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people. You know him,' said he; 'the whole world knows him; confide therefore with unalterable security in this prodigious man, whose like has not been seen in any age. He will diffuse over us the blessings of peace, if you respect his determinations.' In this manner, exhorting them passively to submit to whatever might occur, he entreated all his clergy by the bowels of Christ Jesus, to concur with him in impressing upon them the duty of resignation and submission. This address was intended to prepare the people for what followed; and on the succeeding day the French flag was hoisted upon the arsenal. It is the system of Buonaparte and the infamous ministers of his tyranny to break down, by a series of insults, the spirit of every nation which is unhappy enough to be brought under his yoke. Two days the French colours remained flying there; on the 3d, the French troops were drawn up in the square of the Rocio, when Junot thanked them in the Emperor's name for the constancy with which they had endured the hardships of their march. Heaven, said he, has favoured us in our object of saving this fine city from the oppression of the English, and we have now the glory of seeing the French flag planted in Lisbon. He then called upon them to cry, Long live the Emperor Napoleon! at the same moment the French colours were hoisted on the castle, a salute of twenty guns was fired, and repeated by all the forts upon the river. This was about mid-day; the Portugueze had been murmuring from the moment the flag appeared upon the arsenal, and this new insult increased their shame and indignation. Without plan, without leaders, without other arms than sticks and stones and knives, they attacked the guards in the Great Square, between five and six in the evening. Junot was giving a grand dinner in honour of some victory-it was abruptly ended his officers hastened to their posts, and the Portugueze traitors who were his guests fled to their own houses. The tumult continued about three hours. It was then so far suppressed that Junot with most of his generals went to the Opera, and there displayed the French flag as if in triumph. The greater part of the few Portugueze who were present left the theatre. While this bravado was going on, cannon were planted at head-quarters, and gun-boats stationed so as to command some of the market places and streets. At day-break the streets were full of soldiers, horse and foot trolling the town; but wherever a Frenchman ventured to appear alone he was immediately attacked. Many families fled into the country. Junot published an edict ordering that every person taken in arms should be carried before a military commission : he prefixed to it this sentence as a text for his bloody laws, 'Rebellion is the greatest of all crimes.' He then fortified the castle,

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threw up new works, and planted batteries, from which he threatened to destroy Lisbon if the insurrection was renewed.

These disturbances were not attended with much bloodshed, and no executions followed them. The Portugueze troops had not joined the people-for no plan had been concerted, and the resistance when attempted was perfectly hopeless. Their disposition however was well known; and the regiments which had been called from the provinces by the prince immediately before his embarkation, were now ordered back to their respective stations. It was found that the decree for the discovery and confiscation of English property and goods produced little effect: the three days allowed for giving in an account elapsed on the 7th, and on the 8th the term was prolonged for eight days more, with heavy denunciations against those persons who should attempt to evade it. That part of the decree which related to English property might easily be obeyed by those who chose to obey it; but the confiscation of all English goods, in a place where half the goods were English, was a measure as impracticable as oppres sive; and the day after Junot had issued his second edict upon the subject, he found it necessary to publish a third, modifying the former two, and in fact confessing their absurdity. It appeared, he said, that in virtue of these decrees, the merchants and shopkeepers could not dispose of many articles of English manufacture; that the want of these articles kept out of the market a great number of things which were in daily use, and would therefore raise the price of those which were not prohibited; they were therefore permitted to sell such articles as were not actually the property of British subjects, under the following conditions. 1. That an account of the British goods in their possession should be delivered in, and permission to sell them obtained from the commissary at Lisbon, or some public functionary in the provinces. 2. That this permission should not be granted, unless the kind, quality, measure, quantity, and price of the article for sale were specified. 3. That the vender should hold himself responsible for the amount of all which he disposed of, and for that purpose should enter in his books the quantity of the thing sold, the price, and the name of the purchaser.

A few days before Christmas the priests were forbidden to celebrate cock-mass, that the people might not have that opportunity of assembling by night. It was ordered that no bells should be sounded on that night, and even the use of the little bell which precedes the sacrament when it is carried through the streets was prohibited. On the day after these orders were issued, the Inquisitor General published a pastoral letter repeating and enforcing the base language of the patriarch. It was received with indig

nation by the people: the author of this diary says, that they condemned the inquisitor because they read only the written words, and did not discover the hidden meaning; but when the Spaniards and Portugueze shall have worked out their own deliverance, which, whatever disasters they may now experience, sooner or later they assuredly will do, both nations will do well to remember that the inquisition betrayed the government by which it had so long been encouraged, and the people whom it had so long oppressed and degraded.

Great exultation was manifested by the French at the news that Russia had declared against England; this they had considered as the most difficult of all their projects, and the only thing requisite to ensure their full success. But the same day brought tidings that many of the Brazil ships had been warned off by the blockading squadron, and though a Russian fleet was lying in the Tagus, Junot had ocular proofs that these northern allies could not enable France to wrest from Britain the dominion of the seas. Lisbon is dependant for great part of its corn upon foreign supplies-to provide against the scarcity which was now foreseen, it was decreed that all farmers and corn dealers who were indebted to the crown, should pay half the amount in grain, which was to be delivered to the French commissariat at the current prices. As the government was now effectually converted into a military usurpation, it became easy to simplify its operations, and most of the persons formerly employed in civil departments were dismis sed from office. Some were at once turned off, others had documents given them, entitling them to be reinstated upon vacanciesa few had some trifling pension promised them. The miseries of servitude were now fully felt in Lisbon, which but a few weeks before had been one of the most flourishing cities in Europe. Whole families were suddenly reduced to poverty and absolute want. All who depended for employment and subsistence upon foreign trade were now destitute. Their trinkets went first, whatever was saleable followed-these things were sold at half their value, while the price of food was daily augmenting. Persons who had lived in plenty and respectability were seen publicly asking alms, and women, hitherto of unblemished virtue, walked the streets offering themselves to prostitution, that the mother might obtain bread for her starving children, the daughter for her starving parents. These were sights which the French generals and officers beheld without compunction; but the consequences which their invasion produced in the provinces threatened to affect themselves. Their march through the country had been like that of an army of locusts, leaving famine wherever they pastthe peasantry, some utterly ruined by this devastation, and all hopeless because of the state to which Portugal was reduced,

abandoned themselves to the same kind of despair which in some parts of South America contributed to exterminate the Indians, and at one time materially distressed and endangered their cruel conquerors. They thought it was useless to sow the seed, if the French were to enjoy the harvest; and so generally did this feeling operate, that the mock regency which acted under Junot, found it necessary to issue orders compelling them to go on with the usual business of agriculture.

The encouragement of agriculture was made a pretext for breaking up the Portugueze army. Every subaltern and soldier who had served eight years, or who had not served six months, was discharged, and ordered to return to his own province. The Spanish general at Porto, acting upon the same system as Junot, and as yet unsuspicious of the fate which the French were preparing for his own country, issued a similar order; and the Marquis de Soccorro, who commanded at Setubal, as governor of the new kingdom, in which he expected that that miserable puppet and traitor the Prince de la Paz would soon be invested, disbanded by one sweeping decree all the Portugueze militias, discharged all the married men from the regular army, and invited all others to apply for leave of absence. In the partition and invasion of Portugal, the wretched court of Madrid was as guilty as that of the Thuilleries; but the conduct of the Spaniards during the invasion was far different from that of their treacherous allies. Neither insult nor outrage was committed by them, and while all the measures of the French were directed to the two purposes of enslaving the Portugueze, and enriching themselves, the Spanish generals courted and obtained the good opinion of the people. The province of Alem-Tejo suffered no exactions during the time that it was under the Marquis de Soccorro; and while Junot's edicts were in one uniform spirit of tyranny, the Spanish Marquis was offering rewards to those who raised the greatest crops, or bred the most numerous flocks and herds. Some of his decrees indicated a curious passion for legislating. He addressed circular instructions to the judges, enjoining each of them when he had notice of any civil suit, to call the parties before him, hear their respective statements, and advise them to settle the dispute by arbitration. If they persisted in their appeal to the laws, he was then to require from each, before the process went forward, a written statement of the case, and the documents which were to support it. If the thing contest. ed did not exceed eighty mil-reis in value, he might pronounce sum, mary judgment without farther examination; the party cast, however, retained a right of appeal to the superior courts. If the value exceeded this sum, the parties were again to be exhorted to come to some accord, or at least to agree upon shortening the process, and avoiding all unnecessary delay and expense; and the judges

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were empowered to do this, even without the consent of the parties, and come as summarily as possible to the merits of the case. This decree implied good intentions, however inadequate the means may have been to produce the end designed; but another of the Marquis's projects seems to have been borrowed from the policy of Japan. Every parish was to be divided into districts, containing not less than one hundred houses, nor more than two. Each district was to chuse one among its inhabitants with the title of commissioner, whose duty it should be to make out a list of all the members of his district, their ages and occupations, to interfere in all family disputes for the purpose of accommodating them, to prevent all idleness, and to keep all persons to their respective employments. If they were not obedient to his admonitions, he was to denounce them to the magistrates, that due punishment might be inflicted. He was also to walk his rounds for at least an hour every night, accompanied with four of the most respectable men of the district, to see that no prohibited games were played in the taverns, and that nothing was committed offensive to good morals. Such a system of police, if it were practicable in Europe, would be pernicious; but though the Marquis was a visionary politician, his feelings seem to have been originally so good, that it is to be lamented such a man should have become the tool of the French, and sacrificed his life and his honour in their service.

The conduct of the Spanish soldiers corresponded with the disposition of their chiefs: accustomed to the same habits of life, attached to the same idolatry as the Portugueze, and speaking a language so little different that they mutually understood each other; the Spaniards lived among them like men of the same country; and as long as the power remained in their hands, the people of Alem-Tejo experienced none of those insults and op pressions under which the inhabitants of Lisbon were suffering. Notice was given in that city that all Brazilians who wished to return to their own country might obtain passports and permission to embark in neutral ships. All who could assign any pretext for availing themselves of the permission, hastened to purchase passports, and the money which the French exacted in this instance was cheerfully paid. Meantime the most rigorous measures were taken to prevent any person from effecting his escape to the English squadron. All the fishing boats were divided into districts denoted by letters, and then numbered, and compelled to have their letter and number painted on the bow and quarter in white, and of a foot high. The master of every boat was bound to carry a list containing the letter of his district, the number of his boat, his name, his dwelling place, and the number and names of the men on board: this list was to be his passport at the different batteries, and his pro

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