the first quarter of 714. Relying upon the latter as good authority, our argument necessarily depends upon his accuracy as a chronologist. The Olympiads began 776 B. C. An Olympiad occupied four full years, beginning about July 21, at the celebration of the games. These Caspari places in the beginning of August. The one hundred and eighty-fourth Olympiad corresponded with J. P. 4670 (July) to 4674, U. C. 710-714, B. C. 44-40. But the year J. P. 4670 began in January, and U. C. 710 in April, immediately preceding the July of the Olympiad, which relation will be seen in the following table:

2. The time within that Olympiad when these Consuls were in power. The consuls entered upon their office in January; hence occupied the last and first half of two successive Olympic years. The consuls named above entered their office in January, J. P. 4673, B. C. 41, U. C. 712, ending in December of the two first-named years and U. C. 713; hence the last half of the third and the first half of the fourth year of this Olympiad; the last fourth of U. C. 712, and the first three fourths of U. C. 713. But Caspari seems to make all these years begin in January, except the Olympic, which, with him, began in August. His

seeming difficulty, and hence his issue taken, may be seen by the following form, tabulated from the data he gives (P. 20):—

Thus making the two important consulates within one Olympiad, while they were obviously in two successive Olympiads, which will be seen by our former and a subsequent table.

3. The time of the reconciliation between Antony and Cæsar. -The argument of Caspari is very brief, merely stating that Herod was appointed after the peace at Brundusium; but declaring that this "was toward the end of U. C. 714, B. C. 40," and that the appointment took place the following spring, U. C. 715, B. C. 39.-P. 19. After the battle of Philippi, J. P. 4671, U. C. 711, B. C. 43, Cæsar returned to Rome, and Antony to Asia. (Plut., 591.) While there he was captivated by Cleopatra, who had appeared before him, and, leaving his army in charge of Plaucus, he followed her to Egypt, where he spent the following winter and the year J. P. 4672, B. C. 42, U. C. 711-712. (Plut., 592, Jar., 599.) This exciting the jealousy of his wife, Fulvia, she united with Lucius, Antony's brother, and engaged in a war with Cæsar, hoping to draw Antony back. (Plut., 593.) After hearing of her expulsion from Italy, and reverses in Asia, he started for the latter place, but upon receiving letters from Fulvia changed his course to Italy. But subsequently, hearing of her death, he met Cæsar, and by the intercession of friends made peace with him, which he consummated by a marriage with Octavia, Cæsar's sister. This occurred in the spring of J. P. 4673, B. C. 41, U. C. 712. He

immediately proceeded to Rome, where the nuptials were celebrated, and where he remained until the following autumn. (Plut., 593; "Ep. of Hist. Trium.," 218-239.) The next winter he spent in Athens with Octavia, J. P. 4674, B. C. 40, U. C. 713, Jar. 600.

4. The Appointment of Herod.-During these first events. Herod was in power at Jerusalem. But the same spring he was defeated by the Parthians, and compelled to fly. He passed to Egypt and sailed to Italy, then proceeded to Rome, where he met Antony, and through his influence was made king by the Senate. Being in Rome but seven days, he was there during the interval between the peace at Brundusium and Antony's leaving for Athens. It is, therefore, hard to reconcile this appointment with Caspari's statement that it was in the spring; because (1) Antony did not leave Egypt until the weather admitted the movement of troops, at the earliest, January 20. Then, after reaching Phoenicia, he sailed for Italy, a long voyage, all of which required time. Because (2) the peace of Brundusium was not until the spring, and certainly could not have been earlier than March. After this he went to Rome, where he remained during the summer. Because (3) Herod did not leave Jerusalem until after the Pentecost of that year, which was about the 19th or 20th of May. (Jarvis, 352.) At that Pentecost Herod was well guarded in the royal palace. (Jos., "Antiq.," xiv, 13, 3, 7.) Because (4) it did. not take so long a time for the journey as indicated by Caspari, as from Pentecost until the next spring. Three months would seem ample time for the journey and return; but the time is a matter of calculation, not history. But the time of the Pentecost, and his actions after his return, must, in a measure, determine the time of the journey and the appointment. After his return he gathered an army, inaugurated a vigorous campaign, and relieved Joseph at Massada, before he retired to winter quarters. ("Antiq.,” xiv, 14, 6, and xiv, 15.) It was summerthe sultry season-because Joseph was oppressed with drought. ("Wars," i, xv, 1.) This sultry season began about August 1, and closed with Tisri, September. (Smith, "Dict.," i, 41.) (5) It was after the marriage of Antony, and before the birth of his first child, which was before he went to Athens the following winter, where he took, also, Octavia. (6) It must, also, have FOURTH SERIES, VOL. XXXI.—36

been within the limits of the third year before his capture of Jerusalem; hence cannot be placed later than July. But Caspari, dating the appointment in the spring of B. C. 39, and the capture of the city in Tisri, B. C. 36, (p. 23,) makes the intervening time over three years, contrary to the facts of history. Dr. Jarvis, contrary to the usually accepted time of B. C. 40, places it B. C. 41, one year earlier, because he discovered that former chronologists had counted the two Augusti, A. D. 161, as one consulship instead of two, which, being corrected, places all prior events one year earlier. (Jar., 283.) Strong's "Harmony," App. 1, p. 13, makes this very clear. It is, therefore, safe to say, the appointment was made July, (20?) J. P. 4673, B. C. 41, U. C. 713, in the last half of the third year of the one hundred and eighty-fourth Olympiad, and during the reign of C. Asinius Pollio, and C. Domitius Calvinus.

KING DE FACTO.-Herod's real occupation of the throne was after the capture of the city, and depends upon several other facts.

1. The Capture of the City by Pompey, which Josephus ("Antiq.," xiv, 4, 3) declares "was in the third month, on the day of the fast, upon the one hundred and seventy-ninth Olympiad, when Caius Antonius and Marcus Tullius Cicero were consuls." He also says (“Antiq.," xiv, 16, 14) that Herod captured the city "when Marcus Agrippa and Caninius Gallus were consuls of Rome, on the hundred and eighty-fifth Olympiad, on the third month, on the solemnity of the fast, as if a periodical revolution of calamities had returned since that which befell the Jews under Pompey, for the Jews were taken by him on the same day, and this was after twenty-seven years' time." The point of agreement here is the fast, the difficulty the time of the fast. Now Caspari makes the one hundred and eighty-fifth Olympiad embrace the years U. C. 719-722, (pp. 19, 20,) and the one hundred and seventy-ninth Olympiad, U. C. 691–694; and the consulate in this last belong to U. C. 691, B. C. 63, and the capture at each time on the "third month of the siege," and on the "fast of the atonement" in Tisri, (p. 21.)

This, then, involves two thoughts: First, The relation of the one hundred and seventy-ninth and one hundred and eightyfifth Olympiads to the years U. C. and B. C. In making the one hundred and seventy-ninth Olympiad agree with U. C.

691-694, Caspari begins it one year later than Jarvis, who fixes it U. C. 690–693—not quite one year, as the Olympiad began in July. But Caspari makes the one hundred and eightyfourth Olympiad agree with U. C. 715-718, Jarvis with U. C. 710-713, '14, showing that while Caspari is one year later in one place he is five years later in the other. Both cannot be correct. The table of Jarvis is perfect in itself, also Usher; therefore Caspari has either miscalculated or misnamed his Olympiads. If we take Caspari's one hundred and seventyninth Olympiad as correct, and calculate from that, the one hundred and eighty-fourth Olympiad agrees with U. C. 711-714. It is, therefore, hardly safe to rely upon his last chronological statement. His first statement being true, the last is wrong. Corrected as above, then, Christ was born B. C. 6 instead of B. C. 2, as he fixes it. And if we allow the error of the two Augusti, then Christ was born B. C. 7; and Caspari agrees with Jarvis, Strong, and Akeers. Second, The time in the Olympiads when the consuls were in authority. Now, the one hundred and seventy-ninth Olympiad agrees with J. P. 4650–4653, B. C. 64-61, U. C. 690-693, as seen by the tabulated form of the first year, as follows:

Thus the capture by Pompey was during this Olympiad, during the reign of these consuls, in the year J. P. 4650, B. C. 64, and being in the third month of the ecclesiastical year, as hereafter shown, was U. C. 690.

2. Capture by Herod.-With Caspari, the 185th Olympiad agrees with U. C. 719-722, (pp. 19, 20;) and Herod's occupation of the city falls in "Tisri, at the end of U. C. 718, since it belongs to this Olympiad." His error has already been seen. But the more correct chronology places the occupation in U. C. 716. Counting Tisri as the month of capture and May as the last spring month, it was three years and four months since Herod's appointment, while history gives us three years from the appointment to the death of Antigonus; hence the capture must have been at least one month earlier.