ble of magnetism in proportion as he recovers his strength.' To enumerate the diseases, and to add the explanations, will be sufficient to show the weakness, at least, of its author.

HAMBURG.

Memoirs on the

Memorien über die Danischen Finanzen. Danish Finances. By C. H. de Eggers. 2 Vols. Hamburg. We have inserted one publication of Hamburg, in our German list, from the language and the connection. This might have been, for similar reasons, a Danish work. As the purpose, however, for which we notice it, relates to Hamburg, we have separated it from either class.

These two volumes contain much interesting information respecting the Danish finances; but an analysis, or even a list of the subjects, is of too little importance to detain us. On examining the last volume, lately published, we were struck with the title of the concluding memoir- An Examination of the Crisis of Commerce at the End of the Year 1799,' and shall offer an abstract of it.

The maritime war having concentred the commerce of Europe in the hands of the English and northern powers, while the French and Dutch colonies were captured by the former, the French were obliged to purchase the productions of their own colonies from strangers. These merchandises proceeded from England to Holland; thence to the Baltic, and, in this circuitous route, reached France. But, after the conquest of the Low Countries by the French, in 1795, Hamburg became the general depôt of the manufactures of England, and the productions of both the Indies. The peace of Basle, and the neutrality of the north of Germany, removed the obstacles which stopped the current to the south, and Hamburg furnished sugar and coffee to France, Switzerland, and even a part of Italy. The accumulation of merchandise lessened its value, and occasioned considerable losses; and these, with the determination of the Bank of England to suspend its payments, contributed to draw the English funds from Hamburg. The decree of the Directory against neutral vessels, left the English, who went with convoys, no rivals in commerce. They exclusively carried the merchandise of Hamburg, and the price of colonial produce was consequently raised 25 per cent. The Directory revoked their decree, which occasioned a fall of 50 per cent.; and, the early severity of the weather in the winter of 1798 detaining all the vessels in the Elbe, they arrived the following year, at once; and the place was overwhelmed with merchandise. The Portuguese fleet also arrived from the Brasils, with immense cargoes of sugar and coffee, which occasioned the ruin of many speculators,

ITALY.

Trattato degli Alberi della Toscana. A Treatise on the Trees of Tuscany. By Dr. Gaetano Savi. 8vo. Pisa.-The indigenous trees of Tuscany, and those of foreign countries which bear the Tuscan climate, are shortly described in the present treatise. Each tree is separately noticed; and its form, the soil most favourable to its growth, the period of its flowering, and the ripening of its seeds, the methods of propagating and improving it, are distinctly pointed out. The order is alphabetic, and the work is divided into three lists. The first contains the indigenous trees; second, those successfully transplanted in the Tuscan soil, as the nut, the chestnut, the cherry, and the apricot, third, those that may be easily transplanted into Tuscany, as they flourish in less genial climates. Each tree has also its botanic, encyclopædic, Tuscan, French, and English synonyms. These lists are preceded by general observations on the culti vasion of forest trees; and to cach species its usual and extraordinary heights are added, with their respective ranks, on three lines. The first class contains those that attain a height of from twenty-five to forty-five ells; the second, from twelve to twenty-five; and the third, from three to twelve. An ell is equal to an English yard and quarter nearly.

Teoria dell' Arte de Giardini. Theory of the Art of Gardens. By Luigi Mabel. 80. Bassano.-The author confesses that he treads in the steps of Hirschfeld; and, indeed, we should soon have discovered it; for the only observations of importance are extracted from that author.

Institutioni di Medicina forense di Giuseppe Tortosa. Institutions of forensic Medicine. By Gius. Tortosa. 8vo. Vicenza.-We have already observed that forensic medicine is much more cultivated on the continent than in England, and a subject of much greater importance. On a former occasion we pointed out the most useful works in this branch of the science. In the present volumes we find no material additions to what have been before published; and many parts of the subject have been already detailed more advantageously.

Storia della Febbre epidemica di Genova. A Description of the epidemic Fecer that prevailed in Genoa in the Years 1799 and 1800. By Giov. Rason. 8vo. Milan.-A judicious description of an epidemic of the putrid kind, but which admits of little criticism or comment. The Genoese constitutions seem not to have recovered the effects of their destructive siege.

Del Chiaro-scuro per li Disegni d' Architettura. On the Clair-obscure in architectural Designs. Folio. Milan.-This work is adorned with twelve plates; and the first chapter treats of the direction of light on a horizontal and vertical plane, with a demonstration of the cube. The second of the manner of managing the shade, by means of a gradual division of the nearest solid bodies, relative to those the most distant from the points of view. The third chapter is on reflexion, and its force; of the angle of incidence and reflexion; of superficies; of double and triple reflexion; and of the absence of reflexion. The fourth is on light, and the shade of a cylindrical body; the fifth contains rules for finding geometrically a shadow thrown by any member of architecture or other solid body; sixth, method of making sections of circular bodies, as of capitals and bases, to determine the shadows. The work concludes with an explanation of a new order of architecture and of its principles.

Instruzione Elementare per gli Studiosi della Scultura. Elementary Instructions for the Students in Sculpture. By Francesco Carradori. Folio. With Seventeen Plates. Florence. Few works contain so clear and explicit an account of the principles of sculpture as this before us It is equally instructive for the student and the artist. The king of Etruria not only accepted the dedication, but ordered the work to be printed at his expense; and a great number of copies have been sent to the Academy of Fine Arts, to be distributed by the president to the pupils of the school. The remaining copies are left with the author, and the plates continue with the Academy.

Memorie di Mathematica, &c. The Mathematic and Physical Memoirs of the Italian Society of Sciences. Vol. IX. 4to. Modena.-The history of this society, compiled by the secretary, is followed by a list of members; eight eloges, among which we find an elegant tribute to the memory of Spalanzani; and the statutes of the society. Among some memoirs of less note, numerous astronomic observations, and some mathematic disquisitions, we find a geologic tour through the south of Italy, by Pini; two cases of dropsy, cured by a fall, communicated by Zeviani; a description of a volcanic district, discovered at Bergamo, by G. Mairone da Ponte; Inquiries on the reproduction of animals of cold blood, by G. Baronio; on local and northern aurore, by P. A. Bondioli; on the resistance of fluids, by V. Fossombroni; on the application of mathematics to music, by G. Dall' Olio; and the resistance of canals to the force of the water, by G. Fontana. On the

whole, this is, in many respects, a valuable and scientific collection.

·

HOLLAND.

De Staatkundige handhaving, &c. The Solicitudes of the State for the Life and Health of its Inhabitants recommended and explained by Matthias Van Geuns, and translated from the Latin by H. A. Bake. Accompanied with fome Account of the Author. 8vo. Amsterdam. This work comprises three discourses of Van Geuns, pronounced in 1778 and 1787, on his dismission from the rectorship. The two first have the following title: De Civium Valetudine Reipublicæ Rectoribus imprimis commendandâ :” the third, Oratio de Providentiâ Politicâ, uno maxime adversæ Civium Valetudinis Præsidio.' We notice the present work, not only to recall the recollection of some of our readers to these admirable discourses, but to inform others of their existence, and to add some remarks on the additions of the translator. The observations of M. Bake relate to the advantages of a medical police; the preference of different kinds of corn to potatoes, as articles of food; béer considered as a national beverage of the Dutch; the influence of tea and other warm infusions on the health of the people; the injurious effects of spirits, and the enormous consumption of spirituous liquors in the Batavian republic; the consumption of beer and wine compared with spirits and the quantity of grain consumed in the distilleries, with the deficiency of bread and beer, which is the consequence. Some valuable improvements in medical police are described in the conclusion, which have been, we apprehend, in part adopted.

of

Geneeskundige Verordeningen, &c. Medical Ordinances published by the Executive Power of the Batavian Republic. 8vo. Hague. The melioration of the medical police, alluded to in our last article, appears in these new ordinances. They are five in number. The first directs, that the practitioners of every branch of medicine who purpose to settle in any part the republic shall present their certificates of examination; and forbids the sale of secret remedies, or their advertisement in the public papers. The second establishes eight medical departmental commissions; and the third contains their instructions. The fourth consists of an appeal to the physicians and to the public to assist in the inoculation of the small-pox till the effects of the cow-pox are better established. The fifth prescribes the form of tables to be presented to government on the progress of inoculation.

Benedicti de Spinosa Adnotationes ad Tractatum theologicopoliticum. Ex Autographo edidit, ac præfatus est, additá No

titia Scriptorum Philosophi, C. Th. de Murr. 4to, cam effigis. Spinose. Hague. These annotations have appeared in a French translation, which, however, is now very scarce. It is probable that Spinosa wrote the notes, as well as the tract, in the Latin language; and the present publication is said to have been taken from an authentic copy. The editor has added much interesting information respecting the portraits of Spinosa; the writings, which may assist his biographer; and his works, whether inedited or published.

Among the unpublished works, M. de Murr quotes an apo Logy addressed to his quondam brethren, the Jews, in the Spanish language, entitled 'Apologia para justificarse de su Abdicacion de la Synagoga. Another unpublished apology is in the library at Nuremberg, entitled Religion de l'Homme conduit par la Raison éternelle+; 484 pages in folio. The letter of Leibnitz to Spinosa is accompanied with critical and expla natory observations; and the Notitia Optice promota, mentioned in this letter, is here inserted in the text. The reply of Spinosa to Leibnitz is preserved in the library at Hanover; and some lines are engraved, as a fac-simile of the writing. The volume concludes with a list of publications relative to Spinozism, among which are the cabalistic fragments published by Ben David: but the editor proves this to be a supposititious work, meriting no attention. Spinoza was an obnoxious character, accused and punished for atheism. He was, however, by no means an atheist; and is said, at his trial, to have taken up a straw, saying, If there were no other sensible object in the world, this would prove the existence of a God."

DENMARK.

Oekonomisches Handbuch für der Landmann und Gartenliebhaber, &c. The economical Manual of the Farmer and Gardener. By J. G. Bechstedt. Altona.-The author begins with an abstract of natural philosophy, in which he treats of the different species of soil, its cultivation, manure, the influence of the sun and moon on plants, air, water, vapours, fire, vegetation, &c.

The work itself is divided into two sections. The first treats of rural economy in general, of fallows, rolling, manner of tying the sheaves, sowing, cultivation and plantation of trees, inclosing ground, weeds, artificial meadows, planting forests, and of some useful economical plants, as saffron, woad, tobacco, flax, poppies, &c.

The second section treats of the cultivation of fruit-trees: but this part of the work is managed very carelessly: neither the

*An Apology in Justification of himself, for having abandoned the Synagogue." The Religion of Man under the Guidance of eternal Reason."