ashes. Thus, not a single European was left | tions through commissioners. In the following upon the shores of the Delaware, twenty-five year Lord Baltimore made a peremptory demand years after it was discovered. upon the West India Company, to order their In 1632, Wouter Van Twiller was appointed colonists to submit to his superior authority. A governor of New Netherlands, in place of Min- peremptory refusal was instantly given, and a uit, and under his administration, affairs went on war seemed inevitable. But the weakness of very prosperously. In 1637, a colony of Swedes, Maryland, and the future conquests over the under the auspices of Christina, queen of Swe- Dutch, contemplated by the English, probably den, and daughter of the great Gustavus Adol- prevented hostilities at that time. phus, landed upon the shores of Delaware bay. Nor were the English and Swedes on the south, They were under the command of Minuit, the the only enemies with whom the Dutch had to Dutch ex-governor, and went busily to work in contend. Those of Connecticut were constantly erecting buildings for dwellings and fortifications intruding upon the Dutch boundaries, and during upon Cape Henloopen, (Henlopen,) where they the last five years of Kieft's administration, confirst landed. They purchased the soil of the na-siderable blood had been shed on both sides. The tives, from Delaware to the point where the city English having been invited thither by the Dutch, of Trenton, in New Jersey, now stands. This with the avowal that they should preserve their intrusion, as the Dutch deemed it, awakened nationality, considered themselves independent. their ire and jealousy; and Kieft, the Dutch gov-They settled upon the banks of the Connecticut, ernor who had succeeded Van Twiller, remon- and upon the east end of Long Island, and carristrated with Minuit. The Swedes claimed the right of purchase, and the Dutch set about disputing the right, by erecting a fort upon the Hoeren kill, or Harlot's creek, near the Delaware. In 1640, John Printz, a colonel of cavalry, was appointed governor of the Swedish colony, with full power to ratify the purchase of Minuit, make treaties and in case of hostilities with the Dutch, o maintain his position till the last. But such was not the case, and his whole administration was one of quiet and prosperity. Printz was succeeded by his son-in-law, John Papsego, who, after two years, was succeeded by John Risingh, who preside over the Swedes till they were subjugated by the Dutch, under Peter Stuyvesant, in 1654. ed on quite an extensive trade with the Indians, without acknowledging the authority of the Dutch. Such was the case when Kieft was succeeded by the brave old officer, Peter Stuyvesant, who was commissioned governor-general of Curacoa and the Dutch West Indies. Governor Stuyvesant at once concluded treaties of peace and trade with the Indian tribes, and after much negotiation, made an amicable settlement of the boundary question with the New England or Connecticut colony. But the efforts of the respective colonies to engross each for themselves the Indian trade, kept up a constant jealousy, and an unfounded report gained credence among the eastern colonies, that the Dutch This commander, then governor of New governor had incited the Indians to massacre the Netherlands, though engaged with his English English. Of this charge Stuyvesant gave an neighbors and enemies of Connecticut, appeared indignant denial; but the New England colonies in the Delaware on the ninth of September, 1654, were not satisfied, and they determined to comwith nearly seven hundred men, and, without mence a war against the Dutch. They applied bloodshed, reduced all the Swedish posts, and to Cromwell who was then Protector of England, made the colony a part of the New Netherlands. for aid. Cromwell was then at war with HolAbout 1640, the puritans beforementioned, pur- land, and he at once complied with their request. chased of the Indians, lands on the Delaware, An English squadron for the purpose arrived at but both the Dutch and Swedes considered them Boston, in 1654; but peace soon after being conintruders, and Kieft and Risingh joined in expel- cluded between the Protector and the States ling them. About this time, a colony was dis-general, the orders were countermanded, and the covered on the Schuylkill, seated under the pat- squadron returned to England. ent of Lord Baltimore, but their right was also Although the States general, and the West disputed by Kieft, and means were used for ex- India Company had openly denied the pretensions pelling them. In 1647, Stuyvesant succeeded of Lord Baltimore, yet they gave Stuyvesant Kieft as governor of New Netherlands, and he at private instructions to retire beyond Baltimore's once commenced conciliatory measures with the claimed boundary, in case of hostilities. Stuyintruders. A great deal of negotiation was carried vesant was much chagrined at this exhibition of on for several years, but to little purpose; and the weakness of his superiors, and he solicited in 1659, Nathaniel Utie, governor of Maryland, that a formal copy of the grant made by the demanded possession of the shores of the Dela-States general to the Company, might be transware, by virtue of the patent from the English mitted to him, that by it, he might efficiently ascrown to Lord Baltimore. He at once prepared sert the interests he was bound to defend. But to use forcible means, and Stuyvesant, firm but they were too afraid of English power, to grant cool, resisted all his efforts, by constant negotia- ' this request; and Stuyvesant willing to propitiate the English by honorable means, sent a commission to Sir William Berkley, governor of Virginia, proposing a commercial treaty. This treaty was formed, but Berkley carefully avoided the recognition of the territorial pretensions of the Dutch, which Stuyvesant hoped to obtain. When Charles II. was restored after the downfall of Cromwell, the colonists of New Netherlands hoped for a different policy to be exercised toward them by the crown; and Stuyvesant seized every opportunity to propitiate the English court. When the pursuers of Goffe and Whalley, the judges who condemned Charles I., requested Stuyvesant not to offer them protection, he readily acquiesced, and agreed to prohibit all vessels from transporting them beyond the reach of pursuers. But this policy had no effect, for Charles, from the moment of his restoration, determined to bring the Dutch colony in America, under subjection to the British crown. Added to this determination, Charles viewed the New England colonists, the puritans, with hatred, for they seemed to him a remnant of that faction, who had murdered his unhappy predecessor, and driven himself into exile; and he determined to teach them, also, that they were not beyond his reach, even in the new world. Stuyvesant saw the storm that was gathering, and made an unsuccessful attempt to engage the New England colonies in an alliance with the Dutch, against a common enemy. While he was personally engaged in this business, an English fleet approached the coast of the New Netherlands, and the governor was obliged to return in haste to the defence of his province. expedition so unwarrantable in all its arrangements and purposes. The command of the fleet, and the government of the province, were given to Colonel Nichols. The fleet touched at Boston, where an armed force had been ordered to join it, and immediately proceeded to New Amsterdam. Governor Winthrop of Connecticut, and others, joined the king's standard, and the armament that appeared in New York (then New Amsterdam) bay, consisted of three ships, one nundred and thirty guns, and six hundred men. Governor Stuyvesant was anxious to offer resistance, notwithstanding the force was superior to his own; but the peaceful inhabitants regarding the terms of capitulation as exceedingly favorable were disposed to surrender at once. For sometime Stuyvesant kept up a negotiation, but to no purpose; and at last an honorable surrender was made. The capitulation was signed by the Commissioners on the twenty-seventh of August, 1664, but the governor could not be brought to ratify it by his signature, until nearly two days afterward. Fort Orange surrendered to Colonel Cartright on the twenty-fourth of September, who confirmed the title of Jeremiah Van Rensselaer, to the manor of Rensselaerwicke. The name of Fort Orange was changed to Albany, and that of New Amsterdam to New York, in honor of the proprietor. Governor Stuyvesant made a voyage to Holland, and on his return, retired to his estate in the Bowery, in the city of New York, where he spent the remainder of his life. At his death, he was interred within a chapel which he had erected upon his own land. He left behind him an untarnished reputation, and his descendants now enjoy the same honorable name and vast possessions, bequeathed by this illustrious ancestor. DAILY VALUE OF SUNSHINE. As an excuse for commencing hostilities, Charles had endeavored, but unsuccessfully, to provoke the States general. His only excuse left was, that the English first discovered and landed upon various parts of the American shore, and laid claim by this priority, to exclusive jurisdiction over the whole. In pursuit of his purpose, he gave to his brother, the Duke of York, a grant dated 1664, entitling him to the whole region from the Delaware to the Connecticut river, with out any regard to the Dutch settlements, or the previous charter granted to the Connecticut colony. Upon this unjust ground, did the English monarch found his excuse for commencing hos-doubt, that considering the nature of the previ tilities against the New Netherlands. As soon as Stuyvesant heard of the preparations for conquest making by England, he communicated the alarming intelligence to the States general; but the only aid they sent him, was the original grant, which they had before denied him. But this was entirely inefficient in combating an THE value of the agricultural products of the United States, cannot be less than five hundred millions of dollars annu lly. The perfection of this is depending on the weather of four months, June, July, August, and September, or about one that without sunshine the crops would be a failhundred and twenty days. Every one knows ure, either totally or partially, and hence we can estimate its average daily value at about There can be no four millions of dollars! ous weather, the beautiful days preceding the twentieth of July, added from ten to fifteen millions daily to the value of our agricultural products; yet, like many other good things, the very commonness of this invaluable and powerful agent, causes it to be overlooked, and its results undervalued. Without sunshine the earth would soon become another chaos, destitute of order, "without form and void." Genesee Farmer. LIKE every other department of art connected with the fabulous ages of remote antiquity, that of coining money as a circulating medium, is involved in uncertainty as to the period and place at which it was first commenced. From corroborative circumstances, it is probable that the Scythians were the first people who used the metals in specified weights and forms, as representatives of value, and hence they may be considered 'the inventors of coined money. The most ancient of the Greek coins have only one side impressed with figures or dates, without a reverse, and show the coining process to have been in its infancy. Also upon the coins of ancient India, only the obverse is seen. The first Greek coins, having a reverse, had it cut in, after the obverse medal was struck in a matrix; and this method was also used by the Japanese. From the very commencement of coining, representations of heroes, monarchs, or imaginary deities have usually appeared upon them, or else some device having a national or municipal character. Some of the earlier Greek coins had the head of Apollo with his lyre upon the reverse; also Apollo, as well as the eagle, is seen upon Cretan coins. The Phoenicians, who were the greatest commercial people of antiquity, had quite a variety of coins, but nearly all of them had a representation of their chief goddess, Astarte, upon the reverse. The obverse generally exhibited the name of the reigning ruler, the date, et cetera. Astarte, or Astaroth, was the moon, worshipped in the human form, and was to the Tyrians, Sidonians, and other commercial cities of the East, what Diana and Juno were to the Greeks. Her sacrificial rites were not bloody, but consisted in offerings of bread, liquors, and perfumes. She was styled the "queen of heaven," and hence we see the force of the meaning of the prophet Jeremiah, when lamenting over the idolatries of the Hebrews he charged them with "making cakes for the queen of heaven." Her temples were usually the groves, whose subdued light nearly resembles that of the moon. The following Phoenician silver coins, of the proper size, represent her in different forms, and are the only specimens extant, as far as known. The Carthaginians, who succeeded the Phæni- we subjoin, is the representation of a silver coin, cians in commerce, had various kinds of coins, of made when Carthage was subject to Rome. It is silver, gold and copper. The specimen which magnified about one third, and weighs forty-eight grains. The reverse is the hull of a ship, and is important as shewing the form of vessels at that time. As may be seen, they were fitted with oars, and from the peculiar form, it is easy to believe that they were exceedingly slow sailers. And these perhaps were improvements upon those of the Phoenicians, who, it is said, circumnavigated Africa. But this assertion we believe to be untrue; and if other facts to support our incredulity were wanting, the size and construction of their ships would be sufficient. Some have endeavored to prove that the Phenicians under Pharaoh Necho, went, in connexion with mariners of Solomon, around the Cape of Good Hope to the coast of Guinea for gold, which place they suppose to be the Ophir of the sacred record. But this is mere conjecture, and is based only upon feeble hypotheses. The Persians coined money at a very early date. The coin most in use, of which we have a perfect knowledge, was the Daric, supposed to have been so named from Darius, the Mede, who subverted the Babylonian empire, and established the Medo-Persian kingdom. The subjoined cuts represent a gold and silver daric, specimens of which are in the British museum. The gold one weighs one hundred and twenty-nine grains; and considering the purity of the metal, (which is without alloy,) is worth about six dollars. These coins were in extensive circulation in Western Asia, and in Greece, even in the time of our Saviour, and constituted one portion of the tribute money paid by the Jews to their Roman masters. One of the faces of the gold coin abovementioned, bears the effigy of the Persian king; the other, that of an archer as seen in the cuts. Silver Carthaginian Roman Coin. The Babylonians who, at the time that Tyre . and Sidon were at the height of their commercial renown carried on an extensive inland commerce, used coins of different value, made of the various metals. The specimens given below, are pictures of two kinds in the British museum, and are considered very ancient, probably as ancient as the time of Belshazzar, and perhaps earlier. They are both of silver, the larger being worth in value about twenty-eight cents of our money. They represent both the obverse and reverse: the larger may be considered a correct portrait of an ancient walled town-perhaps of Babylon itself. Dr. Clarke saw a Greek coin found in Macedonia, which very much resembled these, showing that the manner of walling towns was similar in various ancient countries. UNPROFITABLE DELIBERATION--One half of human life is made up of wasted consideration. The highways of the world are strewed with the sand of thoughts cast away. The events over which we have no control, affect our destiny a thousandfold more than the few that we can govern; and while we ponder over our decision, fate decides for us, and the game is played. MARRIAGE. THE matrimonial covenant is an ordinance of Heaven. Immediately after the creation of man, "The Lord God said, It is not good that man should be alone; I will make him a help meet for him." This domestic constitution is a distinguishing characteristic of Christianity, and is essential to the elevation and happiness of our race. Every young man should, therefore, if possible, contemplate being married. It is a Christian duty, as well as privilege, to have a companion to share with you the responsibilities, interests and enjoyments of life. If a man is in circumstances to be married, he is usually less useful to society, and perhaps always less happy for remaining in the single state. That he "may be perfect and entire, wanting nothing," he must have a wife. establishment, as is becoming those who have been wedded for twenty years. This is very unhappy. It fills the community with bachelors, who are waiting to make their for tunes, endangering virtue and promoting vice; it mars the true economy and design of the domestic institution; and it promotes idleness and inefficiency among females who are expecting to be taken up by fortune and passively sustained without any care or concern on their part-and thus many a modern wife becomes, as a gentleman once remarked, not a help meet, but a help eat. There is another unpleasant evil attending this, especially as it bears pretty severely on the fair sex. When bachelors have made their fortunes and become some forty or fifty years old, they do not usually take wives of their own age, but they When a man lives single beyond the proper then abandon those with whom they have hitherto time for being married, there is a prevalent suspi-associated, requite all the pleasure which their socion among the other sex that he is addicted to ciety has afforded them with utter neglect; they vice. I do not know but that this judgment is a then select for their companions the young and little severe-for there are some bachelors of un-blooming, and thus leave to their fate a numerquestionable virtue. But that there is a founda- ous class of worthy maidens. tion for a general suspicion of this sort, will hard- Great disparity in matrimony is an evil in many ly be questioned; and the vicious tendency of particulars; and what is more unnatural than to celibacy, in communities, are very generally known see a young miss wedded to a man old enough to and acknowledged. be her father? He ought to have sense enough to know, that unless she is an eccentric character, she never married him for love: and she ought also know, that in consenting to marry him, she in all probability consented to make herself a wretched slave-to put herself in the power of a man who had already expended his first and warmest love upon others; and who by his superior age, his matured habits of pleasing himself and of having his own way, and the self-importance which property gives, was well qualified to act the part of the tyrant, rather than that of a husband. The time for marrying after the period indicated by nature has arrived, must of course vary somewhat with circumstances. As a general rule, early marriages are desirable; but then they should be under one or two conditions, either that of property inherited, or already acquired, adequate to the usual expense, or that of simplicity and frugality in the style of living, sufficient to reduce the expense with the present earnings. The latter is always best. It is the happiest and most virtuous state of society, in which the husband and wife set out early together, make their property together and with perfect sympathy of soul graduate all their expenses; plans, calculations, and desires, with reference to their present means and to their future and common interests. Nothing delights me more than to enter the neat little tenement of the young couple, who within perhaps two or three years, without any resources but their own knowledge and industry, have joined heart and hand engaged to share together the responsibilities, duties, interests, trials and pleasures of life. The industrious wife is cheerfully employing her own hands in domestic duties, putting her house in order, or mending her husband's clothes, or preparing the dinner, while perhaps the little darling sits prattling upon the floor, or lies sleeping in the cradle-and everything seems preparing to welcome the happiest of husbands and the best of fathers when he shall come from his toil to enjoy the sweets of his little paradise. This is the true domestic pleasure, the "only bliss that survived the fall." Health, contentment, love, abundance and bright prospects are all here. If a young man has property, he may of course marry at a suitable age, and adopt the style of living, which is justified by his means. But if he is destitute of property, he has three alternatives, and he can take his choice between them. Selecting a prudent industrious person for his wife, he may marry young, and live in a style of simplicity adapted to his income; or he can wait till he has acquired a property, so as to be able to support a family in the more modern and fashionable style; or he can marry at any rate, launch fearlessly out into all the expenses of a fashionable establishment, and run his chance of bringing his wife and chil dren to want. The first is the best, the second is the next, and the third is bad enough. Winslow. THE value of contemporary criticism is thus illustrated by the Cincinnati Republican : Pepys, in his memoirs, thus speaks of Hudibras : "When I came to read it, it is so silly an abuse of the Presbyter Knights going to the wars, that I am astonished at it; and by-and-by meeting at Mr. Townsend's at dinner, I sold it to Mr. BatBut it has become a prevailing sentiment, that a tersby for one shilling!" And the following is a man must acquire his fortune before he marries-passage of a letter from the celebrated Waller: that the wife must have no sympathy nor share with" The blind old schoolmaster, John Milton, hath him in the pursuit of it, in which most of the pleas-published a tedious poem on the fall of man; if ure truly consists; and that young married peo- its length be not considered as a merit, it hath no ple must set out with as large and expensive another." I |