claims to the lands within William Penn's patent, and the lands about. New Castle, for a circle of twelve miles, and south to the Hoar Kills.

CONFLICTING GRANTS.

After the English had conquered New Netherlands from the Dutch in 1664, King Charles II granted to his brother James, Duke of York, a tract of land beginning at Nova Scotia and extending along the coast. to Pemaquid, and to the head of that river; thence to the Kennebec and northward to the River of Canada; also Long Island and Hudson's River, and all the lands from the west side of Connecticut River to the east side of Delaware Bay, with Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. To this territory the duke gave the name of New York. The boundaries are hardly to be understood; but this grant of lands, with those before granted to others on the Connecticut, occasioned many and warm controversies between the colonies of New York, Connecticut, New Hampshire and Vermont, some of which lasted more than a century.

GRANT OF THE DUKE OF YORK, AND SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY.

In 1664, the Duke of York sold and confirmed by deed of release to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, all that tract of land to the westward of Long Island and Manhattan, between the ocean and the Hudson on the east, and the Delaware on the west, from Cape May to the north branch of the Delaware in forty-one degrees and forty minutes of latitude by the name of New Cesaria, or New Jersey. Under this grant settlements were soon begun, and Philip Carteret was appointed first governor. In 1676, this tract was divided, Sir George Carteret taking the eastern half, and one Byllinge and others, the purchasers under Lord Berkeley, taking the other half. The dividing line was agreed to be a straight line from a point on the east side of Little Egg Harbor, to the northernmost branch of the Delaware. This line was not run for many years, controversies and riots therefore arose between the different claimants; thence also the distinction between East and West Jersey. These disputes continued till the Revolution,

In 1663, the Earl of Clarendon, and seven others, obtained from Charles II a patent of the lands in America lying between the thirtyfirst and thirty-sixth degrees of north latitude. Two years after, this grant was extended from the twenty-ninth degree to the thirty-sixth and a half, and between these parallels from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, of this tract, the grantees were constituted the absolute lords

and proprietors. For the government of the country they procured a form of constitution, drawn up by the celebrated John Locke. This instrument appeared well on paper, but not being adapted to the circumstances of the country it was not established.

SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

In 1670, Captain Sayle, with a small company, arrived at Port Royal, and begun a settlement, but he soon fell a victim to disease. The next year the settlers removed to the banks of Ashly River, and begun what has been called Old Charleston. In 1680 they begun the present city of Charleston. About the year 1672, the settlements were augmented by a number of Dutch inhabitants from New York. A few years later a considerable number of French Protestants, in consequence of the persecutions which followed the revocation of the edict of Nantz in 1685, left France and settled in Carolina.

GRANT TO WILLIAM PENN AND SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA.

In 1681, Charles II granted to William Penn a tract of land extending from a line twelve miles northward from Newcastle to the fortythird degree of latitude, and from the Delaware westward five degrees of longitude. Penn took possession of the country, purchased the soil of the natives, introduced a colony of his friends, and called the tract Pennsylvania. He gave free toleration to all religious sects, and thus invited a rapid settlement of the province.

FIRST PLANTATIONS IN NORTH CAROLINA-SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA..

The people of Virginia began the first plantations within Carolina by gradually extending their settlements south ward of Jamestown. In 1665, Sir J. Yeamaus, with a company from Barbadoes, formed a settlement on Cape Fear River. This, with the Virginia plantations along the Chowan River and Albemarle Sound, were the first settlements within North Carolina. Georgia was first settled in 1733, for the purpose of furnishing the means of subsistence to many needy persons. Governor Oglethorpe was one of the trustees who repaired to Savannah River, on the banks of which he began the settlement of Savannah. The territory was called Georgia from the name of the king, and was the latest settled of any within the thirteen original States.

INDIAN WARS.

Nearly all the States of the American Union have suffered more or less from the ravages of Indian wars. They commenced at the first settlement in the country, and have been continued down to the present time.

WAR WITH THE INDIANS OF VIRGINIA.

In the year 1622, the settlers in Virginia lost three hundred and forty-nine of their numbers by a sudden massacre. The Indians for some time before lived on very familiar terms with the English; but in the spring of that year they secretly plotted to exterminate the colony. It appears that a young Indian chief had murdered an Englishman by the name of Morgan for some toys which he was carrying to sell to his people. The English attempted to save him, but he making an obstinate resistance was killed. To revenge his death, a conspiracy was formed, when the Indians fell upon the inhabitants who were unprepared, and killed all they found. Most of the plantations had to be abandoned, and the settlers retired to Jamestown for safety. A furious war ensued, in which the Indians were slain without mercy.

THE PEQUOT WAR.

The settlers at Plymouth and Massachusetts had no trouble with the Indians for many years. But to the westward of Narraganset Bay in Rhode Island, lived several powerful tribes, who had not been reduced by the mortal sickness which had a few years before the arrival of the Plymouth settlers, swept off such a large portion of the more eastern Indians. The Pequots, a tribe in the eastern part of Connecticut, were the most warlike, ferocious and formidable. In 1634, they killed Captain Stone and his companions, who were sailing up the Connecticut River; and in 1636, Captain Oldham was killed at Block Island, where he had gone to trade. The next year they went up the Connecticut in canoes, and at Wethersfield killed nine persons, and took two young women prisoners. These and other murders and outrages, induced the New England colonies to unite in an expedition against them. Early in May, 1637, Captain Mason, with ninety men from Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield, in Connecticut, went down the river and were joined by Captain Underhill, at Saybrook, and by Uncas, sachem of the Moheagans. From that place they sailed round to the Narraganset shore, where they were joined by five hundred Indians of that

tribe, who were the enemies of the Pequots. Captain Mason marched by moonlight to the hill on which the Pequot fort was built, attacked it by surprise, set fire to the wigwams, and killed and burnt six or seven hundred Indians, losing of his party only two men. This victory was followed up by such a vigilant pursuit of the Pequots, that this haughty tribe was entirely ruined, and became nearly extinct.

KING PHILIP'S WAR.

In 1675, Philip, sachem of the Wampanoags, who lived at Mount Hope, in Rhode Island, began the most general and destructive war ever sustained by the infant colonies. Philip, a proud and high minded chieftain, undertook the war in hopes of exterminating the English, who were extending their settlements on every side. By his influence he succeeded in drawing into the conflict most of the tribes in New England.

The war having commenced, Philip and his allies hovered around the exposed settlements, burnt several frontier towns, killed numbers of the inhabitants, and slew several parties of soldiers who went to their defense. The Narragansets, with whom the English had formed a treaty in July, 1675, were found secretly aiding the hostile Indians. To punish this perfidious tribe, it was determined to reduce them by a winter expedition. For this purpose, about one thousand men, under Governor Winslow, marched late in December, wading in deep snow, and attacked their fort, which was situated in a swamp. The Narragansets being furnished with fire arms, made great havoc among the officers who first entered the fort. Six captains and eighty men were killed, one hundred and fifty were wounded, and all suffered greatly from frozen limbs and other hardships. Their success, however, was complete. The fort was taken, five or six hundred wigwams were burnt and destroyed, and about one thousand Indians are supposed to have perished.

Notwithstanding the severe blow to Indians by the destruction at the Narraganset fort, King Philip, as he was called, refused to listen. to any terms of peace with the English. He still continued to attack and burn the settlements of the whites, and to kill the inhabitants; but soon the tide of war began to turn against him. Many of his faithful followers were either killed or captured, and he himself was hunted like a wild beast from place to place. He was finally shot through the heart by a friendly Indian under the command of Captain Church, near Mount Hope, as he was endeavoring to make his escape from his pur

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suers, on the 12th of August, 1676. This event put an end to the war, and extinguished the Indian power in this part of New England. Thus closed a most distressing era, during which about six hundred of the inhabitants of New England, composing the flower of its strength, were either killed in battle, or were murdered by the enemy; twelve or thirteen towns swept away, about six hundred buildings, mostly dwelling houses, destroyed, and a heavy debt incurred.

THE FRENCH INSTIGATE THE INDIANS TO WAR AGAINST THE SETTLERS.

On the accession of William, Prince of Orange, to the throne of England, war ensued between England and France, and as Canada then belonged to France, the French instigated the Indians to hostilities against the colonies. On the night of February 8, 1690, a party of French and Indians from Montreal, finding the inhabitants of Schenectady asleep and unguarded, broke in upon them, murdered sixty-three, and took twenty-seven prisoners. They also burnt the houses, killed most of the cattle and horses, and marched off with the remainder of the horses laden with plunder. Those of the people who escaped, fled nearly naked toward Albany, about fifteen miles distant, amid the snow, in a severe night, twenty-five of whom lost their limbs by the frost.

The inhabitants in the eastern part of New England suffered much from the Indians from the year 1690, to 1698. The brave and venerable Major Waldron, and twenty-two others, were taken by surprise, and slain, at Dover, in New Hampshire. The plantation at Salmon Falls was surprised by a party of French and Indians, under Hertel, a Frenchman. Thirty men were killed, and fifty-four women and children captured. Such was the distress of the times, from the incursions of the enemy, that the inhabitants had to abandon the defenseless These caparts of the country, and retire to the garrisoned towns. lamities were continued till the peace between England and France, in 1698, when Frontenac, the French commander in Canada, ceased to instigate the savages.

In 1702, during Queen Anne's reign, war was again proclaimed between England and France, and the American colonies were again exposed to all the horrors of Indian warfare. In February, 1704, Deerfield, in Massachusetts, was surprised and burnt by a party of two hundred Frenchmen, and one hundred and forty-two Indians. About forty-seven of the inhabitants were killed, and one hundred and twelve were made prisoners, among whom were the Rev. John Williams and his family. New Hampshire, and especially Maine, was exposed to