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This god resembles in appearance a thick roll of homespun flannel, which arises from the custom of dedicating to it a dress of that material whenever its aid is sought; this is sewed on by an old woman, its priestess. Of the early history of this idol no authentic information can be procured, but its power is believed to be immense; they pray to it in time of sickness, it is invoked when a storm is desired to dash some hapless ship upon their coast, and again it is solicited to calm the waves to admit of the islanders fishing or visiting the main land.—1b. pp. 53, 54.

This statement, irrespective of graver reflections, is suggestive of a curious inquiry, whether this point of Ireland, on the utmost western verge of Europe, be not the last spot in Christendom in which a trace can now be found of stone-pillar worship?—the most ancient of all forms of idolatry known to the records of the human race; and the most widely extended, since at one time or another it has prevailed in every nation of the old world, from the shores of Lapland to the confines of India; and, I apprehend, vestiges of its former existence are to be traced on the continent of America.

In all parts of Ireland these stone pillars are to be found in comparative frequency. Accounts of them will be found in The Ancient and Present State of the County Down, A. D. 1744; in Wakeman's Handbook of Irish Antiquities, and in various similar authorities. A writer in the Archæologia for A. D. 1800, says that many of the stone crosses which form so interesting and beautiful a feature in Irish antiquities were originally pagan pillar-stones, on which the cross was sculptured subsequent to the introduction of Christianity, in order that—

The common people, who were not easily to be diverted from their superstitious reverence for these stones, might pay a kind of justifiable adoration to them when thus appropriated to the use of Christian memorials by the sign of the cross.-Archæol. vol. xiii. p. 208.

The tenacity of the Irish people to this ancient superstition is established by the fact of its continuance to the present day in the sequestered island of Inniskea. It would be an object of cu

rious inquiry to ascertain whether this be the last remnant of pillar-worship now remaining in Europe; and especially whether any further trace of it is to be found in any other portion of the British dominions.

GALLOSHES.

In the Promptorium Parvulorum we find-
GALACHE or GALOCHE, undersolynge of manny's fote.

Mr. Way says in his note :

The galache was a sort of patten, fastened to the foot by cross latchets, and worn by men as early as the time of Edward III. Allusion is made to it by Chaucer :

Ne were worthy to unbocle his galoche.

Squires Tale, 10,869.

Among other quotations, Mr. Way gives the following:

To geten hym gilte spores,

Or galoches y-couped.

Piers Ploughman, 12,099.

And in the Wardrobe Book of Prince Henry, A. D. 1607, are mentioned

1 pair of golossians, 6s.: 16 gold buckles with pendants and toungs to buckle a pair of golosses.-Archeol. xi. 93.

Cole, in his English dictionary, 1724, has

Galeges, galages, galloches, galloshoes, Fr., wooden shoes all of a piece. With us outward shoes or cases for dirty weather, &c.

The word itself most likely comes to us from the French. The dictionaries refer to Spenser as using it under the form galage; and it occurs written galege, galosh, calosh, &c.

Boyer's Dictionnaire Royal, edit. 1753, has the following definition :

Galoche (espèce de mule que l'on porte par dessus les souliers), galoshoe. The French borrowed the term from the Latin Gallicæ ;

but

the Romans first derived the idea and the thing itself from Gaul, Gallica denoting Gallic or Gaulish shoes. Cicero speaks of the Gallica with contempt: "Cum calceis et toga, nullis nec gallicis nec lacerna;" and again, "Cum gallicis et lacerna cucurristi" (Philip. ii. 30). Blount, in his Law Dictionary (1670), gives the following, which refers to one very early use of the term in this country:—

GALEGE (galicia), from the French galloches, which signified of old a certain shoe worn by the Gauls in foul weather, as at present the signification with us does not much differ. It is mentioned 4 Edw. IV. cap. 7, and 14 & 15 Hen. VIII. cap. 9.

Therefore the thing itself and the word were known among us before America was discovered. As it regards the Latin word Gallica, it is used by Cicero, Tertullian, and A. Gellius. The last named, in the Noctes Attica, gives the following anecdote and observations relating to this word: T. Castricius, a teacher of rhetoric at Rome, observing that some of his pupils were, on a holiday, as he deemed, unsuitably attired, and shod (soleati) with gallica (galloches, sabots, wooden shoes or clogs), he expressed in strong terms his disapprobation. He stated it to be unworthy of their rank, and referred to the above-cited passage from Cicero. Some of his hearers inquired why he called those soleati who wore goloshes (gallica) and not shoes (solea). The expres sion is justified by a statement which sufficiently describes the goloshes, viz., that they call solea (shoes) all those which cover only the lower portions of the foot, and are fastened with straps. The author adds :—

I think that gallica is a new word, which was begun to be used not long before Cicero's time, therefore used by him in the Second of the Antonians. "Cum gallicis," says he, "et lacerna cucurrusti." Nor do I read it in any other writer of authority, but other words are employed.

The Romans named shoes after persons and places as we do:

for examples, see Dr. W. Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Ro man Antiquities, sub voc. "Calceus."

WHIG AND TORY.

The derivation of these terms, as applied to the two extreme parties in politics, is a much vexed question, which will probably never be satisfactorily settled. That stanch tory, Roger North, in his Examen, has referred the origin of the name of his party to their connection with the Duke of York and. his popish allies.

It is easy (says North) to imagine how rampant these procurators of power, the Exclusioners, were under such circumstances of advantage as at that time prevailed; everywhere insulting and menacing the royalists, as was done in all the terms of common conversation, and the latter had the wind in their faces, the votes of the house and the rabble into the bargain. This trade, then not much opposed, naturally led to a common use of slighting and opprobrious names, such as Yorkist. That served for mere distinction, but did not scandalize or reflect enough. Then they came to Tantivy, which implied riding post to Rome. Observe, all the while the royal church party were passive; the outrage lay wholly on the other side. These observing that the Duke favored Irishmen, all his friends, or those accounted such by appearing against the Exclusion, were straight become Irish; thence bog-trotters, and in the copia of the factious language, the word Tory was entertained, which signified the most despicable savages among the wild Irish; and being a vocal and clear-sounding word, readily pronounced, it kept its hold, and took possession of the foul mouths of the faction.

Burton, in vol. ii. of his Parliamentary Diary on the state of Ireland, under date of June 10, 1657, has the following passage:

Tory is said to be the Irish word Toree, that is, Give me, which was the summons of surrender used by the banditti, to whom the name was originally applied.

In support of this assertion it may be as well to state that Tory or Terry Island, on the coast of Donegal, is said to have taken its name from the robbers by whom it was formerly in

fested. Dr. Johnson also supports Burton's derivation of the word; he calls it a cant term, signifying a savage. Mr. G. O. Borrow (alias Lavengro), who has devoted much attention to the Celtic dialect, in a paper which he contributed some years back to the Norfolk Chronicle, suggested that the etymology of the word Tory might be traced to the Irish adherents of Charles II. during the Cromwellian era; the words Tar-a-Ri (pronounced Tory, and meaning Come, O King), having been so constantly in the mouths of the Royalists as to have become a by-word to designate them. Lingard says that

The name Tory is derived from toringhim, to pursue for the sake of plunder. The name was given to certain parties in Ireland, who, refusing to submit to Cromwell, retired into bogs and fastnesses, formed bodies of armed men, supporting themselves and their followers by the depredations which they committed on the occupiers of their estates. They were called Raperees and Tories.

Concerning the word Whig, Burnet says:

The south-west counties of Scotland have seldom corn enough to serve them round the year; and the northern parts producing more than they need, those in the west come in the summer to buy at Leith the stores that came from the north; and from a word, Whiggam, used in driving their horses, all that drove were called Whiggamors, and shorter, the Whiggs. Now, in that year (i. e. 1648), after the news came down of Duke Hamilton's defeat, the ministers animated their people to rise and march to Edinburgh; and they came up marching on the head of their parishes with an unheard-of fury, praying and preaching all the way as they came. The Marquis of Argyle and his party came and bearded them, they being about 6,000. This was called the Whiggamors' inroad, and ever after that, all that opposed the court came in contempt to be called Whiggs; and from Scotland the word was brought into England, where it is now one of our unhappy terms of disunion.—Burnet's History of his own Times, vol. i. p. 43.

Such is Burnet's account of the derivation of this word, in which he is followed by Samuel Johnson, who has transcribed the above passage in his Dictionary. Kirkton, also, in his History of the Church of Scotland, edited by C. K. Sharpe, Esq.,

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