ings of our possessing classes, pours out the blood of our workmen in the East, debasing the struggle for independence into a war of conquest in the interest of landlords and reconstruction of the Russian Czardom under Kolchak."

It called for the rebirth of the International as the only salvation of the nations.

Bohemia.

Considerable socialist sentiment was shown in the new Czecho-Slovak republic soon after it was constituted. President Mazaryk, the first president of the republic, strongly favored socialist and collectivist policies, while Premier Tusor was an avowed Social Democrat. In the Summer of 1919, many social reforms were announced in this country. The great estates of the Hapsburg aristocracy were confiscated without indemnity. It was decided that each proprietor should be left 300 acres of productive land and 200 acres of forest land, while the rest should be distributed among peasants, former soldiers, and particularly the peasants' coöperatives. The eight-hour day was established in industry and on the land and social insurance against unemployment, sickness, accident and old age.

At the August 30 meeting of the executive committee of the trade unions, said to represent 300,000 members, the 120 delegates present demanded the expropriation of private industrial resources and socialization of industry - of the mines, foundries, corporations for the supply of light, warmth, water power and electric works. The expropriation of lands, they declared, should be carried out as soon as possible and industrial concerns connected with them should also be expropriated.

The conference likewise insisted on labor representation on boards of management in concerns not as yet nationalized.

Jugo-Slav Parties. The April, 1919, congress of the Jugo-Slav Socialist Parties held in Belgrade resulted in the formation of a single Socialist Party for the whole of the then new kingdom of the Servians, Croatians and Slovenes. Prior to the convention, the Servian Socialist Party, which took the initiative in calling the different groups together, drew up a program, the main points of which were: adherence to the third International, uncompromising opposition to war, hostility to ministerial collaboration, and refusal to be represented in the Parliament at Belgrade on the ground that this Parliament had been constituted arbitrarily and could not claim to reflect the real opinion of the country. These planks were accepted by all of the conferees."

Slovakia. On June 16, 1919, a Soviet Republic was proclaimed in Slovakia, Anton Yanousek, president, and an alliance concluded with Soviet Russia and Soviet Hungary. On June 22, the Slovak Press Bureau announced that the socialization of all industries, banks and larger business concerns was in progress, and that a Red Guard was being organized. Slovakia, however, was reoccupied by the Czecho-Slovak army in late June and was once more embodied in the Czecho-Slovak Republic.8

7 According to the informant of L'Humanité, the Socialist Parties of Servia, Bosnia and Dalmatia responded unanimously to this manifesto and nearly the whole of the membership was soon after won over to the point of view of the Conference. In Montenegro no Socialist Party existed before the war, but after the armistice several organizations joined the Servian Socialist Party. The Slovene Socialist Party was the only one not represented.

Before the war, according to the correspondent, the Jugo-Slav Socialist Party numbered more than 50,000 adherents, and multiplied greatly following the armistice. A dozen or so socialist deputies took their seats in the Parliament, but were regarded as "The SocialPatriotic" deputies, socialists only in name. The syndicalists called a congress at the same time, proclaimed complete solidarity with the

Immediate release of political and industrial prisoners. Criminal prosecution of profiteers and exploiters of labor. Free speech, free press, and the right of free assembly. All government work to be done by day labor instead of by

contract.

Equal pay for men and women.

Woman suffrage.

A resolution condemning the Peace Treaty and the League of Nations covenant was adopted on the ground that they did not conform to President Wilson's Fourteen Points and were not in the interest of the working classes.

The delegates vigorously condemned the injunction issued by the federal judge in the case of the miners, demanded the release of Eugene V. Debs and other political prisoners, opposed the blockade of Russia, favored the Plumb Plan for the railroads and the coöperative movement, and denounced the deportation of Hindus. The convention left the way open for coöperation with the Socialist Party, the Nonpartisan League and other groups outside of the two old parties, selected Chicago for its national headquarters, and formed a national committee.

The question of selecting candidates for President and Vice-President was left for a subsequent convention.

The Socialist Party and the Labor Parties. The formation of these parties in different parts of the country brought a new competitor in the field against the Socialist Party and caused vigorous discussion in party circles. In January, the Executive Committee of the party declared its belief that the entrance of labor into politics was a step in advance of the old trade union tactics, and therefore should not be opposed. Nevertheless it was too early to judge whether the labor parties were destined

to become mere vote-catching organs or revolutionary groups, and the socialists for some time yet must maintain toward them an attitude of "watchful waiting."

The Left Wing Movement.- Another cause for controversy in the party immediately after the signing of the armistice was the "Left Wing" section formed inside the Socialist Party. The movement known as the Left Wing in a sense but continued the struggle evidenced for many years past within the party between the more syndicalistic members who pinned their faith chiefly to the general strike and other industrial weapons and who looked at political action as well-nigh a negligible revolutionary factor, and those party members who believed in the effectiveness of political action and felt that immediate demands should be retained in the party platform. This controversy came to a head in 1912, when, by Section 6 in the Constitution, those advocating violence and sabotage were subject to expulsion.

Impetus to Movement. The recent impetus given to the left wing movement came largely from the Russian revolution, and the feeling that revolution was imminent throughout the world.

The emphasis on violence as a means to democracy during the war; the wholesale arrests and imprisonment of radicals; the influx into the party of certain foreign, Socialist Labor and I. W. W. elements, and the lack of initiative on the part of a number of the party officials were among the other factors which strengthened this group. Many party members also felt that the birth of the Labor Party necessitated a more radical stand on the part of socialists if a proper distinction were to be drawn between the two groups.

Those who have refused to join the Left Wing section maintained that the Socialist Party in the United States had generally held a left wing position and that the attempt to create in the party in America the same divisions as existed abroad was highly artificial. They also contended that the Left Wing failed to sense the psychology of the masses of the American people, and did not sufficiently take into account the difference between American and European conditions.

Dissensions in Movement.- A separate "Left Wing" section was formed within the party, a Left Wing manifesto was issued, similar in tone to the manifesto of the Communist International, and an attempt was made to capture the machinery of the party.

Because of alleged irregularities, a number of foreign speaking sections and state and local organizations were thereupon expelled from the party.

On June 21, 1919, the Left Wing section held a convention in New York. At this convention a majority decided to continue their fight for the Left Wing position within the Socialist Party, declaring that if the representatives of the suspended and expelled organizations were refused seats at the Emergency Convention to be held in Chicago on August 30, all of the Left Wing delegates would join together and organize a Communist Party. The Russian Federations, who composed the bulk of the membership of the Left Wing, and who favored the immediate formation of the Communist Party, thereupon withdrew from the convention, and, together with the Michigan group which constituted the extreme right of the Left Wing, formed the Communist Party. Subsequently a number of the members of the Left Wing Council affiliated themselves with the new party. These groups issued a call for a