cises. In the swing, if a second person gives the impulse, the exercise is purely passive; but if the person swinging assist in the action, or perform it alone, it has, in the same proportion, the effects of active exercise. This exercise, however, is dangerous, unless used with discretion: great care should be taken that the ropes are strong and well secured, and the seat fastened firmly. Suspended couches form an exercise similar to swinging; the only difference being that the person exercised reclines, instead of sitting upright, and that the curve described in the motion is considerably less. This exercise is more especially useful in alleviating pain and in producing sleep. See-saw furnishes a succession of movements which are more powerful than the preceding. As it consists in balancing a plank, the centre of which rests upon a solid axis, one person being seated at each end, and one rising as the other descends, this exercise is not exactly passive; each party takes an active part, either to keep herself on, or to rise, by impelling the extremity of the lever when it strikes the ground. Sailing, considered only as a movement communicated, has not so great an effect upon the functions as carriage exercise. The sailor experiences a succession of balancings, rather than shocks. It nevertheless presents physical agents which produce a remarkable change in the constitution of sailors. These appear to be:-First. The sea-breeze, which, in the same degree of latitude, is much cooler than that of the land. Secondly. The greater purity of the air at sea than on land. Although the ocean is inhabited by an immense number of living beings, the decomposition of their bodies does not appear to produce any putridity in the water, and they consequently produce none in the atmosphere which rests on its surface. Thirdly. The temperature of the surface of the sea, which is more uniform and less changeable than that on shore. The land, in some places, by means of its mountains and valleys, seems to concentrate and preserve immense quantities of solar heat, to which other places are by their position inaccessible. This cannot be the case at sea, where nothing interferes with the free course of calorick. Carriage exercise produces greater motions, because the flooring upon which the feet rest necessarily receives the jolts and shocks which the wheels cause, owing to the roughness of the ground, and transmits them to the person within. If the ground be very uneven, and the speed very great, the shocks may be so continual and violent, as to render this exercise insupportable and injurious to very weak constitutions. If the rate be slower and easily endured, it is evident that it may, in some cases, have benefical effects upon the organs. The refinement in building carriages, however, is carried so far that not only do the shocks received by the wheels no longer transmit any percussive motion to our organs, but even the most easy balancings scarcely reach us. This mode of exercise in a carriage cannot consequently be of great utility in re-establishing a constitution enervated by luxury or study. It is calculated only to increase what is termed nervous susceptibility, to put us out of a condition to resist the most trifling collision, and to render us still more attentive to all the slight shades of disagreeable sensation. The transmission of shocks being in indirect ratio to the elasticity of the springs, and direct to the tension of the braces, carriages of this kind, in which the springs are the least elastick, and the braces as tight as possible, appear to be the most suitable; for if, on one side, the line of motion should be sufficiently broken to avoid the rough shocks that a cart produces, on the other, it should not be sufficiently broken to annul the shocks which constitute precisely the advantages of this kind of exercise. As carriage exercise gives more vigour to the organs, without adding to the activity of their functions, facilitates assimilation, without occasioning loss, and enjoys, in a very high degree, the advantages peculiar to passive exercises, it is, when necessary, suited to all ages, particularly to the two extremes of life, and is very favourable to the reestablishment of convalescents who cannot yet take any active exercise. MIXED EXERCISES. MIXED exercises are composed of two orders of movement: the first is communicated to the individual by a foreign power; the second has its principle in the individual himself, and is not generally executed except to regulate the first. The effects of these exercises are of course the same as the effects of passive exercises joined to active ones. Riding furnishes as example of what has just been stated. In riding, the shock of the horse's feet upon the ground produces in the animal's body a percussive action, which shakes the rider. He undergoes a succession of lively shocks, of which the action is very extensive, if the horse be trotting, cantering, or galloping. If, on the contrary, the horse is walking slowly, the effects are very trifling. Equitation is recommended to ladies in too general a manner, and is proper for them only under particular circumstances. When the health is not impaired, this exercise has many disadvantages, in the twist it gives the body, the raising of the shoulder, the enlargement of the size of the waist, by the exercise of its muscles in maintaining the balance-the deforming of the limbs-the rendering the voice coarse-the injury of the complexion-the unnatural consolidation of the bones of the lower part of the body-the inproper irritation and subsequent debility it produces-the masculine air it bestows, &c., &c. Roussel justly remarks, that ladies never derive, from riding, the same advantages as men; for being compelled to indulge in it with precaution, they seem, in mounting on horseback, to lose those graces which are natural to them, without gaining those of the sex which they endeavour to imitate. THE SWAMP SNOWBALL-[Hydrangea Quercifolia.] This plant is found on the broken sandy banks bordering small water-courses, and is abundant in such situations in the uplands of Louisiana. It seldom grows beyond the size of a bush. The blossoms are lasting, and although without odour, are pleasing to the eye, on account of their pure white colour when first expanded: they dry on the stalks, retaining their form, and remaining until winter.— The species is characterized by its oblong, deeplysinuated leaves, which are downy beneath, and its radiated loosely-thysiform cymes. AMERICAN TREES. [The Mangrove-Tree.] THESE trees are frequent in the southern states, although they are not seen in such perfection as in the West and East Indies, where they are found forty or fifty feet high. They grow only in water and on the banks of rivers, and preserve the verdure of their leaves throughout the year. From the lowest branches issue long roots which hang down to the water and penetrate into the earth. In this position they resemble so many arcades, from five to ten feet high, which serve to support the body of the tree, and even to advance it daily into the bed of the water. These arcades are so closely intertwisted one with another, that they form a kind of natural and transparent terrace raised over the water so firmly, that one might walk upon them, if the branches were not too much encumbered with leaves. The most natural way of propagating these trees is to suffer the several slender small filaments which issue from the main branches to take root in the earth. The most common method, however, is that of laying the small lower branches in baskets of mould or earth till they have taken root. The wood of the mangrove-tree is hard, pliant and heavy. It is frequently used for fuel, for which purpose it is said to be remarkably good. The fires made from it being clearer and more durable than from any other material; were it not for the enormous weight of the wood, it might be commodiously employed in almost all kinds of work, as it possesses every property of good timber. To the root and branches of the mangrove oysters frequently attach themselves, so that wherever this curious plant is found growing on the seashore, oyster-fishing is very easy, and in such cases these shell-fish may be literally said to be gathered from the trees. REVOLUTIONARY ANECDOTES. WE have gleaned from the publications of the day, the following anecdotes of the revolution. The first relates to the battle of Bunker's Hill-and is from the pen of A. E. Everett, Esq. : "THE veteran Pomeroy, to whom I have already particularly adverted, and who at this time held no commission in the line, when he heard the pealing artillery, felt it as a summons to action, and could not resist the inclination to repair to the field. He accordingly requested Gen. Ward to lend him a horse, and taking his musket, set off at full speed for Charlestown. On reaching the neck, and finding it enfiladed by a hot and heavy fire of round, bar and chain shot from the British batteries, he began to be alarmed-not, fellow-citizens, as you might well suppose, for his own safety, but for that of Gen. Ward's horse! Horses, fellow-citizens, as I have already remarked, were at this time almost as rare and pernicious as the noble animals that rode them. Too honest to expose his borrowed horse to the 'pelting of this pitiless storm,' and to dream for a moment of shrinking from it himself, the conquerer of Baron Dieskieu dismounted, and delivering Gen. Ward's horse to a sentry, shouldered his musket and marched very coolly on foot across the neck. On reaching the hill, he took his place at the rail-fence. His person was known to the soldiers, and the name of Pomeroy rang with enthusiastick shouts along the line!" It was during the last war, when the vessels of Admiral Gordon were making their way up the, Potomack, that a negro-woman was arraigned in a court of Virginia for killing one of her own sex and colour; she had been committed for murder, but the evidence went clearly to establish the deed to be manslaughter, inasmuch as it was done in sudden heat, and without malice-aforethought. The attorney for the commonwealth waived the prosecution for murder, but quoted British authorities to show that she might be convicted of manslaughter, though committed for murder. The counsel for the accused rose, and in a most solemn manner asked the court if it was a thing ever heard of, that an individual, accused of one crime and acquitted, should be arraigned immediately for another, under the same prosecution? At intervals-boom, boom, boom, went the British cannon-" British authorities!" exclaimed the counsel; "British authorities, gentlemen! Is there any one upon the bench so dead to the feelings of patriotism, as at such a moment to listen to British authorities, when the "British cannon is shaking the very walls of your courthouse to their foundation." This appeal was too cogent to be resisted? Up jumped one of the justices, and protested that "it was not to be borne; let the prisoner go away with your British authorities!" The counsel for the accused rubbed his hands and winked at the attorney; the attorney stood aghast; his astonishment was too great for utterance, and the negress was halfway home, before he recovered from his amazement. They who are most impetuous in the pursuit of happiness, usually meet with the severest disappointThere is a pleasure in weeping over afflictions ments. Happiness enters most freely into the mind for which none have ever wept before. which is the most tranquil in its desires. USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. Preserving Eggs.-In the months of May and June, farmers and others should take care to provide themselves with a stock of eggs for the season, as New Method of Blanching Celery.—In the March eggs are both cheaper and better in these months, number of the Irish Farmer's and Gardener's Maga- than they are in any other season of the year. Good, zine, a Mr. Coglan recommends the following meth- fresh eggs, properly prepared, will keep at least a od of cultivating celery, by which he states he has year, and have been kept much longer. Eggs dipbeen successful for many years in preserving this ped in varnish, have been sent from India to England, favourite vegetable from what is called "rust," oc- and were hatched after their arrival. The great obcasioned by the attack of grubs. In the month of ject seems to be the total exclusion of air, and the October, he plants the ground, designed for celery consequent evaporation of the fluids of the egg. the ensuing year, with early York cabbage, which Packed in salt, eggs will sometimes keep well, the will be cleared away by the first week in June, the low temperature acting favourably, yet the air is most proper season for planting. Previous to form- not generally sufficiently excluded-the yolk is ing the drills, he collects the stalks and remaining apt to settle to the side of the shell, and the egg of leaves of the cabbage, and places them in small course, becomes worthless. Putting down in water, heaps on the bed. After lying a day or two, they thoroughly saturated with quick lime, is now generwill be found to have collected a great number of ally adopted, and is found to be the cheapest as well slugs and other vermin, which may be easily destroy- as surest mode of keeping them uninjured. We ed. The ground is then prepared and the plants have sometimes seen so much lime used as to pack put in; when ready for blanching, the loose leaves close around the lower courses of eggs, and from of each plant are tied up, and strong wheaten straw which they could with difficulty be extricated. This laid full length along the side of the drills, and sta- is not necessary: that the water should be thoked down so much that it will completely exclude the roughly impregnated with the lime is all that is relight, excepting at the top, which is all that is required, and to secure this object, a thin layer of quisite. By this treatment, he says, in the course lime on the bottom of the vessel may be admissible of a month he has gathered celery perfectly free-nothing more. from either rust, grub, or insect. Management of Fruit-trees.-A valuable discovery in the management of fruit-trees has been made by M. Crozier, nurseryman, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The object is to obtain new wood where it may be wanted, and for this purpose he makes a nick above the eye where it is wished to produce new shoots; and after many trials, M. Crozier has found the experiment completely successful. In the garden of Mr. Carr, at the Barras Bridge, near Newcastle, there is a pear-tree which has sixteen shoots produced by the above means this season. It has been applied with equal success to apple, pear, and plum trees, and to the cherry to a certain extent. To preserve Corn for boiling.-Pluck the corn when fit for eating, strip down the husk so as to remove the silk, and then replace it—pack it away in a barrel, and pour on a strong pickle, such as used for meat, with a weight to keep it down, and you will have a good sea-stock: parboiled and then boiled will make it perfectly as fresh and sweet as when taken from the stalk. Culture of Bees.-Mr. Begbie, gardener, Torry, purchased a hive (a second cast) last year, and which, towards the approach of winter, showed that the "store" was far from " complete," and quite inade quate to their wants during that season. He determined to try a novel expedient; and, in November last, buried the hive in the earth three feet below the surface, covering it carefully with straw, and placing a flag above, and then earth on the top. In April, it was dug up and found to be in good condition, contrary to all expectation; and to crown the whole, this hive threw a capital swarm in June last, as a grateful testimony of the snug quarters enjoyed during winter. Cement for Hard-stone, Porcelain, and Glass.-This cement is a natural product, which, without being abundant, is in sufficient quantities for all ordinary uses. The large snails, which are found in gardens and woods, and are sometimes used for food, have a vesicle at the extremity of their bodies, filled with a whitish substance, having a greasy and gelatinous appearance. If it be applied between two surfaces, whatever be their hardiness and and compactness, and the surfaces be brought together throughout, so strong an adhesion is ultimately occasioned, that if violent blows or thrusts be given to the substances, they frequently break elsewhere, than at the juncture. A flint about the size of a peach, having been broken in two pieces and rejoined by these means, being thrown with violence on the pavement, broke into fragments by fresh fractures, crossing the former junction, but not going along with it. All that is necessary to give this cement its full power, is to allow it time to dry. Painting Houses.-Spirits of turpentine in paint is injurious. Painters think that it causes the paint to dry; but the fact is, the oil is decomposed by it, of this, it is stated that nothing will remove grease and the preservative effect is destroyed. In proof or oil spots quicker than spirits of turpentine. The oil of sunflower-seed, is said to be equal if not superiour to that of flax-seed. This plant should be more cultivated than it is, for its oil. To remove grease and oil spots from silk and other articles.-Put a small portion of the yolk of an egg on the spot of grease, then put over the egg a piece of white linen; wet the linen in boiling water, and keep rubbing it with the hand. This process repeated three or four times, will, in almost all cases, remove the grease. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Among the moderns, Palissy was the first to unfold correct ideas respecting fossil-shells. Stenon Some of the Opinions regarding the Formation of the improved upon Palissy. Globe. [Abridged from Malte Brun.} ALMOST all geological opinions may be reduced to two great classes; the opinions held by the Vulcanists, and those entertained by the Neptunists. The Vulcanists tell us, that the earth, at first, was in a state of igneus fusion; that it then gradually cooled, and was covered with water only at a subsequent period. Air and calorick, or fire, were the powers which gave to it its existing shape. The land was heaved up by an internal force; the irregularities which diversify its surface are the effects of volcanick eruptions; and the transported soils have been formed by the disintegration of the higher grounds. According to the Neptunists, the earth was originally in a state of aqueous and cold solution, at least to a certain depth. Solid bodies were formed by desiccation, precipitation, crystallization, &c. The primitive ocean has retired, or rather has disappeared. Strata have been overturned, in consequence of the land giving way and sinking down from its own weight; the tertiary soils have been formed in the bosom of the waters. These ideas, more or less extended, varied, and combined, constitute the basis of all the theories of the earth which the industry of Delamethire has been able to collect. Burnet, a man of great talents, but who had not carefully observed phenomena, says that before the deluge, the surface of the earth was a level plain, with neither mountains nor valleys. All substances were disposed around the centre of the globe, according to their specifick gravity, water every where occupying the surface. The oily substances, however, being lighter than water, formed by degrees an upper layer, which enveloped the waters and the whole of the globe. Upon this extremely fertile crust, the antediluvian generations lived in perpetual spring. The deluge made every thing change its appearance; the crust became dry, and the accumulated waters struggled against this light covering; it burst and sunk into the abyss of waters. changed the axis of the globe, and consequently the temperature of its climates. The raised edges of the broken crust formed our present mountains. This Descartes and Leibnitz take a still bolder flight, imagining that the earth is a small sun, covered with an opaque crust, which, by sinking down, gave birth to the mountains. Leibnitz considered the whole mass of the globe as having been vitrified. Whiston considered the earth as a comet, which had forsaken its original track, to revolve in the orbit of a planet. Being no longer subject to the extremes of heat and cold, the chaotick matter of this ex-comet was precipitated according to the laws of specifick gravity. A part of the primitive heat The Egyptians, the Hebrews, and the Chaldeans, of the comet was preserved in its centre; this cenappear to have adopted the Neptunian system. The tre was surrounded by water, the exteriour crust of Chaldeans, however, believed in the existence of a the globe was of uncommon fertility, and the inhabcentral fluid similar to the atmosphere, and consid-itants lived for centuries. But the excessive warmth ered the globe as having been twice covered with had the effect of inflaming their blood; they bewater-first by the chaotick waters, and then by a came so impious, that the Creator was compelled to universal deluge. This deluge, according to the destroy them with a flood. For this purpose, he Chaldeans, was the effect of a change in the axis, caused another comet to approach, which enveloped of the globe, occasioned by an irregular attraction of the earth in its immense tail; and, as the tail of a the superiour planets. comet is composed of vapours and water, (?) the temperature of the earth was considerably diminished Besides, the attraction of the comet disturbed the equilibrium of the waters in the interiour, and thus occasioned a violent flux and reflux in their mass. The exteriour crust of the earth being violently shaken, sunk down in one place, and cracked in another. In this way, a universal deluge took place. The comet, after executing the will of the Creator, receded; the waters, recovering their equilibrium. entered again into the subterraneous cavities, which had been sufficiently enlarged to receive the waters of the comet. The coldness, and other bad qualities of these waters, have reduced the earth to that degree of barrenness and exhaustion which we now so much deplore. The most ancient writings of the Hebrews, attributed to their lawgiver Moses, have also preserved a most interesting tradition, the vestiges of which are plainly to be traced among many other nations, namely, that of six geogonical epochs, or a successive formation of the globe. These epochs are spoken of by the Hebrews, as days; by the Etruscans, as a thousand years; by the Indians as a million years. The word days is supposed to be used in a figurative sense, for some indefinite period of time. Belus, the Assyrian lawgiver, appears to have admitted that the earth exists periodically in a state of universal combustion, and in that of general inundation. According to Trogus Pompeius, the two systems which attribute the origin of the world to fire and to water, divided the opinions of the philosophers of the East. Those who adopted the former, thought that the earth had slowly and successively cooled, from the poles to the equator; their antagonists maintained, that the sea had gradually retired. Homer, Lucretius, Virgil, and Ovid seem to have adopted the Neptunian theory. Democritus and Epicurus ascribe the creation to the concourse of particles or atoms scattered in the immensity of space. The Greeks had a variety of systems. Woodward, a countryman of Whiston's, and an indefatigable and scrupulous observer, admits, that all terrestrial substances have been in a state of aqueous fluidity, and supposes that the whole interiour of the globe contains an abyss of water which must have been sufficient for the purpose. The deluge of Moses consisted in a falling down of the crust of the globe into this great abyss, the waters of which, according to Woodward, possessed a peculiar dissolving power, which did not act upon shells and other remains of the animal kingdom. Ray imagined, that at the very moment of the creation, at the time of the separation of the humid and solid substances, there were earthquakes which heaved up the mountains. Hook, Moro, and Raspe admit a similar idea. Tournefort supposed that stones were the products | deposites of shells; volcanick eruptions spread of vegetation! The ingenious Fontenelle was the there their beds of lava. By a general and final first who had the merit to assert that more revolu- subsiding, the primitive continents sunk into the retions than one must have contributed to model the cesses of the subterraneous cavities. The sea was surface of the globe, and to heap up those vast ruins precipitated upon the land, and ingulfed the whole which surround us on all sides. race of its inhabitants. This catastrophe was the universal deluge, described by Moses, traces of which are to be found among the traditions of almost all nations. It was then that our present continents formed beneath the ocean, suddenly arose into view. In the light soils of these continents were found, According to Buffon, the suns and comets were buried in promiscuous heaps, the remains of quadruformed as we see them, and projected with an im- peds once the inhabitants of islands which had sunk petus sufficient to carry them forward in their orbits. down before the universal deluge, and the skeletons But about 96,000 years ago a comet fell obliquely of cetaceous animals which had peopled the sea. into the sun, and detached from it the 650th part. The preservation of these remains, which are still This entire mass, hurled into the immensity of space, met with almost entire in cold countries, and the separated into fragments, which formed the several inconsiderable thickness of the beds of vegetable planets of our solar system, and which from their mould formed above our continents, unite to prove rotatory motion, acquired a spheroidal shape. Our that their antiquity, or rather their appearance above globe was in a state of incandescence, but its sur- the waters, is not to be dated many ages beyond our face by degrees cooled and consolidated, retaining own. however, many immense cavities. Part of the va- Hutton and Playfair believed in a great internal pours, which were elevated in the atmosphere, con-heat. Franklin, supposed that not only all terresdensed and formed the seas. These waters, acting trial substances, but even all matter, had existed as upon the solid part of the globe, decomposed a por- an elastick aeriform gas, irregularly diffused throughtion of it and in this way formed all the earths and out the celestial spaces. Gravitation began to be stones. The waters of the ocean, attracted towards felt the gaseous particles were attracted towards the equator by the tides, carried with them a vast various centres, and formed globes of air. All subquantity of dissolved substances; " and this," says stances are capable of being reduced to the aeriform Buffon, "gave rise to those great chains of moun- state; therefore, concluded Franklin, they may all tains, which extend from east to west." Unfortu- have been produced from the condensation of air, nately these chains do not exist. The primitive and thus must have been formed the exteriour crust waters withdrew into the cavities of which we have spoken, and then the continents appeared. The earth, in space of 43,000 years, grew so much cooled that its surface could admit of the existence of vegetables and animals, which started first into being about the pole, and gradually spread themselves towards the equatorial regions. The secondary strata were formed from the decomposition of vetrified substances, mixed with marine sediment; accessory causes, such as winds, currents of water, volcanick eruptions, and earthquakes, afterwards modelled the mountains, and the valleys. The ocean slowly changes its shores by its general motion acting against the eastern coast, which it gradually destroys, and in this manner may have several times completed the tour of the globe. of the globe, which in this system is merely a thin solid covering around a vast elastick fluid. The movements of this central air occasion earthquakes. This hypothesis is quite as rational and ingenious as most others. CULTURE OF THE STRAWBERRY. AFTER SO much has been said and done to induce farmers to devote a small portion of their land and labour to the purposes of horticulture, it is astonishing they should be willing to deny their families the luxuries which a garden and fruit-yard furnish, and be content to set down to a meal of "pot-luck," at least three hundred and sixty-five times in the year. If a farmer would be a "good liver," his farm and garden must furnish his wife with the "wherewith," or he must not complain if she sets a poor dinner before him. If he loves cherry-puddings, he must set out cherry-trees before finding fault with his wife for not making them-if he is fond of quince, currant, or gooseberry preserves, his wife will be delighted to put them on the table, but it is to be hoped he will be good-natured, if she does not, if there is nothing but pig-weeds and potato-tops in the garden from which she can gather them. The theory of Deluc has been warmly supported. This philosopher supposes that the earth, and all the celestial bodies, were masses of confused elements, in which the Divine will, by communicating to them a certain quantity of light, produced chymical precipitations, whence was formed that crust of solid rocks whose fragments we see around us. This consolidated crust sunk down several times; such of its edges, as were supported on the partitions of subterraneous caverns, formed the mountains. The waters which at first covered the whole globe, Among the numerous kinds of fruits which are filtered down into the central parts, where the an- indispensable to good living is the strawberry. Becient chaos always subsisted; then appeared the sides being a most delicious desert fruit it is considfirst continents of greater extent than ours, but sus-ered by medical men a valuable medicine in several pended above immense caverns; and, before they diseases; particularly putrid fevers and pulmonary were enlightened by the sun, producing vegetables consumptions. A free use of strawberries, it is said, of a nature different from ours; the remains of which will both prevent and cure the rheumatism. Every form our coal-mines. The present continents, con- farmer's wife ought to consider her dinner-table intinents concealed under the sea, were covered with completely furnished for at least four weeks in the |