy Lake, Leech Lake, Rainy Lake, Red Lake, Lake Winnipic, Otter Tail lake, the head of the Red River, and the Mississippi. Some of them are also found along the north side of Lakes Ontario and Erie, the sides of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior, &c. They are said to be much attached to spirituous liquors, and to be almost at continual war with the Sioux, the most powerful native tribe of this continent; they would have been long ago dispersed, but the nature of the country excludes the possibility of an attack on horseback, a mode of warfare peculiar to the Sioux, and that by which they are so formidable to the other tribes. Their numbers amounted lately to 11,177, of which 2049 are warriors. In 1795 they made a formal peace with the United States.

CHIPPEWAY RIVER, a river of Louisiana, which is tributary to the Mississippi, at its junction with which it is about half a mile wide. It communicates through the Montreal river with Lake Superior, and on its banks are found immense herds of elks and buffaloes.

CHIPPEWAY, OF CHEPEWYAN FORT, a strong post of the north-west company, situated on the Lake of the Hills. Here Mackenzie embarked for the Frozen Ocean in 1789.

CHIPPING, the flying off of small pieces, or breaking at the edges, of porcelain, stone, or

earthern-ware; an accident common in these manufactures. Our earthen-wares are particularly subject to it, and are spoiled by it before any other flaw appears in them. Our stone wares escape it better; but not so well as the porcelain of China, which is less subject to it than any other manufacture in the world. The method by which the Chinese defend their wares from this accident, is this:-they carefully burn sotne small bamboo canes to a charcoal, which is very light, and very black; this they reduce to a fine powder, and then mix it into a thin paste, with some of the varnish they use for their ware; they next take the vessels when dried, and not yet baked, to the wheel; and turning them softly round, they, with a pencil dipt into this paste, cover the whole circumference with a thin coat of it; after this, the vessel is again dried; and the border made with this paste appears of a pale grayish color when it is thoroughly dry. They work on it afterwards in the common way, covering both this edge and the rest of the vessel with the common varnish. When the whole is baked ou, the color given by the ashes disappears, and the edges are as white as any other part; only when the baking has not been sufficient, or the edges have not been covered with the second varnishing, we sometimes find a dusky edge, as in some of the ordinary thick tea-cups. It might be a great advantage to our English manufacturers to attempt something of this kind. The willow makes a very light and black charcoal; but the elder, though seldom used, greatly exceeds it. The young green shoots of this shrub, which are almost all pith, make the lightest and the blackest of all charcoal; this readily mixes with any liquid, and might be easily used in the same way that the Chinese use the charcoal of the bamboo cane, which is a light hollow vegetable, inore resembling the elder shoots than any other English plant. The fixed salt and oil contained in this charcoal penetrates the yet raw edges of the ware, and gives them in the subsequent baking a somewhat different degree of vitrification from the other parts of the vessel; which, though, if given to the whole, it might take off from the true semi-vitrified state of that ware, yet at the edges is not to be regarded, and only serves to defend them from common accidents, and keep them entire. The Chinese use two cautions in this application: the first in the preparation, the second in the laying it on. They prepare the bamboo canes for burning into charcoal, by peeling off the rind. This might easily be done with our elder shoots, which are so succulent, that the bark strips off with a touch. The Chinese say, that if this is not done with their bamboo, the edges touched with the paste will burst in the baking. This does not seem indeed very probable; but the charcoal will certainly be lighter made from the peeled sticks, and this is a known advantage. The other caution is never to touch the vessel with hands that have any greasy or fat substance about them; for if this is done, they always find the vessel crack in that place.

CHIQUITOS, a tribe of native Indians, in Peru, on the west of the province of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. They inhabit a forest and un

healthy country, extending from lat. 16° to 20° south. The inhabitants, after several vain attempts to subdue them by arms, were induced in the middle of the last century by the persuasions of the Jesuits, to submit to the restraints and usages of civilised society, and the country was divided into settlements, which they maintained until the year 1767. Hunting, fishing, and gathering wild honey and bees' wax, together with a small manufacture of cotton, constitute the principal occu

rascetta through the hand, to Saturn's mount, and there intersected by certain little lines, argues melancholy; so if the vital and natural make an acute angle. Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy.

There is not much considerable in that doctrine of

chiromancy, that spots in the top of the nails do signify things past; in the middle, things present; and Browne's Vulgar Errour

at the bottom, events to come.

The middle sort, who have not much to spare, To chiromancers' cheaper art repair,

in the hand.

town

of

CHIRIQUI, or CHIRIQUITA, a Mexico, in the province of Veragua, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean, with a harbour about three miles from the sea, and eight miles from the town. It is thirty leagues west of St. Jago. CHIROGRAPH, an ancient deed, which, requiring a counterpart, was engrossed twice on the same piece of parchment, counterwise; leaving a space between, wherein was written chirograph; through the middle whereof the parchment was cut, sometimes straight, sometimes indentedly; and a moiety given to each of the parties. This was afterwards called dividenda, and chartæ divisæ; and was the same with what we now call charter-party. See CHARTERThe first use of these chirographs in Britain was in the time of Henry III. Chirograph was also anciently used for a fine: and the manner of engrossing the fines, and cutting the parchment in two pieces, is still retained in the chirographer's office.

PARTY.

and

CHIRO'GRAPHER, n. s. Xep the hand, CHIRO GRAPHIST, N. s. Ypaow to CHIROGRAPHY, N. S. write. He that exercises or professes the art or business of writing.

Thus passeth it from this office to the chirographer's, to be engrossed. Bacon's Office of Alienation. CHIROGRAPHER OF FINES,. an officer in the Common Pleas, who engrosses fines acknowledged in that court, into a perpetual record, (after they have been examined, and passed by other officers), and writes and delivers the indentures thereof to the party. He makes two indentures; one for the buyer, the other for the seller; and a third indented piece, containing the effect of the fine, and called the foot of the

fine; and delivers it to the custos brevium. This officer, or his deputy, proclaims all fines in court every term, and indorses the proclamations on the back side of the foot; keeping the writ of covenant, and the note of the fine. CHIROMANCY, n. s. Į Χειρ the hand, CHIROMANCER, n. s. and pavric a prophet. The art of foretelling the events of life, by inspecting the hand.

Chiromancy hath these aphorisms to foretell melancholy- -The Saturnine line going from the

Dryden's Juvenal.

fair. CHIROMANCY. See DIVINATION.

came

CHIRON, the son of Saturn and Phillyra, styled by Plutarch, in his Dialogue on Music, The Wise Centaur. Sir Isaac Newton places his birth in the first age after Deucalion's deluge. He is said to have been born in Thessaly among the Centaurs, who were the first Greeks that had acquired the art of breaking and riding horses; the first inventors of medicine, botany, and surand was represented by the ancients as one of gery. He inhabited a grotto at the foot of Mount Pelion, which, from his great fame, beGreece. Almost all the heroes of his time were the most frequented school throughout proud of receiving his instructions. It is prethe Centaur; of whom he learned the revels, orgies, bacchanalia, and other ceremonies of his worship. But among all the heroes who have been his disciples, no one reflected so much honor upon him as Achilles, whose renown he in some measure shared. Apollodorus tells us, that he taught him music, as a bridle to the impetuosity of his temper. One of the best remains of antique painting now existing, is a which Chiron is teaching young Achilles to play picture dug out of the ruins of Herculaneum, in on the lyre. The death of this philosophic musician was occasioned by an accidental wound in the knee with a poisoned arrow, shot by his scholar Hercules at another. He was placed by Musaus among the constellations, in gratitude for the great services which he had rendered the people of Greece.

tended that Bacchus was the favorite scholar of

CHIRONIA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and pentandria class of plants; natural order, twentieth, rotaceæ: COR. wheelshaped: PIST. declining downwards: STAM. placed in the tube of the corolla: ANTH. in their last stage spiral: SEED-CASE bilocular. There are eighteen species, of which the most remarkable is the C. frutescens, a native of the Cape of Good Hope. The root is fibrous, and spreads near the surface of the ground. The stalks round, and somewhat ligneous, but of a very soft texture. They rise from two to three feet high.

CHIROTHESIA, from xp, the hand, and ron, to lay, the imposition of hands in conferring priestly orders.

χειρ

CHIROTONIA, or CHIROTONY, from and raw, to stretch forth, in antiquity, the stretching forth, or holding up of hands, in electing magistrates, &c. This custom was first established in Greece; as appears from an oration of Demosthenes against Neæra, and that of Eschines