testimony of the student who relies on his microscope and starts out with the idea of subordinating his facts to the answers it may give, or that of the field-observer, who only studies the grander structures and has a predisposition to explain such as the foregoing by referring them to sedimentation, shall here be received with the greater credence."

The Bulletin here quoted embodies the results of portions of two seasons' field-work, as well as a large amount of laboratory study of the greenstone schists. However fairly the figures may "present the issues," it is unfortunate for Professor Winchell's argument that he did not select some of the many similar examples with which his field experience has made him personally acquainted. The fact is that the two occurrences selected by Professor Winchell from Bulletin No. 62 demonstrated in the field the dynamic origin of their structures so convincingly, that no microscopical examination was ever made of them. It would never have occurred to Professor Winchell or to any other "field geologist" to explain the particular features which, in the Bulletin, these two figures represent, by sedimentation, if they had observed the natural exposures. A single narrow shear-zone, crossing a great wall of massive diabase 60 feet in height, makes it certain, without help from the microscope, that the chlorite schist which borders the zone is the result of the fraying-out of the rock by the motion. Nor is there less certainty that the wide gaping gashes in the basic eruptives are due to some mechanical strain. There are cases without number, as every one who has worked in the crystalline schists well knows, where their is doubt as to whether a parallel structure is due to sedimentation or to dynamic metamorphism; but why Professor Winchell should select two cases as clear as these, it is difficult to understand. In the text descriptive of the original figures, it is plainly stated that the first is unsatisfactory because it represents only a hand-specimen, whereas the structure, to be appreciated, must be seen on the face of a high rock-wall. In regard to the second figure, it is also stated that it is only a diagramatic representation of an area on the rock-wall about three feet square. If there is difficulty in arriving at correct conclusions from the study of natural exposures, all the more caution is necessary in interpreting another author's figures, especially when these are distinctly described as inadequate.

In reality, what are known in the Lake Superior region as "greenstones" and "greenstone-schists" are not one thing, but a great variety of different things. Some of them are massive lavas, others accumulations of ash material stratified by gravity or water. They possess structures of diverse origin, which may to the field geologist appear very much alike. These must be studied first and foremost in the field, but to avoid confusion and misinterpretation we need all the help available, even from the microscope. Here we may see plainly that what macroscopically looks alike is in reality different. In fine, there is no discrepancy between the results of field and laboratory work, and if he who is only a field geologist find his conclusions at variance with those of a field geologist who is also a student of the microscope, it behooves him to revise these conclusions before he casts aside the results of modern petrographic research.

WORCESTER SCHOOL CHILDREN. THE GROWTH OF THE BODY, HEAD, AND FACE.

BY GERALD M. WEST, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

AN investigation into the laws governing the growth of various parts of the body was instituted in the Worcester schools in the spring of 1891, and a short notice of the growth in width of the faces of girls was published in Science (July 3, 1891). I now propose to give a summary of some of the other results obtained.

The observations were made in the primary, high, and normal schools, and in two of the private schools in the city of Worcester. The number of individuals examined was 3,250, the ages ranging from 5 to 21 years. The nationalities were numerous, but about 66 per cent were of American parentage, 20 per cent of Irish, 7 per cent of English and Scotch, and 6 per cent scattering.

6. The proportion of the breadth of the face to the length of the head.

Length of Head (1).- In absolute length we see that the girls' length of head is less than that of the boys throughout its whole period of growth, and consequently throughout life. We find, however, that this difference in length does not remain the same year by year, but varies considerably, being, for example, 3 millimeters at the ages of 11, 12, and 13, and rising as high as 6 millimeters before, and 7 millimeters after, that age. We find also

We

that the annual increment is very irregular in both sexes. have periods of growth alternating with a cessation of growth. In girls the greatest length of head is reached at about the beginning of the eighteenth year. In boys the head continues to grow until at least the age of twenty-one. The period of greatest irregularity in the annual increment seems in the case of girls to be before, in the case of boys after, the eleventh and twelfth years.

Breadth of Head (2). - The breadth of head presents phenomena very similar to those of the length of head, i e., periods of alternate growth and cessation of growth. The girls' width of bead is less than that of the boys, but the difference diminishes markedly about the eleventh year, from this age until the fourteenth year the curves are parallel, then this again becomes more widely separated. The age of maximum width in girls is about seventeen, in boys the maximum is not yet reached at the age of twenty-one.

Breadth of Face (3). Here again we meet with similar phenomena; the breadth of face of the girls increasing rapidly with irregular annual increments until the seventeenth year, when the maximum growth is reached. The faces of the boys continue to grow until the eighteenth year and probably beyond.

As in the case of the two preceding diameters, the breadth of face of the boys exceeds that of the girls. But there is this slight difference here; the diameters of the girls' heads approached more nearly those of the boys' heads during a certain period, approximately, from the eleventh to the thirteenth years; but in the diameter of the face the girls not only approach, but at the twelfth year seem quite to reach that of the boys.

These three curves evidence four things: first, that the time of growth in the diameters of the heads and faces of girls is shorter than in the case of boys; second, that up to about the twelfth year these diameters grow more rapidly in girls than in boys, while after that age the contrary is the case; third, that by an apparently sudden rise in the annual rate of growth in the girls their diame

of the breadth of head seem almost to suggest an alternation in growth between the two diameters, as we shall see, the alternate rising and falling of the curves of the cephalic index would seem to strengthen this suggestion.

Let us now turn to the three indices, numbered on the plate 4, 5, and 6. and taking up as first in order the cephalic index.

The Cephalic Index (5).- The curve of the cephalic index shows, as would be expected from an examination of the component curves of length of head (1) and breadth of head (2), a considerable degree of irregularity in its annual stages. There is, nevertheless, a certain general regularity displayed, taking the curves as a whole; both displaying three periods, composed each of a decided maximum and minimum. These periods are from about

ters approach much more nearly that of the boys during the period of the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth years. Finally, the average annual rate of growth in the diameters of the girls heads and faces is nearly uniform during the two periods before and after the eleventh-thirteenth years. While in the case of boys it is considerably greater, actually and relatively, after than before. Between the fifth and the eighteenth years the length of head of boys increases 16 millimeters, in the same period the breadth of head increases 11 millimeters, and the width of face 18.5 millimeters. The corresponding measurements in the case of girls increase 12 millimeters, 8 millimeters, and 17 millimeters, respectively, for the same period of time. The horizontal lines on the upper left hand of the die ind of the curves, the cross-bar in

A comparison of the annual i

e entire altitude Meat twelve years.

Breadth of Face to Length of Head (6). — As in the index just discussed, the breadth of face increases more rapidly proportionately than does the length of head. We have the index of the girls higher than that of the boys until about the sixteenth year, when the two curves intersect, that of the boys becoming the higher for one year, and again falling below in the eighteenth year.

We see, therefore, that in proportion to the length of head, the width of head and the width of face of girls are generally greater than those of boys, and that in proportion to the width of head the width of face also is greater in girls than in boys.

Body measurements (Plate II.) :—

1. Sitting height. — Vertex to oleacronon, approximately. 2. Stature. Standing erect without shoes.

3. Weight. In in-door clothing.

4. Comparison of length of head to stature, expressed in per cents of stature.

ninth year, after which the boys again rise above the girls for two years. At about the twelfth year the girls suddenly become taller than the boys, continuing taller until the fifteenth year, when the boys again and finally regain their superiority in stature. After the age of seventeen, there seems to be very little if any increase in the stature of girls while the boys are still growing vigorously at eighteen, and probably continue to grow for several years after that age.

The intersection of the two curves at the ages of twelve and fourteen is a more accentuated instance of the phenomenon which we have already met with in the curves of the diameters of the head and face. We shall see it again in the curves of sitting height and of weight.

The Sitting Height (1).—The curves of the sitting height present the same characteristics, somewhat more accentuated, as the curves of stature. The boys start out at five the taller, but by the next year the girls are of equal stature and continue equal until and including eight years of age. From eight until eleven the boys are again the taller. In the eleventh year, nearly a year earlier than in the case of stature, the girls shoot ahead of the boys, the latter not regaining their superiority until the fifteenth year, about half a year later than in the case of stature. Again, we find the girls' curve stopping abruptly at seventeen, while the boys continue to grow for some years longer.

The Weight (3). The curves of weight, while preserving the general characteristics of the curves of stature and sitting height, show minor differences. The boys are in all years from five to eleven inclusive heavier than the girls. From the twelfth to the fourteenth year the girls are the heavier. From fourteen on the boys are again superior in weight. The superiority of the girls in respect to wejol for a much shorter period than in respect gush anu →g height.

to total

In weight, als, the girls seem to reach their maximum average at seventeen. the boys continuing to increase in average weight until a much later period in life.

Comparison of Length of Head to Stature (4).-The curves of this index bear a strong resemblance to those of stature. From this comparison it seems that until the fifteenth year the length of head of girls is less in proportion to their stature than is that of boys to their stature. At fifteen the ratio of the boy's length of head to their stature suddenly drops, while that of the girls gradually rises, indicating that in the adult the heads of women are proportionately longer than those of men. This is also true of the width of head and the width of face.

The Index of Sitting Height (Plates III.).- These curves, starting at a high per cent at five years of age, drop rapidly until the twelfth year in the case of girls and the fifteenth in the case of boys. From the twelfth year on the girls' curve rises; from the fifteenth to the seventeenth years, inclusive, the boys' curve also rises, but drops again during the next year. These movements of the curves seem to indicate that the greater part of the growth in stature, up to the twelfth year in the case of girls and until the fifteenth year in case of boys, is made in the lower limbs, while after these respective ages it is made in the trunk. Except for about two years, throughout the period from five to eighteen, the limbs grow more rapidly than the trunk in boys, while in the case of the girls the period of greater comparative growth is divided nearly equally between the extremities and the trunk. Except from about the seventh to the tenth year, the trunk is proportionately longer in girls than in boys, after the thirteenth year the difference is much more marked.

As we found in the case of the diameters of the head and face, girls grow more rapidly than boys up to twelve years of age, less rapidly after that age. Comparing the two periods, we find that in the case of stature and sitting height the annual rate of increase for girls is considerably less after twelve than it was before it. The boys maintain the same rate throughout. Although both sexes make greater annual rates after than before twelve, yet the girls make their greatest absolute increase before, the boys theirs after, that period.

These results seem conclusive evidence that women reach maturity several years before men. There seems little doubt that for all the measurements of the body, except the weight, girls have completed their growth by the eighteenth year.

BIRD-MUSIC IN AUGUST.

BY MARY HYATT, STANFORDVILLE, N.Y.

MUCH has been written about the songsters of spring and early summer, but there is something of a lack of information concerning the birds that sing in August. It would be interesting to compare notes from different localities on this subject.

Bird-music in this month of oppressive heat is doubly welcome, and the few singers that help to enliven the sultry days should receive their share of attention and praise.

Burroughs says that there are but four songsters that he hears "with any regularity after the meridian of summer is past, namely, the indigo bird, the wood or bush sparrow, the scarlet tanager, and the red-eyed vireo." He further observes that "birds sing as long as nidification goes on. . . . Hence our woodthrush will continue in song into August if, as frequently happens, its June nest has been broken up by the crows or squirrels." The wood or bush sparrow mentioned is, we think, Spizella pusilla, a faithful little minstrel of morn and eve all through the heated term. The goldfinch, whose lively notes as he dips and rises through the air are so prominent in mid-summer, and whose canary-like song is occasionally heard, should certainly be included among August songsters. With us the yellow throated vireo is as regularly tuneful in August as the red-eyed, while the white-eyed vireo is heard now and then.

In a note-book kept through August of 1889, we have an account of such birds as were in song for many days during the month in our vicinity. Beginning Aug. 3, we have on record: Indigo bird, chewink, Baltimore oriole, wood pewee, red-eyed

vireo, phebe bird, song, field, and chipping sparrows. When out riding on Aug. 4 we heard the strain of a meadow lark, and on the 6th the noisy tirade of a white-eyed vireo.

On Aug 8 the note-book tells of a fine concert, when a goldfinch, an indigo bird, field, song, and chipping sparrow sang, an oriole whistled a few times, and a yellow-throated vireo was tune. ful by spells for a long while.

Aug. 15. Red-eyed vireo, chewink, and field sparrow; 16th, yellow throated vireo, phebe, goldfinch; 17th, oriole, chewink; 18th, red-eyed vireo; 19th, yellow-throated vireo, and "orioles make themselves heard nearly every morning now." Aug. 21, field sparrow, wood pewee, and black and white warbler. Aug 29. The yellow-throated vireo sings nearly every day – almost the only bird we hear nowadays. Yesterday we noticed the songs of a goldfinch and a song-sparrow; chickadees also were musical." This closes the month's record, but it is noted down as something unusual, that the yellow-throated vireo continued to sing during every forenoon for the first six days of September.

There are usually a few fiery days in mid-summer when nearly every bird is silenced, but rarely an August morning passes without a salute to the dawn from sparrow or goldfinch.

A RARE FORM OF POLISHED STONE IMPLEMENTS AND THEIR PROBABLE USE.

BY WALTER HOUGH, WASHINGTON, D.C. AMONG the collections from Mexico, Central and South America, exhibited in the Columbian Historical exposition at Madrid, the writer noticed a number of oblong polished blocks of hard stone of unknown use, averaging 34 inches in length, 24 inches in width, and 1 inches in thickness. The broad surfaces of these stones are plane, bearing a number of grooves parallel to the length, froming ridges like those seen on Polynesian tapa mallets.

The edges, as a rule, are hollowed out by pecking, seemingly for convenience in grasping the block, so that the section is that of the modern eraser for the blackboard. Often these blocks are only nicked at the corners, and usually two sides and one end only are hollowed out, which seems to indicate that they were mounted in a handle, perhaps by means of a wythe going around the hollowed edge.

In most cases both sides are ridged, one side coarse and the other much finer; a peculiarity noticed in the Polynesian mallet of square section, which often bears four grades of ridges, which are used successively in reducing the bark to thinner texture.

Only one of the blocks seen is round in outline; a few others have rounded corners; the ridges are parallel and the ridged surfaces perfectly flat. An aberrant block of this type, which is probably a stamp, has a convex surface, with sawed diagonal grooves crossing (hatchwork) at either end bounding a band of horizontal lines enclosing shallow bored pits and a central series of shallow bored circles with cores.

The material is usually hard basalt or porphyritic rock, and the channels bounding the ridges are fine examples of sawed work.

The resemblance of these objects to those used by so many different peoples, in beating out fibrous bark for clothing, paper, etc. is very striking. May it not be said that this is a pre-historic implement for the same purpose, and that they give an insight into the manufacture of the paper upon which the Mexican codices are painted? In Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and certain countries of South America, the present aborigines use ridged wooden mallets resembling the Polynesian for making bark clothing.

It may also be affirmed that there is no other form of implenient than the one having the combination of ridges and grooves, that is useful in expanding and separating the fibres of bark evenly without rupture, which is evident from the effect produced by the blow.

The distribution of the 31 bark-beaters measured and described by the writer is as follows: Mexico, 25; divided among the Nabuas, (12); Totonacs, (1); Tarascos, (6); and the Miztecs-Zapoties, (6). One of these in the Mexican collection has been channeled, probably by the Tarahumares, and adapted for one side of an arrow-smoother, the other side is a smaller block of freestone

of reddish color. This was taken from a cave anciently inhabited by the Cromachi. Two bark-beaters are from Nicaragua; one in the collection of Dr. Carlos Bovallins of Upsala. Sweden, and the other from the exhibit of the government of Nicaragua. One specimen is from Columbia in the collection of the Archæological Museum of Madrid and three from the exhibit of Costa Rica.

After examining the paper upon which the Mexican codices are written, the opinion is expressed that it is not made from the magney, but is from a tree furnishing bark available for paper, probably of the family to which the mulberry belongs.

ETHNOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. BY E. W. BRABROOK.

In the early part of 1892, on the suggestion of Professor Haddon of Dublin, the Society of Antiquaries of London, the Anthropological Institute, and the Folk-Lore Society appointed delegates to discuss the means of combined action for obtaining simultaneous observations on the monuments of antiquity, the physical characters of the people, and their customs, traditions, and beliefs in various parts of the United Kingdom. They agreed to seek the co-operation of the British Association, which has local corresponding societies in connection with it, and received authority to act as a committee of that association, with the additions of a delegate from the Dialect Society, and of others specially representing Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. It was generally admitted that the success of the work depended upon its being taken in hand at once, since the forces impelling country folk towards the great towns, and the rapid means of transit from place to place now available to the very poorest, are fast effacing all special local peculiarities, and mixing up inextricably the races of which the population is composed.

The first step of the committee has been to issue a circular to persons known to be well acquainted with the rural districts, requesting them to indicate such villages and places as appear especially to deserve ethnographic study, so that a list might be formed, ont of which a selection might afterwards be made for the survey. The villages or districts suitable for entry on the list are defined to be such as contain in general not less than a hundred adults, the large majority of whose forefathers have lived there so far back as can be traced, and of whom the desired physical measurements, with photographs, might be obtained. For such typical villages and the neighboring districts the com. mittee propose to record (1) physical types of the inhabitants. (2) current traditions and beliefs, (3) peculiarities of dialect. (4) monuments and other remains of ancient culture, and (5) historical evidence as to continuity of race. In each such place they will endeavor to obtain the assistance of observers resident in the locality.

The response which the committee have obtained to this preliminary inquiry has been more general and encouraging than they had expected. In some places they have been met with the lament, this ought to have been done fifty years ago, and it is now too late; but from numerous others, in all quarters of the three kingdoms, they have received information of places where the people are still primitive in their ideas and customs, unaffected by intercourse with strangers, and bear a marked strain of one or other of the races by which this country has been ¡eopled. For the use of these informants, a brief code of directions is being prepared.

This endeavor to record the natural history of the elements which go to make up the population, so far as they can be traced in the localities where its race elements have remained undisturbed, will. I have do doubt, interest many of those whose ancestors have carried to the United States some recollection of the peculiarities and customs of the people of that part of the United Kingdom from which they sprung.

The Journal of Hygiene will be the name of the Herald of Health on the 1st of January, 1893. The Herald of Health is now in its 430 year and has been edited since 1866 by Dr. M. L. Holbrook. The journal is published in New York, at $1 a year.

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HOW MANY ARCHEAN ROCK-GROUPS HAVE WE IN GREAT BRITAIN?

BY CH. CALLAWAY, D.SC, M A., F.G.S., WELLINGTON, SHROPSHIRE, ENGLAND.

RECENT geological research amongst the pre-Cambrian rocks of North America, while it has settled some points, has unsettled others. A generation ago the terms "Laurentian" and "Huronian" were thought to have a clear and definite application. At that time, we in Great Britain knew of only one Archæan group, called Hebridean or Lewisian, and supposed to be the equivalent in time of the Laurentian. Later on, British geologists discovered a second pre-Cambrian formation, the "Pebidian" of Dr. Hicks, or "Uriconian" of the writer. This great volcanic system bore many resemblances to the published descriptions of the Huronian, and it was referred with more or less hesitation to that group. Meanwhile, Dr. Sterry Hunt was creating more systems in America. We heard of his " Norian," "Moutalbian," "Taconian," and "Keweenian," and every year we looked for new worlds from his prolific brain. Unfortunately, subsequent research in the United States and Canada has but very partially confirmed Dr. Hunt's results, and even our faith in "Laurentian" and "Huronian" has been somewhat confused. "Huronian" appears to be several things, and “Laurentian” in some localities is said to be an intrusive granite. Nevertheless, it appears to be generally admitted that in North America there are gneisses and granites which are older than any other rock-masses, and that in the same region there are volcanic formations which are younger than these crystallines, and more ancient than the Cambrian; so that the old notions on "Laurentian" and "Huronian" remain true in a general way. It would also seem that North America contains sedimentary rocks which are newer than the Huronian, and are yet pre-Cambrian. Thus it would hardly be rash to conclude that, on the western side of the Atlantic, there exist at least three Archæan roch-groups, a gneissic, a volcanic, and a sedimentary, and that they succeed each other in the order here given. Now it is interesting to remark that this description agrees with the latest results of research in Great Britain. We have first of all the gneisses and schists, which in Scotland are called "Hebridean," and Malvernian" in England. We cannot say that these formations are the exact equivalents of each other, and it would certainly be rash to assert that they, or either of them, can be correlated with any rock-masses the other side of the Atlantic. Nevertheless, they are admitted to be the oldest rocks in Britain, and, in the opinion of the writer, they are separated by a considerable interval from the formation which comes next. This great volcanic system holds the place originally assigned to it in the Archæan series by Dr. Hicks and the writer. Its preCambrian age has been admitted by Sir A. Geikie, director-general of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland, so far

as the Uriconian rocks of Shropshire are concerned; but he assigns the Pebidian of St. Davids to the base of the Cambrian. In the opinion of the writer, the volcanic rocks of St. David's are truly pre-Cambrian; so that the name "Pebidian,” originally given to them by Dr. Hicks, has priority over the more modern term "Uriconian." These rocks are of wide distribution, being found in North and South Wales, at Charnwood, near Leicester, in many parts of Shropshire, in the Malvern Hills, and probably at Howth, near Dublin. Evidence has recently been collected of a third pre-Cambrian system. Near Church Stretton, in Shropshire, is a chain of bills, forming Longmynd, built up of conglomerates, sandstones, and slates. Murchison called these sediments "Bottom Rocks," and be referred them to the Lower Cambrian. This view has been adopted by the English Geological Survey, and generally accepted. Recently, however, evidence has been collected which makes it almost certain that this formation is of pre-Cambrian age, and the present writer has given it the name "Longmyndian." The true basal Cambrian, a band of quartzite, occurs in close proximity to the Longmynd rocks, though not in absolute contact; and it is incredible that the Longmyndian, which is some miles in vertical thickness, should be a mere subdivision of the Cambrian, which is found in three of its four members within a few miles to the east. It would seem, then, that on both sides of the Atlantic, the Archæan (or pre-Cambrian) series consists of (at least) three members, gneissic, volcanic, and sedimentary, which follow each other in the same order, suggesting a similarity of conditions in both areas in the successive epochs of Archæan time.

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Is the Maya Hieroglyphic Writing Phonetic ?

In No. 505 of the Science, Professor Cyrus Thomas devotes a few more pages to the problem of the Maya hieroglyphic writing. "These," he says, "may perhaps be profitable to the subject, if confined to an earnest endeavor to arrive at the truth." The "additional evidence," introduced in this manner by Professor Cyrus Thomas, he has seen fit to precede by some remarks intended to invalidate the criticism I offered in this paper some months ago (Science, Aug. 26). My answer to these remarks is presented in the following lines, which, I trust, will also be profitable to the subject, although I do not claim to be the only scientific man that "earnestly endeavors to arrive at the truth."

Professor Thomas is correct in stating that "a dot and two crosses with a month-symbol form a date in the bottom line of Plate 49, Dresden Codex." Nevertheless, I firmly believe I can maintain that "there does not exist a numeral designation with crosses between the dots." I have never seen it in the Codices. On the other hand, I found, for instance, on the sides of the Stela J of Copan (Maadsley, "Biologia Centrali Americani," Pl. 69-70) that the one dot of the numerals 1, 6, 11, and 16 always is framed by two ornamental signs, but there is never an ornamental sign between the two dots of the numbers 2, 7, and 12. Compare the Figs. 1-16 of the adjoined table. Moreover, I think, the analogy between the two hieroglyphs, Figs 29 and 30 (of my former paper), is obvious. Since in the one case the two dots and the cross are a part of the hieroglyph and not a numeral, I hope, it will not be a fault of veracity to believe the same in the other.

Professor Thomas says I am not correct in stating that Fig. 30 (of my former paper) is the glyph he interpreted moisture." "True, the parts are similar," he says, but the details and surroundings are different." In the adjoined table I reproduce the Fig. 30 of my former paper by Fig. 17, and Professor Thomas's moisture symbol by the Fig. 18. Certainly, the surroundings are different. In Fig. 17 the hieroglyph is placed on a dish, in Fig. 18 on the hand. And there are wanting in Fig. 18 the two dots and the cross that are seen in Fig. 17. But the parts are not