it again, then go over it with a light harrow to | beets stand one foot apart in the rows, and weigh make the surface level and smooth, and the soil fine; be ready to sow as soon as the ground is prepared while the surface is moist and that the plants may get the start of the weeds. Pour water, as hot as can be borne by the hand, on the seed, and let it soak a day and a half or two days, then it will vegetate and come up, and the plants will be large enough to hoe before the few weeds are liable to grow up, so as to be much trouble.

two pounds and a quarter each, the yield will be twenty tons. In rich ground, at that distance a great number will weigh four or five pounds each; twenty tons is a good crop, probably a large crop but not extremely large, for in some cases twentyfive or thirty tons to the acre have been raised in this country. At the above expense of forty dollars to the acre, with a yield of twenty tons, the cost would be two dollars per ton. We make this estimate to show how cheap beets may be raised under favorable circumstances, such as good land at a fair price, convenient machinery and implements, and the most prudential manage ment in the culture, with labor at a moderate price, and a favorable season. We doubt not that in some parts of New England, beets could be produced in great abundance at the above price; but we must not always expect a combination of favorable circumstances.

Sow the seed with a machine and the expense will be light. Let the rows be from two to two and a half feet apart, then a light cultivator may be used between the rows; in thinning the plants let them stand about one foot apart. If any places are vacant from the seed not growing or the grub worm eating them, the deficiency may be supplied by transplanting; though transplanted beets do not form so handsome a root, yet they yield about as much as the other. The expense for weeding and loosening the soil will not be great. Suppose we reckon the produce only two thirds In harvesting if the beets cannot be pulled easily, as much as above, say 133 tons, and the cost 33} a furrow may be ploughed near each row with a per cent, more, which will be fifty two dollars and horse-plough, then they may be pulled with little thirty three cents; then the cost of the beets will labor. By this, or some better way if it can be be only four dollars per ton, one fifth less than devised, beets can be raised at a small expense, Mr. Bosson reckoned in his calculation on the and as all good lands and animal labor are cheap-cost of the beet sugar. If we reckon fifty pounds er here than in France, and as much labor can be to the bushel, 13 tons to the acre would be only done here by animals which is performed there five hundred thirty three bushels, which would be by the hands, we think our advantages are equal no more than a middling crop; not half so much to that of France in the cheapness of animal labor. as has been raised in a number of cases that have But supposing our advantages in raising the beets been named. are not equal as to a cheap production, we have reckoned the expense higher in the calculations we have published so as to conform to a fair estimate on all expenses. Instead of three dollars and fifty cents per ton as in France, we have reckoned at five dollars per ton. No calculation as to the expense of raising beets or other crops can be made exactly suited to all parts of the country, as the prices of labor and land are different. Near cities and large towns, and the seaboard, owing to good advantages, for markets and communication, lands are higher, and the rent of them more of course than in the interior -in such cases labor too is usually somewhat higher.

ESTIMATED EXPENSE OF AN ACRE OF SUGAR BEETS.

Use of an acre of land well prepared for beets and manured, or managed in the previous

crop, Ploughing, Cultivating, horse, cultivator and hand 2 hours,

$12 00
4 50

50 1.00

PEAT AND ITS USES.

THE following is an extract from the official Report of the Geological survey of the State of

New York.

"1st.

As a manure. To secure or obtain an important result something more is necessary than simply to spread it upon the soil. It should be raised in the fall, spread in the barnyard, or placed in heaps and mixed with animal matter and lime. Placed under these circumstance it is exposed to the frost and atmospheric agents, which produce in it incipient chemical changes necessary to convert it into the nutriment of plants. This is especially the case when lime is added to it, which forms a soluble salt, the geate of lime, with a portion of the vegetable matter. In the spring it is prepared for removal to the field, and may be spread upon the meadow for grass, or it may be used as a manure for corn, potatoes, &c. It will not answer a good purpose when employ ed without due preparation, especially when it is

Seed $2 25, sowing with a machine, .75 3 00 spread on meadows for grass; it then becomes

Twice more before sowing,

First hoeing,

Second hoeing, thinning, and transplanting to supply deficiencies,

Hoeing again and loosening the ground with machine,

Harvesting,

4. 00

4.00

dry, is insoluble, and of course unfitted for the nourishment of vegetables.

"2, Peat, as is well known, answers a good purpose for fuel, and undoubtedly ranks next to 200 coal for sustaining for a long time a high temThere is no substance which would 9 00 perature. remove so much suffering among the poor as the general introduction of this substance for fuel in our larger towns and cities.

$40 00 Make the rows two feet four inches apart, and then a cultivator can be used in hoeing. If the

"3d. Peat furnishes an abundance of carburetted hydrogen, and hence may be employed for

producing gas light. Dr. Lewis Feuchtwanger, | moment, and calls for legislative aid and encourof New York, has made known to the American agement.

public the experiments of Merle, a director of a Again, since the above was written, I have gas-light company in France. The advantages been informed by an intelligent gentleman, that of peat for the production of gas are as follows: peat, as a fuel for steam engines, has been proved 1st. It is less expensive than gas from coal, oil by actual experiment of great value. To impart or resin. 2d. The produce is nearly as much as to it the power of emitting during combustion a from those substances. 2d. The gas is quite lively flame, a small quantity of tar is mixed with harmless and inoffensive, and has, in respect to it, which of course creates a larger volume of healthiness, great advantages over some of the flame, which is a matter of considerable moment other kinds of gas. when employed in generating steam. The experiments referred to, were made on board of the Great Western during her last passage, and such was the result that a large amount of peat was taken on board for her homeward passage. The introduction of pressing machines, both for the expulsion of water and diminishing the bulk by compression, will be important to all who engage in raising peat.

"4th. After it has been employed for gas it may be used for fuel, and it is equal to any charcoal."

The presence of peat may be suspected in all low and wet places-especially, near ponds and lakes-and it is found in beds varying from six to sixty feet deep. There is a peat bed on the farm of Mr. Richards, in Warrensburg, Warren county, which is sixty feet deep, and covers an area of sixty acres. It of excellent quality and easy of access. Mr. Emmons says—

"The value of a marsh of peat may be estimated by determining the worth of a cubic yard, or a load, or any given quantity, and calculating the amount of peat which is contained in the area. The quantity of peat in a square rod of surface, and worked to the depth of thirty feet, would furnish two hundred and eighty four loads, which may be considered as worth fifty cents per load or if we estimate it at one half this amount, we perceive that fifty or sixty acres of it as almost invaluable when favorably situated. Even a small bog in the centre of a farm might be employed to increase its value one-half, as it would furnish an abundance of manure for an indefinite period. Many smaller deposits of this substance I found in the towns of Schroon, Chester, Warrensburgh, Johnsburg, Queensbury, Lake-Pleasant and Wells, varying in extent from one to five acres."

"I see no reason for extending my remarks on the value of this substance. I shall therefore state only one more application of this material, viz., as a substitute for charcoal in the reduction of iron. The coal which is formed from it is equal to any coal; hence it may become of great importance in those sections of country where fuel is scarce, or as it furnishes a resource in this important business, when the ordinary means are expended. We have therefore, in this homely substance an invaluable article, of which prejudice alone can prevent a general use."

EXHAUSTED LANDS TOO SOON ABANDONED.

The fault of the farmers upon our hard soil has been to abandon the ground after the skinning process. This was natural while other fertile lands remained in the vicinity to be cleared, that would produce larger crops. And now a farmer that has mowed forty, fifty and a hundred acres year after year, until he has reduced the crop of hay down from two tons to one ton, half a ton and even four or five hundred pounds to the acre, is as a matter of necessity willing almost to give away the ground that yields so scantily, to seek a livelihood by taking women boarders at the price of a dollar or a dollar and a quarter a week near some great factory establishment, or else to pack up 'bag and baggage' and set out for the land of promise of the west.

"Perhaps it would be saying too much to assert that peat is more valuable than coal, but when we consider that for creating heat it is not very inferior to bituminous coal, that it contains a gaseous matter equal in illuminating power to oil or coal gas, that its production is equally cheap, and in addition to this that it is a valuable manure, if properly prepared, its real and intrinsic worth cannot fall far short of the poorer kinds of coal. There is one consideration which commends itself to the philanthropic of all our large cities, viz: the introduction of peat as a fuel to supply the necessities of the poor. It is To men so discouraged as these have been in believed that much suffering may be prevented, times past, I believe the alternative offers a much and much comfort promoted by the use of peat in more certain chance of success in life; and that all places where fuel is expensive, as in New- is, the renovation of worn out farms. If a man York and Albany. A careful examination, there is in debt to the amount of its whole value, he fore, of places favorable to the production of this had better purchase a portion of what was his substance, is a matter of some considerable im- own on credit, and remain upon it, than abandon portance, as it is the next best substitute for the it. With common health, with a good resolution more expensive article, coal, and any thing for and good habits, he may soon lay a foundation fuel which will save a destruction of the forests, for the future sustenance and comfort of himself both in New York, and the New England States, is worthy of adoption from more considerations than one. A due proportion of woodland to that under tillage, adds greatly to the beauty of any district of country; but above all, the preservation of timber lands is becoming a matter of great

and family as he can perhaps any where else. The poorest places for steady employment, I am induced to believe, are our largest towns and villages. Among the farmers the poor man can almost every where be employed at a price either for money or produce to help sustain his family: his

ceeds one hundred pounds per week. The number of pigs kept here is about four hundred; some bred, others brought, and all fatted here. Forty horses are always required, and constantly employed upon the dairy. Such is one of the London lactaries; there are many of them, some of larger, several of equal, and a few of inferior extent.

wife and children who are of sufficient age can | total number. The quantity of butter made here also find some kind of business where industry is, for an obvious reason, small, and rarely exshall aid the exertions of the father: nay, is it not an event of frequent occurrence that females in a family alone earn its support? The poor man can work for others as well as on the ground which he has purchased or hired. But let him work it right at home. If he have but a single acre of the worn out land-I do not mean the impervious rock or that gravel or sand on which labor and manure will have no effect, but that retentive soil which holds manure, or such barren wet soil as may be drained-or such impoverished soil as requires the plough or the iron bar to strike deeper than it has been wont; if he begin with a single acre of such land and begin right, the first year will give him better pay for the labor and application, than he ever obtained under the skinning process; the product will be increased in a compound ratio in succeeding years; and in a few revolving seasons he will find his single acre yielding him more clear gain than some farmers obtain from fifty and a hundred acres under the wearing-out mode of cultivation.

A LONDON DAIRY.

GOOD SENTIMENTS.

AGRICULTURE is the nursery of patriotism. A wise government will not be slow in fostering the agricultural interests.

Let every farmer who has a son to educate, believe and remember, that science lays the foundation of every thing valuable in agriculture.

Science must combine with practice to make a good farmer.

The opposition against book farming rests on the shoulders of two monsters, ignorance and prejudice.

If you separate science from agriculture, you rob a nation of its principal jewel.

Agriculture, aided by science, will make a little nation a great one.

All the energy of the hero, and all the science of the philosopher, may find scope in the cultivation of one farm.

A skilful agriculturist will constitute one of the mightiest bulwarks of which civil liberty can boast. [Maine Farmer.

UNITARIAN CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA. ACCORDING to Atkinson, Dr. Priestly came to America in 1794; and in the winter of the next year, delivered lectures in Philadelphia, on the Evidences of Christian Revelation. A small number of professed Unitarians, principally emigrants from England, were among his hearers, who, in consequence of the impulse thus given by him, soon formed an association for the purpose of worshipping God after the dictates of their own consciences.

LAYCOCK's dairy, at Islington, covers a space of sixteen acres, including the layers, grain-pits, rick yards, &c. &c. It contains nine cow-houses, each about one hundred and forty feet in length, by twenty-four feet broad; each of these contains sixty-four cows, thirty-two on a side. There are also fatting pens, and an infirmary for such of them as may happen to require temporary separation; these instances, however, considering the great number kept, and the artificial mode of treatment, are but rare. The animals, all of the finest description, are constantly kept in the houses day and night; in the summer season only, being turned out for a few hours daily into the layers. Cows are rarely kept here longer than twelve months, during which period they are regularly milked; and what may appear extraordinary to those ignorant of the management, the process of fatting goes on with the milking, so that, by the time they become what is termed dry,' most of them are fit for Smithfield, and but few of the number (six hundred constantly kept) require 'stalling,' after the period of milking is at an end. This number affords twelve hundred gallons of milk per diem, upon the average; it is taken away at an early hour in the morning and afternoon by the venders, who purchase here to retail in the metropolis. The average worth of each cow is about £18, which, assuming the number kept always to average six hundred (the The society thus formed continued to meet minimum rather than otherwise) gives a capital every Sabbath until 1800, in the August of which of £10,800, always afloat to keep this stupendous year its meetings were discontinued; some of dairy with cows only. Their food consists of the members having died and others being scatgrains, mangel-wurtzel, the Swedish turnip, (the tered. In 1807 they were resumed and continued latter for fatting,) and hay, at the rate of one in different places, until 1813, when the church, bushel of grains, fifty-six pounds of mangel-wurt- built for that purpose, was dedicated to their use. zel or turnip, and twelve pounds of hay to each; The pastoral duties were discharged during this six hundred bushels of grains, fifteen tons of period by several individuals, none of whom, we wurtzel and turnip, and six thousand three hun- believe, were ordained for the ministry. In 1825 dred and twenty-eight tons of hay, per day, the the Rev. William H. Furness was chosen as pas

It was agreed that printed sermons and prayers should be used, and that the office of reader should be filled by each member in rotation. Accordingly, on the twelfth of June, 1796, fourteen persons assembled together for the purposes of social worship, upon liberal views, in a room of the University. This number was afterward increased to twenty-one.

tor, and under his charge the congregation re-accommodations for the choir, there are seats for mained.

The present building is partly on the site of the former church, which was of an octagonal form; and was opened for public worship on Sunday, February 14th, 1813.

The congregation having greatly increased, as the building could not be enlarged, it was taken down in February and March, 1828; and the new church was first opened for worship on Wednesday, November fifth, 1828. The plan of the building is a parallelogram, sixty-one by eightythree feet.

The South front elevation is a plain unbroken surface of Pennsylvania marble, embracing a tetrastyle portico of the Grecian doric order.

The columns are three feet in diameter at their bases, and support a full tablature and pediment, which project nine feet from the face of the cell. The approach is by a wide flight of steps, leading to the portico and door of entrance into the vestibules and body of the building.

From the vestibules two stairways communicate with a large front gallery and organ-loft.

In the rear, or north end of the church, a recess is formed, embracing the pulpit, which is flanked by two doric pillars, supporting the entablature, the frieze of which contains the following inscription

about eight hundred and forty persons.

DYNANOMETER.

Am. Mag.

THIS is an instrument for ascertaining the rela tive muscular strength of men and other animals. That it would be desirable to know our relative strengths at different periods of life, and in different states of health, will hardly be denied; and there can be no doubt but that it would be highly useful to have a portable instrument by which we could ascertain the strength of horses or oxen intended for the plough or the wagon. Such an instrument was invented many years ago, by Graham, and improved by Desaguliers; but, being. constructed roughly of wood, it was too bulky to be portable, and therefore it was limited in its

use.

M. Leroy constructed a much more convenient dynanometer than Graham's, consisting of a metal tube, ten or twelve inches in length, placed vertically on a foot like that of a candlestick, and containing in the inside a spiral spring, having above it a graduated shank terminating in a globe. The shank, together with the spring, sunk into the tube in proportion to the weight acting upon it, and thus indicated, in degrees, the strength of the person who pressed on the ball with his hand. This was a very simple construction; but Buffon and Gueneau, being anxious to estimate Exclusive of the fixed benches, and necessary the muscular force of each limb separately, and

"This is life eternal.

That they might know thee, the only true God;
And Jesus Christ whom thou hast sent."

John xvii. 3.