which at some time also has contained the remains of this old and celebrated king. We are told that there were evident marks of the mound having been once previously opened, and there may have been some despoiling of the relics it contained. Skæreid is a portion of the sea; hence Thjodolf's poetic expression of its waves singing, as it were, the requiem over the dead king's grave. We should also gather from his expression, "armour-clad," that the chief had been entombed-as was indeed the custom-in full armour. To carry this back so far as Halfdan Hvitbein's time, is not to overreach the evidence adduced, which points us to the early iron age, or probably about the year 800-the period when also the famous Ragnar Lodbrok flourished, from whom so many of the plundering Vikings sprung.

Driffield, Yorks.

W. PORTER.

THE TERMINATION "HOPE." (See vol. i., p. 233).

is a

Your correspondent, the Rev. E. M. Cole, suggests that "hope," as a component in place-names, lost child of the great family of thorpe."

I am inclined, for the following reasons, to regard "hope" as a derivative of a Celtic root, at the same time venturing to assert that your correspondent's phonetic exegesis pertains only to special combinations, some of which are manifest corruptions.

Firstly, Hope is a component in the place-names of districts, the local nomenclature of which almost invariably displays a strong element of Celtic, e.g., Hopton Heath, Hopton-in-the-Hole, Hopton (Castle), Hopton (Monk), Hopton-Wafers, Hopton-Baggot, Hopton-Bowdler, and Hopesay in Salop; Hopeunder-Dinmore, Hope-Mansell, and Hope (Sollers) in Herefordshire; Longhope in that part of Gloucestershire (N.W. of the Severn) essentially Celtic; Hopeman in Elgin, and Hope in Flintshire.

Secondly, Hope is conspicuous by its absence in the nomenclature of those districts notably Danish and Anglo-Saxon; it is found, but very rarely, in the Danelagh, and, though more frequent in the Midland counties, it is far from common, and is confined to those localities in which there is a strong element of Celtic. Further south and east, in the almost exclusively Anglo-Saxon territory, I am able to meet with Hope but once-viz., in Kent.

Thirdly, Thorpe is distinctively Danish (though also an Anglo-Saxon word, or a word borrowed by the Saxons), and if there is any foundation for your correspondent's conjecture that thorpe is the parent of the lost child hope, it might reasonably be expected that hope would be found in the Danelaghwhere the name of its supposed parent is "legion," but, as above stated, it is conspicuous by its absence.

Again, thorpe is extremely rare in Norway and in the Norwegian districts of England; in Cumberland and Westmoreland (pre-eminently Norwegian) thorpe is almost entirely absent, but here its reputed offspring appear in rank luxuriance. Those districts in Cumberland and Westmoreland, the nomenclature of which is not Norwegian, is Celtic, Danish and Anglo-Saxon being almost unknown in the topography of both counties, and although hope enters into the composi

tion of some of the local names of Northumberland and Durham-in which counties both Danish and Anglo-Saxon names are numerous-Celtic nomenclature prevails over a large area.

Fourthly, The signification of hope-if a derivative of thorpe-would be an aggregation of peasants' cottages, a village, or something equivalent to a village, which signification would be incompatible with other component members of the place-names of which hope forms an element-e.g., Hopton.

Fifthly, The phonetic corruption suggested by Mr. Cole can apply to place-names only in which hope is the terminal member; when it forms the initial syllable, and when standing without a prefix or a postfix, hope would retain its unabbreviated pronunciation.

66

Lastly, It seems to me that this vocable is almost invariably found in close proximity to place-names of undoubtedly Celtic origin, and that it is conspicuously absent from Danish districts; that it is never topographically associated with thorpe, except in those regions where Celtic nomenclature is unequivocally and prominently represented, and that in the Celtic localities of Cumberland and Westmoreland, where thorpe is found very rarely indeed, if at all, hopes are as plenty as blackberries." The evidence I have furnished-though exhibited in a very imperfect manner-leads irresistibly to the conclusion that hope is a derivative or a corruption of a Celtic root, probably hwpp-a bank or slope. This etymology of hope would be in harmony with the topography and physical features of the habitats of the word, and its signification would not be incompatible with that of other vocables with which it is found in composition. FREDERICK DAVIS.

Derby.

Although I entertain the greatest respect for the opinions of so able a writer as the author of "Scandinavian Place Names in the East Riding" (a pamphlet which I have perused with much pleasure), nevertheless I cannot altogether agree with his remarks regarding the origin of the terminal syllable in the word "Stan-hope," and the other "-hopes" which we find so numerous in the higher or western part of the county of Durham. Mr. Cole comes to the conclusion that as "-thorpe" on the Yorkshire Wolds is locally pronounced "thrup," and the word "Stanhope" as "Stan-up," therefore, ex uno disce omnes, the whole of these Weardale "hopes" belong to the great family of "-thorpe." Undoubtedly, much valuable information respecting the origin of placenames may be gathered from hearing their local pronunciation; yet I think it will be found that many of the "hopes" belonging to the Weardale "cluster" are not usually pronounced as "up," eg, Snowhope, Horsleyhope, Hedleyhope, and Bollihope. But let us for a moment consider the physical ap pearance of the districts in question.

It will readily be admitted, and the author, in the above-named pamphlet justly remarks, that the word "Thorpe" is scarcely ever found in any mountainous region, but that, on the other hand, it is very common in low-lying districts; even in the East Riding, where it appears so frequently, by far the greater number are found in Holderness and the Vale of York, whilst

comparatively few are met with on the Wolds. Thus, if in such a Danish stronghold as this Riding appears to have been, we find so few such names on comparatively low hills, it seems unlikely that we should find them on hills which are more than double their height, and in a district where the proportion of Danish names does not amount to more than onefourth of those found in the East Riding.

Of course, quot homines tot sententiæ; but in my opinion, the general situation of these "-hopes" seems to point conclusively to their having been derived from the Celtic word "hwpp," signifying the side of a hill, or the slope between hills, they being principally found on the hill-slopes overlooking the Wear and its tributaries. Even in the low-lying parts of the county of Durham, the word "Thorp" is very rarely found, those at present occurring to me being in the neighbourhood of Hartlepool, whilst further west, we have the single instance of "Staindrop," on the higher ground between Barnard-Castle and Darlington; but still, it is in the open country, and not more than about four hundred feet above sea-level. W. GREGSON.

Baldersby, Thirsk.

RENTS IN LONDON.

Taking into consideration the enormous rents which are now being asked for all kinds of houses in London, the following extract from a pamphlet entitled “An Apology for the Builder," published for Care Pullen, at the Angel, in St. Paul's Churchyard, in 1685, may be of interest to your readers :

"Houses are of more value in Cheapside and Cornhill than they are in Shoreditch, Whitechapel, Old Street, or any of the outparts; and the Rents in some of these outparts have been within this few years considerably advanced by the addition of New Buildings that are beyond them. As for instance, the Rents of the houses in Bishopsgate Street, the Minories, &c., are raised from Fifteen pounds or Sixteen pounds per Annum to be now Thirty Pounds, which was by the increase of Buildings in Spittle-Fields, Shadwell, and Ratcliffe Highway. And at the other end of the town those houses in the Strand and Charing Cross are worth now fifty and three score pounds per Annum, which within this thirty years were not Lett for above Twenty pounds per Annum; which is by the great addition of Buildings since made in St. James, Leicester Fields and other adjoyning parts."

In conclusion I may point to the fact that for shop and cellarage alone inhabitants of Charing Cross at the present day pay £200 and upwards.

SMITHFIELD.

In your report of the reading of my Paper on Smithfield, at p. 222, vol. i., I am made to say that Smithfield was the "place where, in the reigns of Mary and Elizabeth, Protestants and Roman Catholics alike met a martyr's fate."

Permit me to say that there was no burning at Smithfield during the reign of Elizabeth; had such been the case, Lingard the historian, himself a member of the old religion, would most certainly have chronicled it.

GEORGE LAMBERT, F.S.A.

SWIN-HOPE.

(See vol. i. pp. 47, 139, and 234.)

If anything were wanting to confirm my note, in your May number, concerning Swinburne, Waterbrook, it would be the German name of Swinemunde. Surely that is the mouth of the river. The Dutch port Y-muiden was so christened but a few years ago. With regard to Hope as a surname or generic of a surname, permit me to observe that the slovenly pronunciation of Stanhope is solely due to a distinct phonetic law which reigns through English supreme. Hope by itself meant height, hill, heap, burrow, Stan, with the Anglo-Saxon accent à, meant, and was pronounced, stone. Hoop, in Dutch, mount, French monceau, differs in sound, though only with delicate speakers, from hoop French espérance. Van der Hoop is an honest Dutch surname.

Lewisham, S.E.

ALEX. V. W. BIKKERS.

Books Received.

Early Man in Britain. By W. Boyd Dawkins. (Macmillan & Co.)-Leaves from my Sketch-book. By J. W. Small, F.S.A. Scot. (Small, 56, George Street, Edinburgh.)-An Attempt towards a Glossary of the Archaic and Provincial Words of the County of Stafford. By C. H. Poole. (St. Gregory's Press, Stratford-on-Avon.)-Stonehenge. By W. M. Flinders Petrie, (Stanford, Charing Cross.) - The, Obelisk and Freemasonry. By J. A. Weisse, M.D. (New York: J. W. Bouton.)-Statutes of the Hospital of the Holy Virgin Mary of Siena, A.D. 1305. By the Ven. Archdeacon Wright. (Skeffington & Son.) The Gaelic Kingdom in Scotland. By Charles Stewart. (Simpkin, Marshall & Co.)-Lancashire and Cheshire Historical and Genealogical Notes. (Chronicle Office, Leigh.)-History of Guiseley. By Philemon Slater. (Hamilton, Adams & Co.)—Å Guide to the Study of Book-Plates. By the Hon. J. Leicester Warren. (Pearson, Pali Mali.)

NOTICE TO CORRESPONDENT.

The Rev. Charles Reeder had better consult a second-hand bookseller as to the value of the work which he mentions.

The Antiquary Exchange.

DIRECTIONS.-(See August issue.)
FOR SALE.

Book-Plates for sale. A specimen packet sent post free for two shillings. A series of selections sent on approval.-W. E. Morden, 30, The Parade, Lee. P.O. Orders to be payable at the Chief Office, London.

The Saints' Everlasting Rest, 2nd edition, Richard Baxter, 1651, printed for Thomas Underhill, Fleet Street. Sir Thomas More's Utopia, 1624.-Briefe Introductions, both Natural and Pleasant, into Art of Chiromancie, &c., with woodcuts.-Also Artificial and Natural Astrology, &c., London, Thomas Purfoot, 1615. All in good condition.-G. S. Payne, Abingdon. Autograph Letters of Authors, including Hoare, Hutchins, Wharton, and other Antiquarians.-H.Gray, 10, Maple Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

Bank of England Five Shillings Dollar, 1804, a remarkably fine specimen, price 155.-H. Gray, 10, Maple Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

Scrope Family, very old Parchment Deed signed by Sir Adrian, £1. Particulars on application.-H. Gray, 10, Maple Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

Ord's Cleveland, 4to, 1846.-Halifax and its Gibbet Law.-Wright's Antiquities of Halifax, 1738.Oliver's History of Beverley, 4to.-Corry's History of Lancashire, 2 vols., 4to, large paper (pedigrees of Chadwick family, &c.).-Boydell's History of the River Thames, 2 vols. folio, fine coloured plates, full russia, gilt; and many others.-H. Gray, 10, Maple Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

Aurelii Augustini opuscula plurima, Argentina, 1491, capital letters hand painted. Old Hymn printed in cover.-Offers requested (73).

Bigland's Collections for Gloucestershire, first vol., half-bound, wants 2 plates; also 10 parts in original paper covers.-Address, The Rector, Bagendon, Ciren

cester.

The Bishop's Bible, imp. folio, 1505, half-calf, first title mounted, clean good copy, 4 10s.-Sir Jonas Moore, Map of the Great Level of the Fens, 16 folio sheets, 1685, measures 78 inches by 55, gives names of landed proprietors, with their property marked out, extreme rarity and interest, £5.-Milligan's History of Duelling, 2 vols. 8vo, 1841, IOS.-Common Prayer, Baskerville, in long lines, 1760, royal 8vo, in original crimson morocco, quaint tooling, 1.-Life and Death of T. Wilson, Minister of Maidstone, 12m0, 1672, rare, 10s.-Selden's History of Tithes, 4to, vellum, 1618, presentation copy from Archbishop Laud to Christopher Wren, with autographs of Christopher Wren and Granville Sharp, £1.-St. Augustine's Manual and Meditations, 12mo, 1586, morocco, rare and curious, 4.-Apply, W. L. K., Downham Market, Norfolk.

The Bookworm, edited by Berjeau, 1866 to 1870, 5 vols., complete, sewed, 35s.-Dibdin's Literary Reminiscences, 2 vols., half-calf, 1836, with index (separate), 30s.-The Registers of Westminster Abbey, by Col. Chester (Harleian Society), 1875 (75). Two "Mulready" Envelopes, date 1840.-E. A. Farr, Iver, near Uxbridge.

The School of Love.-The Recluse of the Woods. -Lermos and Rosa.-The Turtle Dove.-Cupid's Annual Charter. These five curious "chap books,"

in paper covers, illustrated with coloured plates, clean, dates about 1800, price 10s.-W. E. Morden, 30, The Parade. Lee.

EIKON BAZIAIKH, 1648, folding plates, 15s. 6d. -Planché's Dramatic Costume, 2 vols., hand-coloured plates, 10s. 6d.-Creech's Horace, 1684, 35. 6d.— Prior's Poems, 1741, 4s. 6d.—Little's Poems, 1817, 35. 6d. Mr. Hobson, Government Surveyor, 13, Terrell Street, Bristol.

Briefe Instruction by Way of Dialogue, concerning the Principal Poyntes of Christian Religion, by George Doulye, Lovaine, 1604.-Apply, Miss Lucy Gardiner, Denbury House, Newton Abbot, Devon.

Norfolk-12 engravings of views, good state, mostly old, 45.; ditto, fine, 6s. ; 9 etchings by Ninham, India paper, 255.; 6 Newspapers, 1815-24 (not all perfect), 2s. 6d.; ditto, 1742-65, 2s. 6d.; Norwich Gates, by Fitzpatrick, India paper, cloth, 30s.; superb copy Blomfield's Norfolk, perfect, 8vo, 11 vols., £13135. -Curiosities.-Fine antique Cane, with screw ivory top, 255.-Flint Pistol, 4s. 6d.-Brass Cannon, temp. Queen Anne, 4s. 6d. -Curious carved Indian Bracelet, 35. 6d.-Japanese Cabinet on stand, with drawers, 8s. 6d. Curious New Zealand Fish-hook, 25.Indian Seed Purse, 25.-Curious ancient Egyptian God, 4s. 6d. -Reprints of the Times, Is. the set.All free on receipt of P. O. Order, by post or G. E. Railway. Or will exchange for coins or rare foreign stamps.-E. Skinner, 7, Heigham Terrace, Dereham Road, Norwich.

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

Seventeenth Century Tokens of Lancashire or Cheshire. Best price given.-N. Heywood, 3, Mount Street, Manchester.

Hull Seventeenth Century Tokens.-C. E. Fewster, Hull.

Seventeenth Century Tokens of Wales and Border Counties, especially Herefordshire, or with issuer's name VORE or VOARE.-J. W. Lloyd, Kington.

Lincolnshire Seventeenth Century Tokens.-James G. Nicholson, 80, Acombe Street, Greenheys, Manchester.

Wanted. History of Surrey, Manning and Bray, 3 vols. folio. Complete sets, or any odd volumes.Tradesman's Tokens (17th century) of Surrey.-George C. Williamson, Guildford.

Jim Bunt.-Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1864, coloured plates.-Sir Jahleel Brenton's Life, by his Son.-History of a Ship (Orr and Son).-Heath's Gallery of British Engravings, part 68.-R. H., 15, Brooklyn Road, Shepherd's Bush.

Newbigging's Rossendale, large or small paper, and Tim Bobbin, any edition, for cash.-H. Gray, 10, Maple Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

Vols. 3, 4 and 6, Walpole's Letters (Bentley's Collective Edition, 1840); also Vol. 6, Cunningham's British Painters, &c. (Family Library) (74).

Daly's edition of Rokeby.-Long Ago, for 1873. -R. R. Lloyd, St. Peter's Street, St. Albans.

An Account of Roman Antiquities discovered at Woodchester, by Samuel Lysons, F.R.S., 1797.— A. Brown, 40, Old Broad Street, E. C.

Seventeenth Century Tokens, issued in Wales, especially Wrexham or Wrixham. - Edward Rowland, Bryn Offa, Wrexham.

Bigland's Gloucestershire, parts 1, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, of vol. 2.-The Rector, Bagendon, Cirencester.

The Antiquary.

NOVEMBER, 1880.

The Victorian Revival of
Gothic Architecture.

By J. H. PARKER, C.B.

PART II.

O return to the restoration of English churches. One very material point of this is in the furniture, but neither the clergy nor the architects understand this branch of the subject: they can all appreciate and admire the beautiful rood lofts and screens and pulpits of our eastern and western counties, but they do not understand or appreciate the open seats with their beautifully carved bench ends. These are really the finest church furniture in Europe: they are for the most part of the time of Henry VII. or VIII.; but we are not without examples of the fourteenth and even of the thirteenth century, the emblems carved upon them, being frequently the instruments of the crucifixion, show that they are generally before the time of Edward VI. They are often very fine pieces of wood carving, especially the "Poppies," as they are called, no doubt from "Puppets," as they are wooden heads, often valuable examples of the costume of the period. There is one singular example at Taunton, in a church which was rebuilt in the time of Queen Mary. This wooden furniture is dated by an inscription upon it of the second year of Elizabeth, and this series of bench ends is carved in shallow carving, with the vest ments of the clergy of that period. These may be useful for settling disputed points in details of costume. Though these bench ends are not in general sufficiently appreciated either by the clergy or the architects, they are the best church furniture in Europe. They are often found in the midland coun

ties, though more abundantly in the east and

west.

It is evident that the clergy are much more responsible than the architects for the many blunders that have been committed, owing to their having been in too great a hurry to have their good ideas carried out before either architects, builders, or workmen knew how to do it. A great demand for restoration suddenly arose; and of course where there is a demand and money to back it the supply is soon forthcoming. It was at first very inadequate and imperfect, even when the architects were well informed; the builders, and still more the workmen, remained equally ignorant and prejudiced against the new system, the true restoration of honest work according to the ideas of our ancestors, and sweeping away all the abominations of Italianism, and all other relics of the Georgian era.

In the matter of seats the clergy are not in the least aware of the great advantages we possess over any other country in our fine old oak benches, with their beautifully carved bench ends; these are almost, if not quite, unique-that is, confined to England. The Presbyterian craze in Scotland swept most of them away right through the centre of England, to introduce the sleeping boxes in their place. It is remarkable that though this craze went right through England from north to south, and even across the Channel into the north of France, it left untouched the eastern and western counties; and in Somerset and Devon, Norfolk and Suffolk, we have the beautiful woodwork of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries remaining almost intact. Even in the midland counties a great deal of it remained until the Victorian era: it has been ruthlessly swept away, however, under the name of restoration. Even where the clergy insisted upon having open seats, they did not see that they had many of them already remaining; but these had been so long neglected and despised that no one thought of restoring them to use. I have seen many churches in which I remember to have seen the old seats, which have entirely disappeared during the restorations of the last twenty or thirty years. The architect thought it better to make a new plan for the whole interior of the church, and

VOL. II.

the old seats often did not harmonize with his new ideas; they would have spoilt the regularity of his plan; but the clergy were so well pleased to get rid of the galleries and the empty sleeping-boxes that occupied a great part of the church, that they paid no attention to the old seats that remained in other parts of it.

At the present time the clergy have a craze for chairs. This shows that they have not seen much of their use on the Continent, where they are a perfect nuisance; the poorest persons must pay a halfpenny for the use of a chair every time he wants one, and the more wealthy inhabitants have their names conspicuously painted, each on his own chair; each chair also has a kneeler attached to it, so that the two take up a good deal of room: these are not let for hire, and very often remain empty. When the service is not going on these chairs are piled up against the walls and the windows in the aisles, quite spoiling the appearance of the church. The same principle of property and exclusiveness in the church applies to these as to the sleeping boxes; both are equally unchristian in principle, for the poor have as much right to the use of the parish church as the rich. Forty years ago the high pews were openly defended by their occupants on the ground that this height was necessary, in order that when they were asleep they might not be seen by the people.

The name of Sir Gilbert Scott is so much mixed up with the Victorian revival of church architecture that some further account of him and his works seems to be necessary here. There can be no question that he was considered the greatest church architect of England of his time, more especially by the clergy, who were almost unanimous in their admiration of him. Although he says, in the "Recollections" of his life, that he considered books to have had very little influence on the revival of Medieval architecture, this is certainly a great mistake; he was himself as successful with the pen as with his pencil, and though he says that the Martyrs' Memorial at Oxford, built in 1841, was the first work that brought him into public notice, yet his book, published in 1850, entitled "A Plea for the Faithful Restoration of Churches" certainly added greatly to his reputation. It

was just the view that the clergy wanted to have taken; he supplied a want, and almost every clergyman who wanted to have his church restored made a point of getting or reading this book. It was just calculated to please them; like his manner in conversation with strangers, there was a sort of modesty and want of pretension about it that was particularly pleasing; he always seemed to make an apology for every suggestion of his own, and to speak rather of the disadvantages than of the advantages of his profession. Take, for instance, the following passage, which is as interesting and as true now in 1880 as it was thirty years ago :

It is one of the disadvantages of the profession of architecture that, although in its own nature highly imaginative, and though it presents a wide field for romantic associations, for antiquarian research, and for philosophical investigation, its actual practice is of necessity so material in its character, and so intimately connected with the ordinary business of life, that the architect himself is usually the very last person to give verbal expression to the sentiment or the philosophy of his art; and, whatever may be his inward feelings, he seldom rises externally above the ordinary level of the man of business; he is, therefore, generally wiser to leave the literature of architecture to those whose habits of study and of thought enable them more worthily to handle it.

With this apology I beg leave to trouble you with a few very crude thoughts on what appears to me to be one of the most important practical objects of this and similar societies, the consecration and restoration of those invaluable relics of Christian art which have been so wonderfully preserved to us in almost every village throughout our land-relics but for which we should now be ignorant of the most remarkable phase which Art has ever yet assumedthe only form in which it has suited itself to the pure and ennobling sentiments of our religion, and, in our national variety of it, the only form which is adapted to our climate and our traditional associations, and every vestige of which, however simple or homely it may be, has the strongest claims upon our reverence and care.

An old church is so common and so familiar an object that we are often in danger of forgetting its value, and it is only by cultivating a correct appreciation of what our churches really are, that we shall obtain a true and earnest feeling for their conservation.

Such ideas as these were just calculated to please the clergy, especially the younger clergy, who were at that time stirred up by the great church movement, in another sense-that is, the revival of the Catholic teaching of the Prayer-Book.

Throughout his book the same good sense