seed, and I know a gentleman possessing extensive plantations who gives the preference decidedly to this mode of propagation. In Sumatra, on the contrary, it is uniforinly raised from layers and cuttings, though the other method is equally understood. The reason for preferring this plan is seemingly very substantial, and would do credit to people less blamed for indolence than the Malays. The vine raised from the seed, they say, although it produces fourteen years (which is double the time reckoned upon that propagated in the other way), yet it yields smaller crops, and berries of less size and inferior quality: the latter circumstance alone should be of sufficient weight to urge the adoption of the other method.

"The usual time of putting the layers and cuttings into the ground is in the beginning of the greater monsoon, in September. The plant is afterwards left to its fate for twelve or eighteen months, when it is buried with all its branches in such a way, that only a small arch of the stem remains above ground. From this arch new shoots soon sprout out, three or four of which are allowed to climb up the tree, and expected to produce flowers and fruit in a year after this operation.

"It is reasonable to suppose that, by the practice just mentioned, the strength and vigour of the plant by the multiplication of its organs of nourishment, the roots, are so much increased that it can not only produce large crops of flowers, but bring the fruit also to its greatest perfection. To me it proves farther that the omission of this manipulation in the Company's plantations at Samulcotta, in the northern Circars, which were established by Dr. Roxburgh, was the cause of our failure. The plants that were raised from cuttings seemed indeed to thrive well, and soon produced blossoms; but such as had male flowers only. To account for this circumstance we supposed that the hermaphrodite plant had been withheld by the people who sent us cuttings from their hills, where pepper is cultivated to a small extent, when, in fact, we had starved our plants into celibacy. It seemed, at first, matter of astonishment to the Malays, when I mentioned pepper plantations that had produced no other than male flowers; but as they very quickly and shrewdly guessed the cause, I believe the same must have occurred to them occasionally.

"There are two seasons in the year in which this vine produces fruit, as is the case with most others in India. The flowers of the principal crop appear in September at the time of the first monsoon rains. They consist in a cylindrical string of a little more than a line in thickness, densely covered with small flowers, which can only with difficulty be analyzed by the naked eye of ordinary acuteness. In the latter end of December the berries begin to ripen, and are gathered during January, as they get to maturity. It is said that a plantation of pepper in these months presents a most beautiful sight, rich beyond comparison with any in the vegetable world. The whole part which covers all parts of the tree, is decked with bunches of green, white, and red berries, resting on

the

the shining deep green of its foliage, must, I can imagine, produce a pleasing, if not a grand, effect on the eye.

"The finest berries in the second state towards maturity are se lected for the purpose of making white pepper, which not long ago was supposed to be the fruit of a different plant. The process is very simple, and consists in steeping those berries for three or four days in running water, and then drying them well in the sun."

P. 403.

The second crop is gathered about July and August, but is much inferior to the former both in quantity and in quality. Dr. Heyne reckons that one thousand vines will produce about ten hundred weight and a half of pepper in the course of the year: and the price at which the cultivator must sell it to the company is three dollars per cwt. The camphor tree also flourishes in the northern parts of the island, and propagates itself among the mountains without the labour or expence of cultivation. Etch tree will yield about 3lbs; which is here found in grains or scales, whereas in Japan it must be distilled from the wood. The best produce is reserved for the China market.

To these letters is subjoined a paper from the Philosophical Transactions, which was read before the Royal Society in the November of 1813, containing an analysis by Dr. Thomson of a new species of copper ore discovered by our author near the eastern border of the Mysore. This mineral is termed the anhydrous carbonate of copper; the two native species of the carbonate of copper, with which the chemical world was before acquainted, namely the malachite, and the blue carbonate, both contained water as a constituent in different proportions, and were therefore considered as hydrous carbonates.

Upon the whole we can recommend this volume to the attention of our readers, as in some of the treatises, especially in the account of Sumatra, they will find both new and interesting matter. Dr. Heyne has gleaned very little from preceding writers; what he has seen himself he relates with sufficient brevity and simplicity, and where he wants information he freely confesses his ignorance. This circumstance we consider in many cases to be no small recommendation; our author however too frequently rests contented with his own observations, and presents us with a meagre and unsatisfactory treatise upon a subject of the most important nature, and of the widest extent. The volume itself is of a disjointed and desultory nature, and the single tracts too often partake of the nature of the whole. The statistical portions of the work are decidedly the best; the descriptive parts are generally good; of history and politics there is but little and that little not above mediocrity; upon all subjects connected either directly or collaterally with this studies atten dant on his profession, Dr. Heyne generally speaks with good

sense;

sense; but when he advances into a region to which he never can or never ought to have turned his enquiries, he writes with about as much information, as a politician would display upou the subject of surgery. Ne sutor ultra crepidam.

The usage of Indian terms, arising probably more from a long residence in the country than from pedantry or affectation, is much too frequent; Dr. Heyne forgets, that to an English ear these names are generally unintelligible, and that where necessity forces their introduction, they should be attended with more frequent explanations than he has thought proper to give.

The maps appear to be sufficiently accurate, and will prove generally useful; the various statistical tables also will be a valuable addition to those who are desirous of seeing the results of scientific research.

ART. V. Mémoire addressé au Roi, en Juillet 1814. Par M. Carnot, Lieutenant-General, Chevalier de l'Ordre Royal et Militaire de St. Louis, Membre de la Legion d'Honneur, de l'Institut de Franc, &c. A Bruxelles, chez tous les Libraires. A Londres, chez Johnson. pp. 39.

WE expected, after the re-establishment of peace between this country and France, to acquire a more intimate acquaintance with our lively and versatile neighbours. We anticipated the hard trial of our patience by many publications to inform us of things which we already knew, and about which we are indifferent. We foresaw that many travellers would recount the peculiarities of the French cookery, and the variety of their fine flavoured wines, the decorations of their theatres, and the orna ments of their churches; the magnificence of their triumphal arches, and the loftiness of Buonaparte's pillar; the grandeur of the Façade of the Tuilleries, and the treasures of art accumu-. lated at the Louvre: with these things our English travellers have gratified the appetite even to satiety. Mr. Eustace has told us something more, but indeed far less than might have been expected by those who remember his classical and most interesting account of the Tour which he made in Italy. Except from him we have learnt nothing. The meagre performances of our other travellers published since the road to Paris was laid open, are too mean for critical notice.

We hoped that some of our countrymen would have made more useful observations, and by this time have given them publication, that they would have afforded us some insight into the moral character of regenerated France. We wished to ascertain

whether

whether twenty-five years of unmitigated sorrow had created in the public mind universal and sincere compunction, not only for the crimes of the revolution, but for the principles from which such crimes naturally proceed: whether the restoration of their lawful government was merely the result of circumstances which the revolutionary power could not controul, or whether the people were convinced, by sad experience, not only of the evil effects, but of the guilt of Jacobinical commotion: whether they were desirous not only to re-establish the throne, but to adopt practically and loyally the duties which strengthen the throne; not only to restore the persecuted priesthood, but to give energy to their christian institution by moral conformity ; to gather the fragments of their ancient law out of the ruins of impiety and treason, and to superadd the sanction of public principle and manners to the renovated power of the magistrate. But truly we learn little of these things from our English travellers; we must cast about for other means of information.

The extraordinary publication which gives title to this article, we select from many others, because in France, and in this country also, it has been considered as the manifesto of a party, which though weakened and reduced is always formidable, which gave to the revolution its peculiar character, which seized the helm of the state when the philosophical speculators were busy in their fanciful structure of a commonwealth without civil gradations, and a monarchy without a chief, which made the French nation apparently unanimous in crime and confiscation, and which orga nized the mighty force created only by themselves to subdue civilised Europe. This party Buonaparte had cheated and deceived when he founded his own personal despotism. His gigantic power he established by adopting their plans of internal terror and foreign aggrandisement; but he acquired temporary popularity by crushing them, and putting an end to anarchy. Those who remained of that savage party could not delight in the happy events which terminated in the expulsion of the usurper, and the restoration of the rightful hereditary line. We have here that which is esteemed their judgment of the practical result of those glorious events. M. Carnot delivers their common sentiment.

During the years of difficulty and wild discussion which preceded the storm of the revolution, M. Carnot does not appear to have distinguished himself as a public character. He had chosen the military profession. Having none of the advantages of birth or fortune, his advancement was of course not rapid in the time of peace. But he enjoyed the favour of the family of Conde, and by their patronage he obtained the rank of captain of artillery.

But

But Carnot had made himself remarkable for great scientific researches, and to that circumstance was attributed the favour of his illustrious patrons, which was always bestowed on men of literature and science. The time at last came when statesmen and legislators were sought in the schools and academies. All the establishments of France, civil, political, and religious, were subverted. Speculative philosophy, where every thing ancient was reprobated, because it was ancient, gave a better title to the public confidence than prudence or experience. Carnot was known to be a philosopher and a speculator. He obtained a seat in the legislative assembly, which was convened in the autumu of 1791.

As a member of that body, forgetting all his obligations to the family of Conde, the honour of his profession, and all the duties connected with it, he became clamorous in pursuing that course which made rebellion permanently triumphant on the 10th of August. So high was he in the estimation of the conspirators of that day, that he was selected as a commissioner to announce to the armies, that their sovereign was dethroned, that the royal family were imprisoned, and that their future obedience was claimed by those who had usurped all power over the destinies of France. The zeal with which he performed his mission, determined the fate of Europe at that awful crisis.

Carnot was also elected by the town of Calais a member of the national convention, which abolished the royalty altogether, and brought the king to the scaffold. He was a leader among the regicides. Upou the Appel Nominal he said,

"Dans mon opinion, la justice veut que Louis meure, et la politique le veut également. Jamais, je l'avoue, devoir ne pesa davantage sur mon cœur, que celui qui m'est imposé; mais je pense que pour prouver vôtre attachement aux lois de l'égalité, pour prouver que les ambitieux ne vous effraient point, vous devez frapper de mort le tyran. Je vote pour le mort."

After the death of the king, he became one of that ferocious party which instituted the reign of terror. He proceeded to organize the armies, and undoubtedly, by his vigour in that duty, he established the revolution. He became a member of that committee of public safety, the existence of which posterity will hardly credit, for every thing venerable they attempted to destroy, all virtuous principle they denounced, and all that the social man in his lowest state regards as fundamental, they persecuted and overwhelmed. He was the champion of Jacobinism. After the fall of Robespierre, he contrived to escape the public vengeance. He acquired power in the succeeding tyranny, and in 1795 was one of the directors. He remained in that office till