recording and reproducing sound. Governor A. Harry Moore, of New Jersey, was among the guests and presented to Mr. Edison a bound portfolio of letters of felicitation received from prominent men and women throughout the world.

DR. CHARLES ATWOOD KOFOID, chairman of the department of zoology at the University of California, has been elected president of the Pacific Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; Dr. Joel H. Hildebrand, professor of chemistry, and Dr. Leonard B. Loeb, associate professor of physics, have been appointed members of the executive committee.

On the occasion of the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the University

of Leeds will confer the doctorate of laws on Sir Arthur Keith, president of the association; on the Duchess of Atholl, and on the Hon. Sir Charles Parsons, and the doctorate of science on Dr. J. B. S. Haldane, Dr. N. V. Sidgwick, Dr. F. O. Bower and Dr. R. A. Millikan.

THE fifth gold medal of the African Society, instituted for those who have done the best work for Africa, has been awarded to Sir Ronald Ross, directorin-chief of the Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases.

M. CHARLES FABRY, professor of physics at the Sorbonne and director of the institute of optics of the University of Paris, has been elected a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences in the section of physics to succeed the late M. Daniel Berthelot.

M. GRAVIER has been appointed a delegate of the Paris Academy of Sciences to the International Congress of Zoology, which will open in Budapest on September 9.

DR. EMMELINE MOORE, of New York, was elected president of the American Fisheries Society at its recent convention at Hartford, Connecticut. Other officers elected were C. F. Culler, of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, vice-president; Carlos Avery, secretary of the American Game and Protective Association, secretary, and T. E. Pope, of the Public Museum of Milwaukee, treasurer. Next year's meeting will be held in Seattle, Washington.

DR. F. L. CAMPBELL, assistant professor of biology in New York University, has resigned to accept a position as associate entomologist in the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C., where he will investigate the toxicology of stomach poison insecticide.

J. D. RUE, chief of the pulp and paper section of the U. S. Forest Products Laboratory, will leave the laboratory about September 15 to take the position of

director of research for the Champion Fibre Company, of Canton, N. C. Mr. Rue has been in charge of the pulp and paper section of the Forest Products Laboratory since 1921.

DR. PETER H. BUCK (TE RANGI HIROA), director of Maori Hygiene for the New Zealand Government, has been appointed anthropologist on the staff of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. During 1927-28, Dr. Buck plans to give his attention chiefly to investigations in the Cook Islands, in continuation of previous studies. Gerrit P. Wilder, botanist on the staff, has returned to the United States after a year's study of the breadfruit trees in the Society and Cook Islands. Mr. John W. Gillespie, Bishop Museum fellow in Yale University, is making a botanical survey of Viti Levu, Fiji, with especial attention to the flora of high altitudes. In this investigation, he is associated with Mr. H. E. Parks, of the University of California, who has been at work in Fiji for the past three months. Mr. H. G. Hornbostel, who for the past three years has been engaged in archeological field work in Guam and the Marianas Islands, under the auspices of the museum, has begun similar studies in the Caroline Islands.

DR. WALTER H. EDDY, professor of physiological chemistry at Columbia University, has returned from a half year's leave of absence which he spent in Spain, France, England, Barbadoes, Trinidad, Costa Rica, Panama and Cuba.

DR. CALVIN O. ESTERLY, for twenty years professor of zoology in Occidental College, has been granted a leave of absence for the academic 1927-28. Dr. year and Mrs. Esterly plan to go to Hawaii in August.

H. S. LADD, of the University of Virginia, is engaged in studying the fossil mollusks of the Fiji Islands and will later spend about a month at the National Museum.

H. D. SKINNER, of the department of anthropology of the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, was recently the guest of the Pueblo Bonito Expedition of the Smithsonian Institution.

DR. JAMES MUIR, radium therapist, sailed for Europe on August 6 to read papers and give clinical demonstrations on his treatment of cancer by radium implantation at the four leading European capitals.

LEAVE of absence has been granted to Dr. Arthur H. Compton, professor of physics of the University of Chicago, from October 1 to November 10, in order that he may attend the Solvay Congress, and to Derwent S. Whittlesey, associate professor of geography, for the autumn, winter and spring quarters, 1927-28, in order that he may take charge of the work in geog

raphy on the second round-the-world cruise to be conducted by New York University.

DR. EDWIN G. CONKLIN, of Princeton University, recently lectured at Columbia University on "Heredity versus Environment in Human Progress" and on "Some Common Misconceptions regarding Evolution," and at the Mount Desert Botanical Laboratory in Maine on "The Evolution Controversy in the United States."

DR. FRANCIS G. BENEDICT, director of the nutrition laboratory in Boston of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, gave an address at the University of New Hampshire, recently, on "Physiologic Research Institutions of Europe."

DR. ALEXANDER CROMBIE HUMPHREYS, for twentyfive years president of the Stevens Institute of Technology, well known as a gas engineer, died on August 14, aged seventy-six years.

LOYALL VERGIL HUNT, B.S., Kansas State Agricultural College, 1923, student assistant in zoology at West Virginia University, was drowned on August 7 while bathing in the Cheat River near Morgantown.

SIR BRYAN DONKIN, honorary member of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association, and author of many publications on criminology and related subjects, died on July 26, aged eighty-two years.

DR. ALBRECHT KOSSEL, professor of physiology in the University of Heidelberg, known for his contri.butions to our knowledge of the chemical nature of the proteins, died on July 5, aged seventy-four years.

DR. PAUL KESSLER, associate professor of geology at the University of Tübingen, died on July 14.

THE United States Civil Service Commission announces open competitive examinations to fill vacancies in the U. S. Department of Agriculture as follows: Junior crop and livestock estimator, in the bureau of agricultural economics, for duty in Washington, D. C., or in the field, at $1,860 a year, and associate dust explosion prevention engineer at $3,000 a year, and assistant dust explosion prevention engineer at $2,400 a year, in the bureau of chemistry and soils.

IT is reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association that the residents of Pine Grove are seeking an injunction to prevent the establishment in that community of a research laboratory by the state of Montana for the purpose of investigating the prevention of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, it being reported that they have instituted court proceedings, making members of the state board of health the defendants. Dr. William F. Cogswell, secretary of the state board of health, testified on July 29 that there would be no chance for the experimentally infected

ticks to escape from the proposed laboratory. The question of how fast these ticks travel is said to have enlivened the court proceedings.

THE Illinois State Geological Survey has recently received from the legislature, with the approval of the governor, an increased appropriation, which will permit an extension of specialization in petroleum engineering and geological engineering and the undertaking of a comprehensive paleobotanical study of the Pottsville series, in addition to its regular program of stratigraphic, glacial and economic studies. The paleobotany of the Pottsville series will be studied by Dr. David White. The previous appropriation of $50,000 per year for topographic mapping was continued.

THE topographic maps made by the Geological Survey of the Department of the Interior show by means of contour lines, of which there are thousands on some maps, the altitude above sea-level of every portion of the area represented. In addition to portraying all physical characteristics, as well as the works of man, these maps constitute a wonderfully detailed dictionary of altitudes, showing the height of every hill and slope. As the United States becomes more and more completely mapped, the scope of this "dictionary" constantly expands. At the present time a little more than 40 per cent. of the United States is topographically mapped, but the work is progressing rather slowly at the rate of only 17,000 or 18,000 square miles a year. Moreover, the maps of a large part of this area are either very old, and therefore somewhat crude, or else on so small a scale as to be

inadequate for present-day needs. In addition to areas that have never been surveyed, there are considerable areas that will have to be resurveyed.

WE learn from Nature that in Man for July, Professor Frassetto, of Bologna, figures and describes his reconstruction of the jaw of Piltdown man, which he compares and contrasts with the jaws of the orang and the chimpanzee. In his view its resemblance lies in the direction of the orang rather than that of the chimpanzee. He gives in tabular form eight points in which the orang differs from the chimpanzee, and in which the jaw of Piltdown man, so far as its condition allows, is comparable with it. As a whole, the jaw of the chimpanzee is relatively thin, slight and light, while both orang and Piltdown are massive and heavy; the ascending ramus is oblique in relation to the horizontal portion, but in the orang and Piltdown almost vertical; the position of the semilunar notch coincides in the two jaws, but in both differs from its position in the chimpanzee jaw; position in the chimpanzee jaw; the angle has a curvature of a large radius in orang and Eoanthropus, but it is small in the chimpanzee; the posterior margin of the chimpanzee ramus is narrow to the root of the

condyle, where it widens rapidly, but in both the other jaws it widens gradually as it passes into the condyle. Again, the lower borders of the corpus of the mandible resemble one another in both orang and Piltdown, but differ from the chimpanzee, which also has a relatively small genial fossa as opposed to the large fossa of the other jaws. The reconstruction was therefore made by grafting the symphysian region of the orang's mandible duly enlarged on to the corpus of Piltdown man's jaw, the conclusion being that the jaw is human, belongs to the same individual as the cranial fragments, and represents a primitive race belonging to a genus of the orang type. Not only is this because of the features of the mandible, but also because of the eyebrow ridges, which do not exhibit the prominent torus characteristic of the chimpanzee type to which Neanderthal man belongs.

THE results of an investigation into certain processes and conditions on farms undertaken by Mr. W. R. Dunlop, under the auspices of the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, are reported in Nature as follows: "These results show that farm management in Great Britain is by no means efficient. The present investigation is the first systematic attempt in Great Britain to apply the point of view and methods of industrial psychology to agriculture. Two problems were studied: (a) the picking and packing of fruit, including bush fruit, hops and glass-house produce, and (b) milking. It is shown that the best pickers at one kind of fruit are the best pickers at all other kinds, that there is no evidence to show that afternoon rates are lower than those of the morning, that there are considerable individual variations in efficiency. The milking problems include discussions of milking rates, differences of cows, manual skill of milkers. Some important questions are raised in the third section dealing with future enquiries, not the least of which is the selection of the right worker for the right work, and the guidance of young people leaving school into occupations for which they are most fitted. Apparently there is a tendency for the children of a lower level of intelligence and ambition to take up agriculture, the town attracting the more intelligent. In so far as this is so, it is to be deplored, but obviously the problems connected with such a choice are very difficult to attack, involving as they do the attitude of mind of the community towards agricultural work, the lower standard of nominal wages and the ties with regard to hours."

UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL NOTES

By the will of the late Dr. Charles A. Dewey his cstate of nearly $1,000,000 is to be held intact as the

Charles A. Dewey Fund, the income to be devoted to the support of the medical schools of the University of Rochester and of Harvard University. Dr. Dewey graduated from the University of Rochester and from the Medical School of Harvard University in 1880. In addition to the foregoing provision, which became effective through the recent deaths of a nephew and niece, the will provides a gift of $100,000 to the Rochester General Hospital as a memorial to Dr. Dewey's sister.

As a result of a decision handed down by John P. O'Brien, surrogate of the New York County Court, Dartmouth College eventually will receive $373,024 from the estate of Mrs. Helen L. Bullard. The will had been contested on the ground that the decedent estate law prohibits the payment of more than one half of an estate to charitable or educational institutions when there are immediate members of the family living at the time of the passing of the testator. It was ruled that the value of the Dartmouth remainders should be computed at the time of the death of Mrs. Bullard upon the life expectancy of the thirteen life tenants as shown in insurance tables.

DR. RAYMOND M. HUGHES, for sixteen years president of Miami University at Oxford, Ohio, has resigned to accept the presidency of the Iowa College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts at Ames.

AMONG the promotions to full professorships announced by the University of Chicago Board of Trustees are the following: Ernest W. Burgess, in sociology; Fay-Cooper Cole, in anthropology; Arthur J. Dempster, in physics; Edward Sapir, in anthropology; William Taliaferro, in pathology, and Louis Leon Thurstone, in psychology. Promotions to associate professorships include: Merle C. Coulter, in botany; Maude Slye, in pathology, and Benjamin A. Willier, in zoology."

DR. W. MANSFIELD CLARK, of the Hygienic Laboratory of the U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., has accepted the position of professor of physiological chemistry at the school of medicine of the Johns Hopkins University.

DR. THOMAS MURRAY MACROBERT, university lecturer in the University of Glasgow, will succeed Dr. Gibson as professor of mathematics.

DR. ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER, of the University of Zurich, has been called to the University of Berlin as the successor of Professor Max Planck.

DR. REINHARD DEMOLL, director of the biological laboratory at the University of Munich, will succeed Dr. Karl Grobben as professor of zoology in the University of Vienna.

DISCUSSION

THE QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF SEX IN a recent note in SCIENCE (Vol. 65, p. 596) Dr. R. Goldschmidt comments on an earlier communication in which the present writer (SCIENCE, Vol. 65, p. 139) questioned the completeness of Dr. Goldschmidt's proprietary rights to "The Quantitative Theory of Sex❞—as claimed or implied in his initial request for "acknowledgments" from the "Columbia school" (SCIENCE, Vol. 64, p. 299). It was our purpose to point out that "Goldschmidt can properly claim precedence" in the elaboration of "a quantitative theory of normal sex determination," but not for "the quantitative theory of sex as this has developed during the last fifteen years." In his reply Goldschmidt not only fails to assist in the clarification of this essential point, but he turns the discussion to fragments-considered by him as wholes-of various aspects of the work of Riddle which, he is distressed to find, afford "no proofs" of either "experimental intersexuality or experimental sex-reversal." The original point is a matter of interest to a relatively large group of workers, and some of his misstatements concerning studies made in our laboratory require a word of comment.

practically from the beginning, rested on the results not only of Whitman-Riddle in doves, but those of the Hertwig school on frogs, of G. Smith on crabs, and still other work. It included the much older facts and idea of Geddes and Thomson, and had indeed such a background of varied and promising fact that it is little wonder that the great advances since made-including some more recent and still unacknowledged interpretations of Goldschmidt— have definitely turned in this direction.

In his book, Goldschmidt (1923, p. 116) says: "In the case of insects intersexuality could only be obtained through abnormal zygotic constitution, because the production of hormones is not localized in special organs, but takes place within the individual cells. In the other group (vertebrates) it is possible to obtain intersexuality independent of the zygotic constitution because the hormone production is localized in organs which can be removed or transplanted, and their action independently of the zygotic constitution which originally called them forth can in this way be investigated." If then intersexuality in insects— with which Goldschmidt worked-can only be obtained by "abnormal zygotic constitution" (hence, no plasticity here), are we not correct in placing Goldschmidt's results as important to the theory of "sexdetermination," and "unimportant to the quantitative theory of sex as this has developed in the hands of others" (in whose vertebrate material plasticity is found) Truly enough, "some of Riddle's arguments are based on work in hybridizing doves" but we think

ciently known to workers in this field, that the present writer has taken a not negligible share in the formulation of this theory, being specifically responsible for a series of views concerning the relation of metabolic rate to sex: Namely, that such a difference extends to the two kinds of gametes produced by the heterogametic sex; that here the prospectively male gametes show the higher, female gametes the lower metabolic rate; that a difference in this same direction also characterizes later (embryo and adult) stages of the development of sex; that such metabolic differences can, in experiment, override the normally controlling influence of the chromosomes-thus resulting in the sex-reversal exhibited in several animal forms; that the sex chromosomes or genes probably exercise their normal sex-determining function by aiding the establishment of a higher and a lower metabolic rate; that intersexes and hermaphrodites can arise from chromosomal or genic causes, but they can arise also from a metabolic cause while chromosomes and genes are normal; and that the metabolic distinction found can not be interpreted as a secondary sex character.

The evidence on which this theory is based has,

find a plasticity in a part of our vertebrate material indicating that one and the same zygotic constitution here does not deliver equivalent sexuality but varies according to identifiable conditions; and we have measured the concurrent gametic metabolic change that coincides with this plastic change of

sex.

Goldschmidt's results fall far short of this (since by his own admission "intersexuality could only be obtained through abnormal zygotic constitution"), and for this reason-not because "they happen to be found by Goldschmidt" instead of by Riddle-his results are unimportant to the quantitative theory of sex now under discussion.

The different gradations in sex behavior produced and measured by us in doves are entirely discarded by Goldschmidt as evidence of intersexuality. He wants "morphological" mixings. After wondering how, on Goldschmidt's view, psychologists and psychiatrists could ever become acquainted with "sex" in their fields-and leaving the question to our colleagues and the future-we may note that Goldschmidt should read more and better before suggesting that graduated intersexual behavior is "the only fact" provided by us for intersexuality. We freely

admit that we have thus far given only short and incomplete accounts of the many kinds and cases of intersexuality encountered in our material. We acknowledge and regret, and are steadily supplementing, this incompleteness. But morphology, beloved of Goldschmidt, is I presume adequately represented by oviducts in males (Anat. Rec., 1925, 31, p. 349); by persistent, even functional, right ovaries in females (Amer. Nat., 1916, 50); and by the hermaphrodites listed (Whitman, 2, 1919), or referred to in connection with rather full descriptions of some other abnormal (possibly not intersexual) gonad conditions (Brit. Jour. Exp. Biol., 1925, 2). If these, as yet little described, cases of hermaphroditism should lead our critic to dispose of them by the further assertion that Riddle can not properly recognize an hermaphrodite he is entirely welcome to that position.

Goldschmidt states that our "claim to the experimental production of sex-reversal by reproductive overwork and by crossing. is based on the assumption that the first egg of a clutch is male, the second female." This is simply not true. "Our studies on 'sex control' manage to get on whether the eggs come in normal order, reversed order or utter disorder" (Amer. Nat., 1925, 59). Also, according to Goldschmidt we have "never proved experimental sex-reversal or made it even probable." Waiving the large question of proofs, we may note that calculation of probabilities in a single result obtained in one of our very few "family" crosses indicates thatapart from sex-reversal-this result "could be expected to occur only once in 9,384 trials" (Anat. Rec., 1925, 31). So apparently, either Goldschmidt must read more, or in my items of data I must eliminate part of one chance in 9,384.

To say that "Riddle's theory of sex determination by different metabolic rates . . . fails in the normal case of male heterogamety; it fails in such cases of female heterogamety as the gipsy moth, etc.," is merely to use words without meaning. The theory was founded upon forms showing "female heterogamety" (pigeons), and early applied, successfully we think, to forms (frogs) which later proved to show "male heterogamety"; moreover, as earlier pointed out, parts of this metabolic theory were later borrowed and lugged unacknowledged into Goldschmidt's own theory of sex-determination in the gipsy moth.

Well or ill founded—and much in addition to work with pigeons forms part of its foundation-there exists a vigorous quantitative theory of sex, based on real or fanciful sex-reversal and intersexuality apart from zygotic composition (on which Goldschmidt's studies are based), and on measurements of metabolic sex distinction in all stages-ovum to adult. We and others have taken a good or a bad

QUOTATIONS

PUBLICITY AND SCIENCE

In this day of personal horn-blowing it is refreshing to come upon a group of men who are doing great things, yet who shun publicity as they would the plague. As a matter of fact, they would not shun the

1 V. Gourvitsch: The protozoan fauna of the intestines of frogs from the vicinity of Tashkent-in the Bulletin of the Government University of Central Asia, No. 14, 1926. [Russian.]

2 M. M. Metcalf: "The Opalinid Ciliate Infusorians," United States National Museum, No. 120, 1923.