capital, he crossed the Hellespont and joined the main army.. Raimond had scarcely departed, before Robert of Normandy with a host of Norman knights, appeared under the walls of Constantinople. He was a brave soldier, but indolent and indifferent, and when Alexius demanded homage from him, and told him that Godfrey, and Hugh, and Boemond had done the same, "We are not greater than they," said he, was submissive, and passed on over the Hellespont, loaded with presents of money and provisions. This was the last of the terrible hosts that came into the capital of the eastern empire in such rapid succession, and Alexius felt greatly relieved when he saw the last crusader well out of his dominions. The whole body of the crusaders having cross

peror speedily released the prisoners, who gallop-1 ed out of the city unmolested, to meet their deliverer on the plains. It is supposed that the design of the emperor in arresting Hugh, was to gain an act of homage from him, and by such a precedent, establish a rule for all future leaders. Foiled in this attempt, Alexius employed all his art in wringing an act of homage from the great leader himself. Bands of plunderers annoyed his encampment, but were several times expelled, and he at length found out that the emperor was treacherous in the extreme. Giving way at last to his anger, Godfrey ravaged the country with fire and sword in the vicinity of Constantinople, for six successive days. Alexius came to terms, and became the knight's obsequious friend. He called Godfrey his son, clothed him with the roy-ed the Hellespont, were joined by Peter the Heral purple robes, and virtually placed the empire at his disposal. At length the knight gave the emperor his hand, according to feudal forms, and declared himself his liegeman. Soon after, Godfrey and Hugh with their armies crossed the Hellespont into Asia.

mit, with a few of his former followers, and all set out for Nice. On their approach, the Sultan Soliman left the imperial city with a body of men, and rode through the country in all directions, making levies to attack the crusaders from without at the same time that they should be attackAbout this time Boemond prince of Tarentum, ed by the besieged from within. The Christians and Tancred his kinsman, who is represented as surrounded the city, in number nearly six hundred one of the noblest of all the knights in the armies thousand, two hundred thousand of whom were of the crusades, set out from Italy with a host of mounted knights. The city was situated in the Italian and Norman nobles, and entered the do- centre of a vast plain, and the splendid appearminions of Alexius by the way of Epirus. They ance of the crusaders is thus described by an elewere much annoyed by bands of Greek plunder-gant writer: "The glittering arms of the knights, ers, but after several skirmishes, they reached, their painted shields and fluttering pennons; the without much loss, Adrianople. Thither the emperor sent deputies, promising every protection, and requesting the presence of Boemond alone at his court. The prince at first refused, but finally consented, and in consequence of the bestowment upon him of immense treasures and domains, Boemond at length agreed to do homage to the emperor. This degradation to which Hugh submitted for his liberty, and Godfrey for peace, was done by Boemond for gain, and much was the noble Tancred grieved at the disgrace. He immediately marched his forces toward Constantinople as if with the intention of following the humiliating example of his kinsman, but he sud-hands of the crusaders, and the plans of the Suldenly crossed the Hellespont, and joined Godfrey upon the Asiatic shore. Alexius was enraged, and endeavored, but without success, to bring him back.

While Alexius was planning means to gain the homage of Tancred, Raimond count of Toulouse, appeared with a host of the bravest of the chivalry of southern Europe. Himself proud, he at once rejected the demands of the emperor, and after sometime spent in trying to subdue his lofty spirit, Alexius changed his course of conduct, and became his warm friend. Raimond stayed for sometime at his court, indulging in its pleasures, but on the marching of Godfrey with the great body of the crusaders toward Nice, the Turkish

embroidered banners of the barons, their splendid coats-of-arms and magnificent mantles; the gorgeous robes of the Latin priests, who were present in immense numbers, and the animated multitude of bowmen and foot-soldiers, mingled with thousands of that most beautiful of beasts, the horse, all spread out in the unclouded brightness of an Asiatic sky, formed as shining and extraordinary scene as the eye could look upon."

The Sultan collected a large force in the mountains that overlooked the plain and city, and sent down messengers to confer with the garrison within the walls. These messengers fell into the

tan were at once known. The siege was commenced with battering-rams, catapultæ, &c., and though attacked by the Turks from without, yet the crusaders continued the siege with great courage and spirit. After besieging the city for five weeks, the Christians perceived that the Turks received supplies into the city by means of the lake Ascanius, whose waters flowed up to the wall of the fortress. Vessels were immediately procured from Constantinople, and being dragged over a narrow neck of land, served to complete the absolute blockade of the city, and the Turks gave up in despair. In the meanwhile, the perfidious Alexius, by the means of this water communication, had intercourse with the Turks, and by

means of great presents, effected a treaty by chetta, where plenty abounded, and there they which Nice was surrendered to him. What was determined to rest and recruit. the astonishment of the crusaders in beholding, just at the moment of their victory well earned, the standard of the emperor unfolded upon the walls of the city, and a body of Greek troops in possession thereof! The wife and children of the Sultan had fallen into the hands of the crusaders, and they were exchanged for some of the soldiers who were taken prisoners from Walter the Penniless.

After remaining some time at this city, during which period several detachments had made short and successful expeditions, the whole body set out for Antioch. This city they besieged, and from the time that they left it till they appeared before the walls of Jerusalem, the whole history of their progress is made up of victories and defeats, famines, pestilences, seditions, desertions, cowardice and bravery. Had they acknowledged The Christian party did not linger long about but one leader, and him implicitly obeyed, they Nice, but pressed forward toward Jerusalem. In would far sooner, and with much less loss, have their march the different bodies became some-reached and captured the holy city; and perhaps what divided, yet kept approximate to each other. at this day, had a proper spirit governed the leadThe city having fallen, Soliman with his two hun-ers of the crusaders, the banner of the cross might dred thousand steel-clad warriors, hung around have floated triumphantly over the land of Palesthe progressing armies of the cross, and on the tine, where that of the crescent is unfurled. third day, just as Boemond and Robert, who were Only about sixty thousand of that immense together, commenced their march from a fertile host that besieged Nice remained when they apvalley where they had encamped, the Turks ap- proached Jerusalem. The first intimation of their peared in immense numbers upon distant mount- near approach, was a deputation from Bethlehem, ains. Like a swollen torrent they poured down the birth-place of the Savior! All hearts were upon the plain, and attacked the crusaders with suddenly warmed with glowing enthusiasm, and the greatest fury. As they approached, two hun- amid the darkness of night, thousands pressed dred thousand arrows blackened the air, and fell forward on foot toward Jerusalem. The first ray with deadly effect among the soldiers of the cross. of morning greeted their glad eyes with a prosThe European chivalry acted bravely, but over-pect of the holy city, the goal to which for many powering numbers pressed upon them with sub-months they had been pressing through every toil duing force. Many of the bravest knights fell, and danger. "The name," says Albert of Aix,

and ere the crusaders had time to recover from was echoed by a thousand tongues-Jerusalem! the first shock, the camp of Boemond was attack- Jerusalem! Some shouted to the sky; some knelt ed in the rear, and the blood of the old, the wo- and prayed; some wept in silence; and some men and the infirm flowed freely. Robert, seeing cast themselves down and kissed the blessed Boemond flying, cried out, "Normandy! Nor- earth." "All had much ado," says another old mandy! Whither fly you, Boemond! your Apulia writer, "to manage so great a gladness." is afar! Where go you, Tancred! your Otran- The city was immediately surrounded, and a to is not near you! Turn! turn upon the en- vigorous attack commenced. The siege continemy! God wills it! God wills it!" Seizing his ued many days, and the Turks having filled up banner, he charged furiously upon the Turks, all the wells in the vicinity, many of the Chrisdrove them back, and Boemond turned toward tians died of thirst. Engines were prepared, afthe camp. ter a brief cessation of the assault, and when But for many hours the Turks continued their completed, the attack was renewed with increasattacks, till at last the Christians were about ed ardor. Suddenly a soldier appeared upon yielding, when a cloud of dust at a distance at-mount Olivet, waving on the crusaders to follow. tracted their attention, and they saw with joy the None knew how he came there, and this appared banners of the cross fluttering in the breeze.rition gave almost supernal strength to the ChrisThe chivalry of Western Europe under Godfrey tian warriors. A tower on which Godfrey was, and Hugh came spurring on to the battle, and afar off their animating cry of "God wills it! God wills it!" was heard by the Christians, and inspired them with new courage. The Turks were repulsed, their camp and immense booty captured, with all the Christian prisoners. The crusaders left about four thousand of their own, and nearly fifteen thousand of the Turkish soldiers dead upon the field, and pressed on toward Antiochetta. For some distance the Turks went before them, ravaging the country, and famine destroyed more than the sword. At length they reached Antio

was rolled up to the walls, and he, followed by several other brave knights, sprang upon the ramparts, and amid the shouts of the besiegers, unfurled the banner of the cross. Tancred and Robert burst in one of the gates, and at the same time Raimond forced his way into the city in another quarter. A general massacre ensued, the streets were filled with the dead bodies, and the courts of the mosque of Omar, whither thousands of the Turks had fled, were deluged with the blood of the infidels, and the great aim of one of the most extraordinary movements which the world ever

saw, was accomplished, and Jerusalem and the holy | city, the leaders and their followers threw oft Sepulchre passed into the hands of Christians. Af- their armor, and in the garb of meek penitents. ter securing the spoils, and well garrisoning the prostrated themselves before the holy Sepulchre

Having conquered by vast toil the holy eity, [from the night of ages that had long brooded over the next thing to be done was to devise and exe- Europe, and impelled by a controlling and fiery cute means to retain it. It was necessary to es- spirit which the greatest intelligence and the tablish a civil government, to create a new king-soundest judgment could scarcely curb. dom. The leaders met in council to elect a king, and after a brief sitting, Godfrey of Bouillon, duke of Lorraine, was unanimously chosen.

*The Holy Sepulchre, a representation of which is given in the above engraving, is contained in a church at Jerusalem, tioned the truth of the assertion,) that the precincts of the bearing the same name. It is said, (though a few have queschurch includes the sight of Calvary and of the Sepulchre where the Savior was laid. From the days of Constantine till the present, Christians of all countries have agreed that such is the case, and at this remote period no proof, pro. nor con. can be adduced. Nor is it important.

Other crusades were undertaken when the sceptre of Jerusalem afterward departed from the Christians, but our limits will not permit a further detail. To us, who enjoy all the blessings arising from the influence of a gospel whose very constituent principle is peace, the crusades appear The erection of this church dates as far back as Constantine, of doubtful propriety, and we can hardly recon- during whose reign it was probably built. About three hundred cile the bearing of arms by the ambassadors of years after, Khosroes II. of Persia demolished this church, but Christ, and the enormities committed by those Modestus, bishop of Jerusalem, rebuilt it. It was again ravaged who bore the sign of the cross, with our ideas of by the calif of Egypt about 1009, but, as some assert, was the mildness and winning graces of the pure gospel of our great Head. Yet we must consider this as a mighty movement of nations just emerging

rebuilt by that prince's mother, who was a Christian. About thirty years ago it was destroyed by fire, but was again restored. Chauteaubriand gives the following description of the church and the sepulchre :

France and dependan

1,698,433 South Carolina,
2,164,097 Georgia,

1,247,880 Alabama,
Texas) our Louisiana,

Imports into Exports from $25,681,462 $10,380,346 118,253,416

28,920,638 15,068,233 3,971,555 7,131,867 3,675,475

1,106,814

6,192,040

2,801,361 13,684,376

573,222 10,722,200

651,618 11,184,166 15,117,989 37,179,828 The various facts here stated abound in instruction to both the merchant and the states

Imports from

Exports to

man.

$86,022,915 $64,487,550

MANUFACTURE OF TAR.

Globe.

The

cies, 37,036,235 21,441,200 Spain and dependancies, 19,345,699 8,081,668 TAR is another article of manufacture. Netherlands and dependmachinery of the world could scarcely go on 4,799,157 without tar; yet we seldom think of inquiring 1,191,264 how it is made. Fir-trees, (pinus silvestris,) which 6,041,635 are stunted, or, from situation not adapted for In 1826, our imports from Great Britain were the sawmill, are peeled of the bark a fathom or nearly thirty-seven millions less than in 1838, and from France nineteen millions.

two up the stem. This is done by degrees, so that the tree should not decay and dry up at In 1836, the commercial balance was, as exhib- once, but for five or six years should remain in a ited by the customhouse books, nearly twenty-vegetating state, alive, but not growing. The sap two millions in favor of Great Britain. In 1838, the balance is nearly ten millions in favor of the United States.

In 1836, the balance in favor of France was nearly sixteen millions. In 1838, it was less than two millions.

The following exhibits the total value of the imports and exports of the states which were most deeply engaged in the foreign trade during the year 1838:

Massachusetts
New York,

Pennsylvania,
Maryland,
Virginia,

thus checked, makes the wood rich in tar; and at the end of six years, the tree is cut down, and is found converted almost entirely into the substance from which tar is distilled. The roots, rotten stubs, and scorched trunks of trees felled for clearing land, are all used for making tar. In the burning or distilling, the state of the weather, rain or wind, in packing the kiln, will make a difference of fifteen or twenty per cent. in the product of tar. The labor of transporting the tar Imports into Exports from out of the forest to the river-side is very great. $13,300,925 $9,104,862 The barrels containing the tar are always very 68,453,206 23,008,471 thick and strong, because, on the way to market, 3,477,151 they have often to be committed to the stream to 4,524,575 carry them down the rapids and waterfalls. 3,986,228 Laing's Tour in Sweden.

9,320,731

5,701,869
577,142

"This church is in the form of a cross; the chapel of the Holy Sepulchre constituting, in fact, the nave of the edifice. It is circular, like the Pantheon at Rome, and is lighted only by a dome, beneath which is the sepulchre. Sixteen marble columns adorn the circumference of this rotunda, and they are connected by seventeen arches, and support an upper gallery, likewise composed of sixteen columns and seventeen arches, of smaller dimensions than those of the lower range. Niches, corresponding with the arches, appear above the frieze of the second gallery, and the dome springs from the arch of these niches. The latter were formerly decorated with mosaics, representing the emperor Constantine, Helena his mother, and three other portraits unknown. These details will be understood by the help of the engraving, which exhibits, with the sepulchre itself, enough of the rotunda to show its arrangement and appearance. The sepulchre stands in the centre, immediately under the dome. This monument, as it stood before the fire, is mentioned by Dr. Clarke, as "a dusty fabric, like a huge pepperbox." Later travellers describe it as "a superb mausoleum" (Jolliffe); so we may infer that this part, at least, has gained by the restoration which the fire rendered necessary. The reader can however judge from the engraving, which renders a written description of the exterior perfluous.

of

Upon the raised platform of white marble, with a parapet the same, is a block of polished marble, about a foot and a half square, on which the angel is supposed to have sat when he spoke to the two Marys. The entrance from hence to the sepulchre itself is narrow and low-perhaps that no one may enter but in a posture reverently bent. The interior dimensions by no means correspond to the exterior. It is a small closet, rather more than six feet square by eight in height. Half its breadth, and about the whole of its length, are occupied by the sarcophagus, which is an oblong block of stone, on which it is said that the body of Christ was laid. It is encased in bluishwhite marble, to protect it from the too-zealous pilgrims, who might break off fragments for relics. For the same reason the interior of the cave is lined with slabs of that beautiful breccia commonly called Verde antique marble; and it is also hung with silk, of the color of the firmament. The sarcophagus "is strewed with flowers and bedewed with rose-water, and over it are suspended four-and-forty lamps, which are ever burning. The greater part of these are of silver, richly chased; a few are of gold, and were furnished by the different sects who divided the possessions of the church." So says Jolliffe; but Dr. Richardson says, "There are seven silver lamps constantly burning over it, the gifts of different potentates."

a, Trumpet or funeral Pipe, from an ancient tomb at Troy; Ancient Cornets-a, from Herculaneum; b, from Calmet. b, smaller of the same kind, from Herculaneum.