ourselves at this time that when he was entrusted with the wise expenditure of a bequest for the foundation of a university, President Gilman, in his plans for Johns Hopkins University, thought only incidentally of buildings, his main care was to secure outstanding men who through their work with advanced students would create a true university in its highest sense. His success marked a new era in our conception of university training.

The presence of an active graduate school has its stimulating effect upon that undergraduate training which you are now trying to perfect. It removes effectually any disposition in the undergraduate mind to consider thought or knowledge as static. Where research is in progress, undergraduate courses lose all semblance of routine and take on a new significance as foundation work for the higher training which is necessary if one's future is not in all probability to have definitely fixed limitations.

In the graduate school there is training in searching the literature of any subject, in formulating problems with precision, in the careful gathering of facts, in making fair deductions through accurate reasoning and in publishing results in understandable form. Such work and its publications constitute the second productive capacity of a university. Moreover it is an obligation, for the university must through productive scholarship contribute its addition to that great fund of knowledge which makes for human progress.

Men and women trained in this atmosphere, no matter what the thesis subject may have been, possess an equipment which will enable them to undertake any problem with reasonable hope of its solution. There is a tremendous demand to-day for those so trained. We have landed full head-on into the age of research in America.

Eight years ago when the men in the Chemical Warfare Service had been demobilized and many of them were seeking in vain for positions, I wrote an editorial urging those who had not received a Ph.D. degree to return to their universities, no matter at what sacrifice, and complete their graduate training, for the country would need them. Many leaders in chemistry at that time criticized the editorial on the ground that if the plea were heeded, there would be a surplus of such trained men. Time, however, has told a different story. Last year at the meeting of the American Chemical Society in Philadelphia I made inquiry of the heads of the chemistry departments of many of our universities, and the answer was the same in every case. They told me that they had turned out more Ph.D. men that year than ever before, nevertheless, it would have been easily possible to place double the number of men had they been

available. Both universities and industries are seeking doctors of philosophy.

The factors which have brought about this wide expansion of research activities are numerous, but there are certain outstanding influences to which I would like to call attention. Because of acute shortages during the war period, the story of coal-tar and the thousands of products made from it gripped the imagination of the public. All through this story there stood out preeminently the great rôle research had played in this remarkable development in a foreign land. To build up that industry in this country, research was again emphasized, and the results were remarkable. It was a true romance of modern industry.

For many years there had been fine research departments in some of our most important corporations, such as the General Electric Company and the Eastman Kodak Company. Unfortunately, however, the real story did not get across until suddenly the country awoke to the fact that wood (methyl) alcohol, which for many years had been made here by destructive distillation of wood, 'was threatened by the importation of large quantities of synthetic methyl alcohol (methanol). The daily press handled the story extensively, and again the great value of research in industry was advertised. Just then, at the psychological moment, a series of articles entitled "What Price Progress?" appeared in the New York Commercial, written by Hugh Farrell, its financial editor. These articles were printed in pamphlet form by the Chemical Foundation and given wide distribution. This was no technical treatise, but a vivid portrayal of how industries which had followed the lead of research had prospered and how oblivion had waited for those who did not make use of this great agency of modern progress. Finally the many investors throughout the nation opened their eyes, and the spirit of research was in the atmosphere.

Along the same line, but going deeper to the roots of the matter, was a front page story, appearing one day in the newspapers all over the land, bearing an appeal from Secretary Hoover and a committee of nationally known men, urging voluntary contributions for a fund of two million dollars anually over a period of ten years, for the support of research in pure science in American universities. This appeal was made to business men as a wise investment, on the ground that progress in applied science is conditioned by and dependent upon progress in pure science. In that statement Secretary Hoover, head of the great business department of our government, did not hesitate to state: "The laws discovered by pure science are the basis of applied science and all industrial development."

In similar vein, the Secretary of Agriculture, Mr. Jardine, has, within the last fortnight, stated in his public address at New Haven that, "men were not laying enough emphasis on pure science in proportion to our emphasis on the application of science and were not stimulating and training an adequate personnel in scientific research." Secretary Jardine further stated "the agriculture of the future will be successful in proportion to the extent to which it is shaped and guided by the basic facts revealed by scientific research, especially research in the fields of natural science, economics, engineering and business administration."

Research is truly the word to-day, not as a momentary fad, but as a permanent addition to our national equipment. Within the last week, two striking announcements emphasized in what important ways this new tool is being utilized. The morning papers of April 7 carried the announcement of a new policy by the largest of all our corporations, which is taking definite steps toward the creation of a great depart ment of scientific research; the papers of Friday morning carried an appeal for a fund of $2,000,000 to be used for the benefit of the lepers in the Philippines, not for grounds and buildings where segregated they may pass away the remainder of their lives, but for research and equipment which will go to the root of the matter and drive out this dread Scourge from among men.

The South is profiting to-day at every turn by the research which is adding so constantly to science and to the efficiency of industry. As a Southerner I have rejoiced over the news of the great industrial developments in the South and the many evidences of increase of wealth. Then I asked myself this question, "What contribution, in turn, is the South making to research in both pure and applied science?" To answer this question fairly, I have used methods of research and have gone over carefully the Journal of the American Chemical Society and Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, the publications of our national organization of chemists, and listed by states the origin of all the research articles published in these two journals last year. From this study (Table I) it was found that from the thirteen states south of the Potomac River, namely: Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee and Kentucky, there have appeared among the four hundred and twenty-seven contributions to pure science in the Journal of the American Chemical Society only twenty-two articles from these states, just 5.2 per cent. Of the two hundred and eighty-four reports of scientific work in Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, only twelve were from these states, just four per cent. I regret to

record that from the states of West Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana not a single contribution was made. I regret to recall that among the three hundred and forty-eight contributions from university laboratories printed in the Journal of the American Chemical Society in 1926, there is not a single communication from a university in any of the following Southern states: West Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. Of the many contributions to applied science in Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, there is not a single paper from a university in the following states: West Virginia, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas and Kentucky.

I shall make no effort to assign the blame for this deplorable state of affairs, whether it be shortsightedness of legislatures or penuriousness of men of wealth in the South, the lack of understanding by the executives of our Southern institutions, or the deep rut of routine into which professors have without adequate remonstrance allowed themselves to be

thrown.

One thing is certain, it is time for an awakening and for a wholehearted union of forces and of effort in order that this great section of our country should meet its full obligations and take its proper place in the progress of America.

May the University of Richmond, situated in this great city of the new South, soon find itself in position to contribute its full quota to the research output of the nation and to offer to the men and women who come within its walls a future of unbounded possibilities.

THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATION, NEW YORK, N. Y.

CHARLES H. HERTY

ADDISON EMERY VERRILL: PIONEER

ZOOLOGIST

IN an attempt to gain some conception of the zoological influence of the life work of Professor Addison Emery Verrill, whose death occurred on December 10, 1926, there is brought to mind the enormous progress which has been made in the science of zoology during his lifetime. Beginning his scientific studies at the time of the arrival of Louis Agassiz in this country, bringing with him the concepts of comparative morphology which were commencing to supplant the earlier systematic work in Europe, Verrill was able to follow the entire course of zoological progress to its culmination in the experimental methods of the present day.

Although Verrill did not directly participate in these more modern phases of biological research, he fully realized that much of the more recent work has been possible only because of the foundations laid by a small group of able men who, since the middle of the last century, have explored the vast fields containing previously undiscovered forms of life and have thus made known the morphology, natural history and relationships of the organisms available for more specialized and experimental investigation.

Among these pioneer zoologists the name of Verrill stands out prominently because of the amount and accuracy of his contributions to our knowledge of marine invertebrates. More than a thousand species, including representatives of nearly all groups, were discovered and described by him, and their relationships to previously known forms were diagnosed with almost unerring accuracy and with a facility that amounted almost to genius.

He was much more than a systematic zoologist, however; he was a real naturalist in that he was always interested in the natural history of the animals which he studied as well as the morphological characters which distinguished the species new to science. His work on the natural history of the marine invertebrates of southern New England was the first extensive ecological study of its kind in America, and his Vineyard Sound report (published in 1871) was the standard reference book for all students of the seashore life of the region for more than thirty years.

Entering Harvard as one of the early pupils of Louis Agassiz, young Verrill, even while an undergraduate student, explored zoologically and geologically the island of Anticosti and parts of the coast of Labrador. Receiving his bachelor's degree at Harvard in 1862, he remained as assistant to Agassiz in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, for two years a position in which he had already served while still an undergraduate. During this time he made

a comprehensive study of the radiate animals and systematized the classification of the coelenterates. In 1864 Verrill was called by Yale to bring to that institution the new science of zoology as developed by Agassiz and to serve as her first professor of that subject. This position he held for forty-three years, until his retirement in 1907, at which time he was made professor emeritus.

When appointed at Yale he was but 25 years of age, having been born at Greenwood, Maine, February 9, 1839. It is perhaps needless to state that a naturalist of such exceptional ability in his manhood exhibited similar talents in his boyhood. At the age of thirteen he had learned to recognize the minerals and rocks of his native town. He later made a collection of nearly a thousand species of plants, each of which he remembered throughout the remainder of his life, and at seventeen he began a collection of the local shells, insects, amphibia, reptiles, birds and mammals, making the identification, when possible, with the aid of such few books as were available and noting especially the kinds which were different from any described in his books. In this way, and wholly without other assistance, he laid a broad foundation for the taxonomic studies which were to constitute his life work. These boyhood studies in natural history began to bear fruit in the years 1862 and 1863 when he published no less than twentytwo papers, of which two were on minerals, one on plants, three on corals and their allies, seven on birds, four on animals, three on amphibians and the others on general natural history. Most of these were brief taxonomic papers or lists of species, but one of them, on the revision of the Polypi of the eastern coast of the United States, showed a remarkable comprehension of the principles of taxonomy.

In 1871, when the United States Fish Commission inaugurated a comprehensive survey of the waters off the coast of New England with the object of securing information regarding the environment of the commercial fisheries, Verrill was selected as the logical person to take charge of the scientific investigations. And from that time until 1887 there came into his hands an almost continual stream of material dredged from the ocean bottom and containing a great number of forms of animal life quite different from any that had been previously known. These were busy years, with numerous publications describing the new things that were discovered, and before the work was discontinued the Peabody Museum at Yale had become the repository of hundreds of thousands of specimens, among them being several hundred species previously unknown.

Instead of distributing this mass of material to specialists as is the rule at the present day, Verrill

covered all the groups of invertebrates except the protozoa, and it was his intention to summarize the results of his extensive studies on the marine invertebrates of the New England coast by writing a monograph on each group. Several groups were completed and published, but other manuscripts, with hundreds of drawings, were left unfinished at the time of his death.

For his was the spirit of the pioneer, ever seeking new forms of animal life for study, and having exhausted the more interesting forms from New England he next turned his attention to the Bermudas, making three trips to the islands. In 1901-1902 he published two volumes, containing not only the results of his studies in his special field, but also a brief historical survey of the settlement and social colonial development of the islands, their physiography and geology, and the effects of civilization on the native flora and fauna, the whole forming a very comprehensive summary of the natural history of this popular vacation land.

For nearly twenty years after reaching the retiring age limit, in 1907, Verrill continued his studies with unabated energy, publishing in this period a series of papers which constitute in many respects his most important contributions to science. These reflect his maturity of judgment and his accumulated knowledge from so many years of research.

These works summarize his knowledge of the corals and allied animals, the starfishes and allies, and the crustacea, covering more than a thousand pages and illustrated by some two hundred plates. Some time before his death he had placed in the hands of the publishers his most extensive monograph, on the Alcyonaria, consisting of upwards of a thousand pages and 150 plates. There is also awaiting publication a report on the crustacea of Connecticut with over a hundred plates. A more detailed summary of his contributions to zoology and a condensed bibliography of his publications may be found in the American Journal of Science, May, 1927.

Verrill's work was continued almost uninterruptedly until the last few weeks of his life. Even at the age of eighty-five, still sturdy and vigorous, he embarked on a new voyage of discovery on Kauai Island, in the Hawaiian group, with all the enthusiasm that he had shown when Agassiz sent him to Labrador and Anticosti in his student days. Two years spent at that island, and nearly a thousand lots of marine invertebrates were collected, including numbers of the new species which he was seeking. His remarkable vitality, however, was at last exhausted and after bringing the collection back to New Haven he was unable to complete its study. In the autumn of 1926 he left for California to spend the winter with his son, but he died a few weeks after

his arrival. He was within two months of having completed his eighty-eighth year.

His publications extended over a period of fortyfour years. During this long period of activity he published more than 350 papers on geological and biological subjects, making known to science more than a thousand new species of marine invertebrates, and revised the classification of almost every group. That he was able to accomplish so much is due not only to the very unusual number of years that he was able to work, but also to his ability to continue the most arduous mental tasks for many hours each day, with never a thought of recreation and an almost incredible minimum of sleep. That his diagnoses were so accurate and that he could cover so wide a field is due in part to his marvelous memory; he seldom forgot anything of importance connected with his work and could recall the characteristics of almost every one of the thousand animals to which he had given names.

The definition of all the zoological terms in the 1890 edition of Webster's International Dictionary were prepared by Verrill, and by him the hundreds of accompanying illustrations were selected. One can hardly open this great volume without having before his eyes testimony of Verrill's remarkable breadth of scholarship.

For forty-five years (1865-1910) he was in charge of the zoological collection belonging to Yale University. Through his agency the collections increased from almost nothing to one of the most extensive in any university museum in the country.

The honorary degree of M.A. was conferred upon him by Yale and he was honored by being appointed lecturer at the Lowell Institute in Boston in 1899. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, for some years president of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, a corresponding member of the Societé Zoologique de France, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a member of many learned societies. From 1869 to 1920 he was associate editor of the American Journal of Science and he served as professor of comparative anatomy and entomology at the University of Wisconsin in 1868-70 and as a curator of the Boston Society of Natural History for some years, in addition to his professorship at Yale.

In 1865 Professor Verrill married Flora Louisa

Smith, a sister of the late Professor Sidney I. Smith,

of Yale. Mrs. Verrill died in 1915. Four of their six children survive, the two sons being Major George E. Verrill and Alpheus Hyatt Verrill.

YALE UNIVERSITY

WESLEY R. COE

SCIENTIFIC EVENTS

AIRPLANE VIEWS OF SOUTHEASTERN

ALASKA

In order that the "phototopographic" views made in southeastern Alaska last summer by the Navy Department at the request of the Geological Survey may be available to the general public at as early a date as possible, arrangements have been recently entered into between the Geological Survey of the Interior Department and the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture whereby prints of the pictures may be obtained at a small price. It should be distinctly understood, however, that several prints of adjacent areas can not be jonied so as to form an undistorted mosaic.

Nearly 5,000 sets of exposures were made during the summer, each consisting of three parts-a central picture which represents the ground directly under the airplane and two side pictures which represent adjoining areas on each side of the central picture. The central picture is taken with a camera pointed vertically downward, and the two side pictures are made at the same moment by two supplementary cameras directed obliquely to each side and fixed at a definite angle to the vertical. A set of three pictures thus taken represents an area of about 11 square miles when the plane flies at the preferred elevation of 10,000 feet, and the whole series covers practically all of southeastern Alaska except Baranof and Chichagof Islands.

As rapidly as possible official sets of all the prints will be made, and one set will be placed on file for inspection in the district office of the Forest Service at Juneau, Alaska, and another in the office of the Alaskan branch of the Geological Survey, at Washington, D. C. More than one half of the prints have now been completed, and it is hoped to have the entire set ready by October 1. Orders for prints may be made by number from these file sets. Those to whom these file sets are not readily accessible may request from the Forest Service, Washington, D. C., a copy of an index map which shows the location of the area covered by each photograph or may forward orders specifying the location of the precise tract of which photographs are desired, the name of the island on which the tract is located, and the size of the tract.

OCEAN WEATHER CHARTS PREPARATION of complete ocean weather charts and dependable forecasts every day for the benefit of aircraft navigators, as well as masters of water craft on the North Atlantic, is a project which the United States Weather Bureau hopes to accomplish within the near future.

The transatlantic airplane flights have stimulated the receiving of ocean weather reports, enabling the bureau to keep the recent Byrd flight well advised as to the winds, storms and fogs which would be encountered in the crossing. This service was made possible largely by the voluntary cooperation of shipmasters and of the radio companies, which collected the ocean weather information twice daily and delivered it to the bureau for charting and analysis.

In future transatlantic flying such voluntary cooperation will hardly be as readily forthcoming since the novelty of the enterprise will be gone and public interest less keen. Officials of the Weather Bureau are accordingly figuring out what can be done to stimulate interest in ocean weather reports to add to the safety of flying and of navigation. It is their hope that shipmasters will continue the work when the present flying season is over. Nevertheless, something more permanently dependable is essential.

That a more complete and extensive organization of the ship service is necessary is shown by the fact that on some days while the fliers were waiting for favorable conditions the Weather Bureau did not get a single ship report from areas a thousand miles wide in the Atlantic. Even on May 18, two days before Lindbergh made his successful flight, no report was received from any ship between midocean and the Irish Coast. It was not until he had started that weather reports from ships became nearly adequate. When Chamberlin made his flight the amount of information coming in was more abundant than in any previous period.

Eventually, when funds and facilities permit, the Weather Bureau hopes to get reports twice daily from all ships in the Atlantic lanes. Such reports, supplemented by reports from land stations in this country, Canada, Greenland, Iceland and Europe, would make possible the preparation of complete ocean weather charts and dependable forecasts every day.