organ of the Communist Party, and The Communist Labor Party News, 3207 Clark Ave., Cleveland Ohio, the organ of the Communist Labor Party. The Appeal to Reason, Girard, Kansas, is a propaganda weekly with a very considerable circulation. New periodicals are constantly starting up.

In England, the New Statesman, a weekly contributed to by Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Bernard Shaw and others, the Socialist Review (a quarterly), edited by Ramsay MacDonald, the Labor Leader (weekly), organ of the Independent Labor Party, the London Herald, edited by George Lansbury and the New Age, the organ of the National Guildsmen, are all worth consulting. Le Populaire, edited by Jean Longuet, and L'Humanité, are important socialist organs in France. Vorwaerts is the chief socialist daily of Germany.

AUSTRALASIA, AFRICA, ASIA

Development of Australian Labor Party. The socialistic elements in Australia have, for the most part, grouped themselves around the Australian Labor Party. As early as 1859, a working class representative was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It was not, however, until after the Great Strike of 1890 that steps were taken toward the organization of an independent labor movement. The following year, 24 representatives of the Labor Party were elected to the New South Wales Legislature, and from that time the movement steadily grew. The Labor Party has since been in control of affairs at various periods in every legislature and in the national government. At the outbreak of the war, the party had reached its high water mark, every state with the exception of Victoria having a labor government, while in the federal government labor was in the majority. The anti-socialist groups were represented by the Conservative Party.

For "White" Australia. The party throughout its career has fought vigorously for labor legislation and for government ownership of a number of essential industries. It is definitely nationalistic in its make-up, and has campaigned for a citizens' army and for a "white Australia," on the ground that the importation of coolie labor would mean a definite lowering of the standard of living.

Labor in Parliament.— The labor representation in the Federal Parliament increased from 8 in the Senate and 16 in the House in 1901 to 31 and 40 respectively in 1914; while the anti-socialist members decreased from 26 in the Senate and 59 in the House to 5 and 35 respectively. However, owing to a split in the party resulting

from the fight over conscription, labor, in 1917, was represented by but 12 Senators and 22 Members of the House. The 1914 vote was 1,040,000, the 1917 vote, 947,605.

New Zealand. While New Zealand has, during the last twenty years, made great strides in social legislation, and has been regarded as the "social laboratory" of the world, it was not until 1912 that workers began to organize into an independent labor movement. Four years later, June, 1916, at a joint conference of the United Federation of Labor, the Social Democratic Party, and the Labor Representation Committee, the New Zealand Labor Party, with a socialist objective, was finally launched.

South Africa. The beginnings of the political labor movement in South Africa was made in 1909, at the birth of the Labor Party. The following year, four representatives were sent to the legislature, and soon thereafter Johannesburg went almost completely labor. As a result of a bitter industrial fight in 1913, the party returned in the Transvaal where the fight was most intense 23 of the 25 elected officials, secured a majority of the House, and cast a vote of 26,000 votes as compared with 12,000 for the conservatives, and 3,000 for the liberals.

The party, however, was split by the war, and many resignations took place. Only four members, in the resulting elections, were returned to the Parliament. The anti-war group organized an International League, and, in 1916, with a membership of 1,900, they elected some 180 members of councils and school boards in the various municipalities.

ASIA

On account of the backwardness, industrially and politically, of most of the Asiatic countries, and the obstacles placed in the path of democratic movements by the governments in Asia, the labor and socialist forces in that continent were but little organized prior to the European War.

Japan. The socialist movement in Japan was organized by a group of young students in Tokio in 1899 and was at first a mere debating society. Soon thereafter the Railroad Workers' Union indorsed socialism as the final goal of the labor movement, and this action so encouraged the socialists that, in 1901, they formed a Japanese Socialist Party. The government became alarmed at this manifestation of radicalism, and suppressed their organ, the Labor World, and four other non-socialist journals that had published their party manifesto.

Further Suppression. The socialists thereafter confined their attention to educational propaganda, and, during the Russo-Japanese War, conducted a strong antiwar propaganda, and increased their membership to 5,000. Following the war, the movement became increasingly popular, and established a daily paper. Further persecutions followed throughout the next few years culminating in May, 1910, in the arrest of twenty-four prominent socialists, charged with entertaining anarchist views. The trial was held behind closed doors, and, in January, 1911, the defendants were declared guilty, and twelve of them were hanged. Socialist literature was confiscated, books were burned, and the party was dissolved.

Later a monthly publication, the New Society, was started in Japan for the purpose of giving information

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