James I. Thomas Cromwell, the son of Walter Cromwell, the blacksmith of Putney, became the famous Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, the malleus monachorum, or, as old Fuller renders it, "mauler of monasteries," in Henry VIII.'s time; and Katharine Cromwell, the blacksmith's eldest daughter, the great-greatgrandmother of the more famous Oliver Cromwell, the mauler of a perfidious king, and Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England. She also was the great-greatgrandmother of the celebrated patriot, John Hampden, whose father, William Hampden, of Great Hampden, in Buckinghamshire, married Elizabeth Cromwell, aunt of Oliver Cromwell. Thus John Hampden and Oliver Cromwell were cousins.

Of Walter Cromwell's cottage and smithy in Wandsworth Lane, not a vestige remains. They were pulled down in 1533, when a large mansion was erected on the site. In 1647, when the army of the Long Parliament was stationed at Putney, Charles I. being then under restraint at Hampton Court, Commissary-General Ireton lodged in this mansion. His father-in-law, the Lieutenant-General, Oliver Cromwell, lodged at Grove House, which stood at the south-east corner of the High Street, where Putney Railway Station now stands. This house is supposed to have occupied the site of the copyhold residence of his great-great-grandfather, Morgan Williams. The mansion in Wandsworth Lane was demolished early in the present century. The site is now covered by a building called Cromwell House, and some small tenements called Cromwell Place. Considering the great changes that were wrought in the history and destiny of England, first by Thomas Cromwell, the blacksmith's son, and secondly, by Oliver Cromwell, the great-great-grandson of the blacksmith's daughter Katharine, some memorial to the blacksmith, more definite than Cromwell House, or Cromwell Place, should be set up on the site of his cottage and smithy in Wandsworth Lane.

Morgan Williams, and his brother Richard Williams, were with the South Wales contingent of Henry Tudor's army at Bosworth Field, probably as subalterns. They were rewarded for their devotion and service to Henry Tudor in the same way that Walter Cromwell and many more were rewarded

These grants

namely, by copyhold grants. were made chiefly on ecclesiastical manors. Many of the Kymry permanently settled in and around the metropolis during and after the reigns of the Tudors. In fact, it was by this infusion of Kymric blood among the population of the metropolitan zone, that it became permanently Kymricized. Thus the Kymric names of Rice and Price, Jones and Lloyd, Evans and Edwards, Davies and Thomas, Owen and Howell, Morgan and Williams, and many others, everywhere abound, and constitute the aggregate of the names to be found in the Post Office Directory.

The Court Rolls of Wimbledon Manor are in the possession of Earl Spencer, the present lord of the manor. These, if examined, would without doubt throw much light on the history of the Cromwell and Williams families while they resided at Putney and Mortlake. By extracts already made from them we know that Walter Cromwell and Morgan Williams were each twice presented by the Homage before the Manor Court, for what follows:

On 6th of October, 4 Hen. VIII., Walter Cromwell was presented for having "leased beyond his own lands the common of one virgat of land (15 acres) formerly belonging to Donnys (Dovey), contrary to the custom of the Manor." Probably he leased this land, which belonged to the copyhold of his brewery, without first obtaining permission to do so from the Lord of the Manor. On 10th of October, 5 Hen. VIII., he was again presented for having "erased the terriers (landmarks) of the Lord. . . . to the disturbance and disinheritance of the Lord and his tenants. . . . . Therefore. . . . it was commanded the Beadle to seize into the Lord's hands all his lands and tenements, held from the Lord by copy of Court Roll, and to answer to the Lord of the issues." What the upshot of this was we cannot say. Perhaps the matters were arranged by restoring the terriers and paying an amercement.

On 13th of October, 18 Hen. VII., Morgan Williams was presented for having "cut on the common of Wimbledon, Putney, and Roehampton, more fuel-viz., furze and bushes-than for his expenditure seems fit." On 23rd of May, 23 Hen. VII., he was again

Domesday Studies. Somerset. By the Rev. R. W. EYTON, late Rector of Ryton, author of "Antiquities of Shropshire," &c. 2 vols. 1880. (Reeves

& Turner, 100, Chancery Lane. Bristol: T. Kerslake & Co.)

R. EYTON has followed up his "Key to Domesday as illustrated by the Dorset Survey," by the present laborious and exhaustive analysis and digest of the Somerset Survey; and we gladly welcome the re-appearance of such a careful and conscientious student in this still dark field of research. Domesday remains a sealed book even to the majority of socalled antiquaries, and will continue to be so until the antiquarian world is furnished with a reliable extended version and translation of this ancient Survey. We must, however, be thankful for smaller mercies, and content ourselves for the present with a fragmentary view of the subject. Turning to our author, it is satisfactory to find that his principles of criticism as applied in his previous "study" have in no way been disturbed by his further researches. "Domesday," he tells us, "thus examined, county VOL. II.

after county, becomes a science more and more exact." One of the great difficulties in dealing with Domesday is the fact that it stands, as it were, the solitary manuscript monument of a dark period. Side-lights, broadly speaking, in the way of contemporary records there are none, and this want surrounds the subject with obscurity. Fortunately, however, with regard to five of the south-western counties of England—viz., Wiltshire, Somerset, Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall, the Gheld-Inquest of A.D. 1084 (two years previous to Domesday) Domesday) is to some extent preserved, and gives us, in addition to other valuable matter, the names of the Hundreds into which each county was divided-information which is almost entirely omitted in the greater Survey. This Inquest was engrossed on similar vellum, and bound up in the same folio, with the Exon Domesday; in some parts of the Codex, pages of the Inquest being even interleaved with pages of the Survey. As a natural result, the Inquest came to be quoted as The Exon Domesday, and led to the confusion of two absolutely distinct records. The way in which these two documents explain and supplement one another is of exceptional value: thus, as already stated, where we get the names of the Hun. dreds from the Inquest, Domesday furnishes the manors or vills which are rarely mentioned in the Gheld-Inquest. Moreover, besides the Exon Domesday proper, a second version exists in the Exchequer Domesday. There are curious differences between the two versions-the re-casts of the original notes of the surveyors-and Mr. Eyton puts it as a conjecture "that the clerks who drew the Exeter Domesday effected their work while yet the Commissioners' notes were in the provinces, and before the said notes were sent to undergo a stronger process of filtration and digestion at the Royal Exchequer." It has always been a point of great interest to determine the time occupied in the production of Domesday Book, and our author's statement that "the whole, that is, the Survey, the transcription and the codification, were completed in less than eight months, and that three of the eight were winter months," certainly justifies his remark, that "no such miracle of clerkly and executive capacity has been worked in England since."

Our space will not permit us to do more than refer our readers to Mr. Eyton's pregnant chapters on "The Royal Burghs of Somerset, "Domesday Schedule of Somerset Landholders," "Terra Regis" of Somerset, and "The Old Hundreds of Somerset." The second volume contains numerous elaborate statistical and comparative tables of the several Hundreds and Liberties, and is, above all things, provided with excellent indexes of places and persons. Every Domesday student should secure a copy of Mr. Eyton's work.

A History of the Castles, Mansions, and Manors of Western Sussex. By D. G. CARY-ELWES, F.S.A., and the Rev. C. J. ROBINSON, M.A. (Longmans, London. A. Rivington, Lewes.)

We owe an apology to our readers as well as to the painstaking and conscientious authors of this work, for having so long delayed the pleasant duty

N

of noticing it, as one of the most valuable additions to our daily growing store of county topography. It has evidently been a labour of love, and one on which either, or probably both, of its authors has bestowed an infinite amount of care and research. It is clearly not got up at secondhand, but is the result and outcome of personal investigations extending over a large period of time, and a fairly large area also, containing as it does notices, with illustrations for the most part, of such venerable and historic places as Amberley and Arundel Castles, old Petworth House, Cowdray House, Wiston, Slindon, and Halnaker. Each parish is headed separately, and in alphabetical order, so that there is the less need of an index ; but this has been supplied. The view of Arundel Castle, by Hollar, is reproduced in facsimile among the full page illustrations; and it is only one among some forty or fifty of the same kind. The woodcuts scattered up and down through the letter-press are, we are told in the preface, borrowed from the publications of the Archæological Society of Sussex. In a word, the book is an admirable and worthy supplement to Cartwright's and Dallaway's Histories of that county.

Views of Ancient Buildings in the Parish of Halifax. By JOHN LEYLAND. (Leyland & Son, Halifax.) In this handsome volume, which we doubt whether to designate as a folio or a quarto, Mr. Leyland has placed on permanent record a large number of old houses, some of timber, and others of stone, which are still to be seen in and around Halifax, but which are vanishing day by day, and destined to be superseded by the Italian and Grecian villas of modern architects. There is no doubt, however, that within the last five years a strong under-current has set in amongst us in favour of the older type of domestic architecture; and therefore we doubt not that the book before us will meet with a cordial reception, and especially in Yorkshire, to the inhabitants of which county it more especially appeals. The illustrations, though true and accurate, are quaint and stiff, and have quite a character of their own. They are too large, however, for reproduction in our columns.

By

Stonehenge: Plans, Descriptions, and Theories. W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE. (E. Stanford.) Apropos of the visit of the British Archæological Association to this celebrated monument of antiquity, Mr. Petrie has issued his brochure just at the time when the attention of the archæological world has been specially drawn to this mystic circle. Mr. Petrie tells us in his preface that the lack of any thoroughly accurate survey of Stonehenge will be a sufficient reason for the production of the present plan, in addition to those already published. "Neither the plans of Wood, Smith, Colt Hoare, Sir Henry James, nor Hawkshaw," he says, "lay any claim apparently to accuracy greater than a few inches, thus missing important results and deductions; whereas that now produced is correct to a few tenths of an inch, in fact quite as closely as the surface of the stone can be estimated in most cases." The various sections of the work are divided into "facts" and "theories,'

the former comprising a description of the several plans, details of the stones, the methods of workmanship, and the number of stones. The theoretical portion of the book deals with Stonehenge as a work not complete; and treats of the position of the "altar stone;" it also deals at some length with the question of sun-worship, which is one of the reasons which has been assigned for its origin.

Meetings of Antiquarian Societies.

METROPOLITAN.

BRITISH ARCHEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.-The

thirty-seventh annual Congress of this Society was held in the neighbourhood of Devizes, under the presidency of Earl Nelson, and commenced on Monday, August 16. After the reception of the members by the Mayor and Corporation of Devizes, the Museum, the Castle, and the churches of St. John and St. Mary were inspected.-Lord Nelson delivered his inaugural address at the Town Hall, in the evening. Speaking of what archeology had already effected, his lordship said there was no end to the immense advantages arising in these days from its aid in elucidating history, for during the last half century the history of this country had been largely re-written by the means of archæological research. After some other remarks, his lordship proceeded to refer to several of the places of interest which it was the intention of the archæologists to visit. Referring to the tumuli, he said those on the Wiltshire Downs had been sufficiently excavated, and he thought nothing could justify the profanation of old burial places when there was a certainty of no new discovery being made. He did not see, however, why a careful tunnelling should not be conducted under the socalled altar-stone at Stonehenge, to see if any remains which might illustrate the age of Stonehenge could be found there, or within the sacred circle; and, secondly, he advocated the replacing of those stones which had fallen within man's memory, or a record of which had been carefully preserved. The mechanical appliances of the present day could easily replace them. The necessity of something being done to preserve the ruin as handed down to us was becoming more and more pressing. The proceedings on Monday were closed with a public dinner, the noble President occupying the chair. On Tuesday the members and friends made their first excursion, the first halt being made at the village of Potterne, where the church, the "church house," and a picturesque specimen of the Domestic Architecture of the fifteenth century, were examined and commented upon. The drive was then continued by Eastwell House-a good specimen of the country residence of an English gentleman of the seventeenth century-and on through Erlstoke, to Edington, where the church was visited, and its architecture described by Mr. James R. Bramble and others. After an inspection of the remains of the old monastery of Edington, the excursion was con

tinued to the church, and castle, or encampment, of Bratton. The latter occupies the summit of the hill overlooking the vale of Westbury, and lies immediately above the historically interesting object known as the "Westbury White Horse." On the return journey, a rather hurried examination had to be made of the several churches of Steeple Ashton, Keevil, and Poulshott. At the evening meeting, held in the Town Hall, Devizes, Papers were read by Dr. Stevens on the "Discovery of Paleolithic Flint Implements with Mammalian Remains in the Reading Drift," and by Mr. J. A. Picton on the "Ethnology of Wiltshire as Illustrated in its Place Names." -The excursion on Wednesday was one of great interest, including as it did visits to the church of Bishops Cannings, the Wansdyke-an ancient earthwork which extends across the county of Wilts, from the Severn to Inkpen in Berkshire-the old Roman road some two miles distant, and the great Avebury Circle. Here addresses and speculations as to the origin and probable use of the enclosure were delivered by the Rev. C. Smith, the Rev. Bryan King, Mr. Picton, Dr. Stevens, and others. Avebury Church, which is now under restoration, was next visited, after which the party proceeded to Silbury Hill, the largest artificial mound in this country. This vast conical barrow was opened in 1777 by the Duke of Northumberland and Colonel Drax, who sank a shaft from the top downwards through the centre, under the idea of its being a place of sepulture, but no remains were found there. In 1849 it was again examined, with no better result. On that occasion a tunnel was cut horizontally, following as nearly as possible the surface of the natural ground on which the hill had been raised. After penetrating for eighty-seven yards the centre was reached, and, in order to make a thorough exploration of the central mass of earth, a gallery was carried half way round and various recesses made in the sides. The opinion seems now to gain ground that this mound and the ancient stone circle at Avebury mark the sites of the principal places of ceremony for the more ancient inhabitants of Mercia, to whom the latter place itself may have stood as a kind of ecclesiastical capital. Some time having been spent here, several of the company, under the guidance of the Rev. C. Smith, proceeded to inspect a small circle of stones about a mile distant on the south side of Silbury. The return. drive to Devizes was very pleasant, and at the evening meeting a Paper on "The Recently-discovered Viking Ship" was read by Mr. Loftus Brock. On Thursday, the members made Malmesbury the point of destination. The party having been conveyed by special train to Chippenham, the excursion was continued thence in carriages, stoppages being made to inspect the churches of Langley Burrell, Draycott Cerne, and Sutton Benger. A halt being made at Dauntsey, the party proceeded on foot up the hill to Bradenstoke Priory, Mr. Loftus Brock acting as guide, and giving an interesting description of the remains of the edifice. The journey was next continued direct to Malmesbury, where the company was entertained at luncheon by Mr. Walter Powell, M.P. The party afterwards proceeded to the Abbey, some interesting details of which were given by Mr. George Patrick, under whose guidance the venerable

building was inspected. The mitred Abbey of Malmesbury, on the site of, and indeed a growth out of, a small Saxon monastery, was, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, one of the finest and richest monastic institutions of the country. The Benedictines-who formed, as it were, the High Church or Ritualistic party, in contradistinction to the severer-minded Cistercians, who were gradually reforming the luxurious styles of elaborate building gorgeous tracery, and interior decoration, and the highly ornamental and imposing religious services of the Order from which they had sprung-were then at the height of their power and influence, and Malmesbury Abbey was one of their greatest strongholds in England. The great central tower of this Abbey was at one time surmounted by a lofty spire. This fell within the memory of persons who recounted the event to the antiquarian Leland. With it there fell much of the eastern portion of the Abbey Church, the choir, and the Lady Chapel. The western tower also fell at a subsequent period, and ruined the western front. A brief visit to the Abbey House, and an examination of the ancient Market Cross, brought the proceedings to a close. At the evening meeting, at Devizes, Mr. Thomas Morgan read a Paper on the "Antiquities of Wiltshire," and Dr. Phené another on "Existing Analogues of Stonehenge and Avebury."-Friday's excursion was by way of Enford and Netheravon, the churches of which places were duly inspected and commented upon, to Amesbury, where the party was joined by the Newbury District Field Club. Amesbury Church was then visited, and its principal architectural features pointed out by Mr. Brock. After luncheon, the visitors made their way to "Vespasian's Camp"-so named by Stukeley, though without any real authority-where Professor Rupert Jones and Mr. Brock gave some interesting details of its history and use. The drive was then continued to the world-renowned temple of Stonehenge, some two miles distant. Mr. W. Cunnington was called upon by the noble President to say a few words in explanation of some of the supposed objects for which the temple or tomb was erected, and its probable date. This led to a long discussion, in which Mr. T. Morgan, who read a short Paper on the spot, Lord Nelson, Professor Rupert Jones, Mr. W. Money, Mr. Wright, and Mr. Brock, took part. Stonehenge, when perfect, appears to have consisted of two circles and two ellipses of upright stones, concentric, and environed by a bank and ditch, and, outside this boundary, of a single upright stone and processional avenue. The entrance to the cluster faced north-east, and its avenue is still to be traced by banks of earth. One stone, called the "Friar's Heel," sixteen feet high, is supposed to have been a gnomon. The outer circle consisted of eighty stones, fixed upright at intervals of about three-and-a-half feet, connected at the top by imposts, which formed a continuous corona, or ring of stone, at a height of sixteen feet. Within this was the grandest part of the temple, the great ellipse formed of five-or, in the estimation of others, seven-triliths, the largest attaining the great elevation of twenty-five feet. Again, within the space bounded by these triliths was the inner elliptical compartment, consisting of nineteen granite posts, or the stone of astronomical observation. At the pre