to the God of his fathers; and his latter days are happier than his first.

"Another man has only lived to embrace his children, and to commend them to God. They are helpless infants, cast on the care of Providence; but they are chofen to be eminent examples of the faithfulness of God. He raises up men of different views and characters to fulfil to them the duties of a father. By their means they enjoy more liberal advantages than their parents could have given them; and even the circumftance which has deprived them of the benefits of paternal care, is ufed by Providence to affure them of the means of profperity. They become more the objects of attention, than they would have been in their original fituation. They enjoy opportunities of exertion and fuccess, from which a more profperous beginning would have naturally excluded them. If they experience the help of their father's friends, they are as often indebted to the kindness of a stranger. They are able at last to bring forward one another, and to be use. ful to other men. And they remember together, with affection and reverence, the virtues and the prayers of a father, which Providence has confecrated as "an inheritance" to them.

"The conduct of Providence in fimilar cafes, is too much di. verfified to be reprefented in detail. But if we fhall look into the various departments of human life, and confider by whom they are occupied; if we shall recollect the hiftory of the worthy, the active, the profperous, the opulent men; we shall find that no fmall proportion of them have been the children of Providence. We fhall fee among them men who have derived nothing from their fathers but the effects of paternal virtues; men who have been brought forward by the help to which they were conscious of no claim, and of which they had no natural expectations; men who have been indebted to events which are denominated the accidents of life, which, though unforeseen by men, are the decrees of God; men who have found patronage and protection where they leaft expected them, and at the moft critical feafons, and whofe fuccefs has exceeded all their computations; men who look back with complacency on the humble fphere in which their fathers ferved God, in the labour of love" and of good works, and who have the pure fatisfaction of believing, that "their prayers and their alms have come up before God, as a memorial * for them."

P. 214.

This is throughout an excellent fermon; it was preached before the Society of the Sons of the Clergy of the Church of Scotland in the year 1792, and gives a most fatisfactory account of the inftitution and of the management and application of the charity. The xth fermon on the general ipirit and effects of christianity is not only excellent in itself, but

Acts x. 4.'

illuftrated

illuftrated by very learned and judicious notes, especially on the fuperior attention paid to the poor under the gofpel, rather than under any other fyftem of religion or politics. The fol lowing extract from the x111th fermon is upon fo interesting a fubject, that we are tempted not to withhold it.

We enter naturally into the happinefs which we fuppofe to arife, in the invifible world, from the progrefs and perfection of the human mind. We anticipate, without an effort, the enjoy ments refulting from the full exercife of our faculties, in their moft perfect ftate, on the variety of the works of God. And why may we not fuppofe, that thofe who have, in this life, derived their chief delight, and their most important occupations, from the culture and exertion of their intellectual powers, will in a more eminent degree, than men whofe minds have been differently directed, derive from the fame fources, both their peculiar employments, and the happiness refulting from them; after they fhall have rifen to a fuperior order of intelligent fpirits, and fhall be in a capacity to contemplate, with enlarged and vigorous faculties, the expanded and eternal glory, which is veiled from mortal eyes?

"We can imagine, in like manner, that those who receive their chief fatisfactions in this world, from the exercise of kind affections, or from good works; from the ardour with which they affift other men, or from their usefulness and fidelity in the Lord, will receive a proportional diftinction and pre-eminence in the world to come. We can believe that this will be the fact, not merely in respect of the relation which the fulness of their reward will bear to their paft fervice, but alfo, because their pecu liar joys, in the kingdom of heaven, will refult from the progrefs and perfection of the fame general character, which diftinguishes them in the prefent life; because they are deftined to become the ardent and active inftruments of happiness to other worlds, or will be permitted to affift the fervice, and to add to the enjoyments, of the bleffed fpirits, with whom they are at last to dwell.

"In this view of the fubject, it is natural to imagine, that the attachments and recollections of the prefent life will not be loft in the kingdom of heaven. The gofpel uniformly connects the happiness of glorified faints, with their affociation together, and with the multitude of thofe who are employed in the fame occupations, or enjoy the fame felicity. The apostles fpeak of those who are their hope, their joy, their crown of rejoicing, their glory, at the coming of our Lord Jefus Chrift:" And " they that be wife," are affirmed "to fhine as the brightness of the fir manent, and they that turn many to righteoufnefs, as the ftars, for

1 Theff. i. 19, 20.”

ever and ever*." Our Lord refers his difciples to the day when "he will drink new wine with them, in the kingdom of his Father;" and he tranfmits it as a fact to every age of the world, that, among those whom he felected for his perfonal intercourfe on earth, there was one difciplet, and one family ‡, whom he loved, with a peculiar kindness and affection.

"Thefe circumstances render it at least a probable, as it is a delightful fuppofition, that thofe who have been endeared to us, by the affections of the prefent life, will be peculiar objects of our attention in a happier world. The chief felicity of glorified faints is no doubt derived from their communion with "the everlasting Father," "of whom are all things," and with "the only begotten of the Father, by whom are all things." Every individual creature, in "the Father's kingdom," will befides be qualified to promote the happiness of thofe with whom he is af fociated; and, bearing the image of the invifible God," will himself be an object of general kindness and affection. But we are notwithstanding permitted, or naturally led, to believe, that thofe to whom we have been intimately united in the prefent life, and who are with us "partakers of the glory hereafter to be revealed," will be in a peculiar degree, or in a manner peculiar to themfelves, the companions of our fervice, or the affociates in our happiness.

The manner in which we are to exift, after the refurrection of the dead, may have more analogy to our prefent ftate, than we can now venture to affirm: and, on the other hand, it is equally certain, that many objects of our present affections, on which we fet a value beyond their worth, and which we allow ourselves to regret in vain, will be ultimately loft to us, because they cannot enter into the kingdom of Chrift and of God." But it is a fufficient confolation to believe, that all the happiness, which we have at prefent good reafon, either to value or to regret, and which is capable, from its nature and substance, of being renewed in the invifible world, will be at laft reftored to us in a better form, than that in which we have enjoyed it in this life. We thall poffefs it without interruption for ever, incorporated with the views, and with the happiness of fuperior beings. Like the feraphims who execute the decrees of God, and proclaim his glory, we shall go to our appointed service with thofe, who are deftined to take the most affectionate intereft in our felicity. The fidelity, which was begun on earth, will be perfected in heaven; and the fervice, which is beyond the fphere of mortal beings, will be the fignal of everlasting union and activity among the fons of God." P. 435.

«* Dan, xii. 3." "St John xiii. 23." "St John

xi. 5.".

We

We have endeavoured to do juftice to the learned and pious author, by fuch extracts from his work, as our limits would allow us to infert, but we must confefs that they are but few of very many that we could have felected; and we have no hesitation in saying that by far the greater part of the book, if not the whole, will be found equal to the specimens here presented to the reader.

ART. VI. The Naval Surgeon; comprising the entire Duties of Profeffional Men at Sea. To which are fubjoined, a Syftem of Naval Surgery, and a compendious Pharmacopoeia. The Whole illuftrated by Plates. By William Turnbull, A. M. Fellow of the Medical Societies of London and Edinburgh, Sc. 8vo. 412 pp. 9s. 6d. Phillips. 1806. EVERY attempt to fave the lives, and alleviate the fuf

ferings of those valuable men, on whom the glory and fafety of Britain depends, deferves encouragement. And perhaps the progrefs and utility of the art of medicine cannot be more ftrikingly proved, than by the fuperior health of feamen in the prefent day, when compared to their unhappy ftate in former times. All ancient books of voyages are filled with the most dismal accounts of the mortality and fufferings of the crews from difeafes; whereas now feamen hardly fuffer more from that cause, than the rest of mankind.

The work before us is compofed by a perfon who is master of a good style, who poffeffes an extenfive portion of medical knowledge, and is practically converfant in the distempers incident to feamen.

It is not to be expected that all parts of the work should be equally well executed. That which relates peculiarly to the fea fervice is better, than what applies to difeafes in general. The author treats at length of the means of preventing difeafes; and on the fubject of clothing, he obferves, that the thoughtless character of feamen who rarely think of the morrow, renders them unfit to be trufted to provide an appropriate dress for themfelves. As long as this practice continues, all thofe complaints which originate either from excess or defect of clothing must continue to abound in our navy.

"Nay, it would be advisable, that a feaman should have little in his power with respect to his own drefs. In general indivi

M

BRIT, CRIT. VOL, XXVIII, 'Aug. 1806.

duals

duals of his clafs are too indolent to fuit their drefs to circnm. ftances, uniefs they are forced to it; nor is any thing more common, than to fee fome of them with linen trowfers in the severity of winter, and a pair of greasy woollen ones in the hottest fum

mer.

"It is on this principle, that many intelligent naval practitioners have propofed a general uniform for feamen; and it is a matter of aftonishment, that fuch a plan has not been put in practice, as it would both prevent the fale of their clothes, and de. tect deferters. Apparel might be manufactured of a particular kind of cloth, and an act of parliament paffed, to enforce the fame regulations and penalties as are ufual in th army.

"The uniform fhould confift of a blue jacket, with a sleeve and cape of the fame, and lined with thin white flannel; a waistcoat of white cloth, trimmed with blue tape; blue trowfers or pantaloons, of the fame cloth with the jacket, for winter, and linen or cotton trowsers, either ftripped blue and white, or all white, for A button of fummer; check shirt, and black filk neckcloth.

metal, or horn, less liable to tarnish, with the letters R. N. upon it. The hat fall and round, water proof, with a narrow belt, on which should be printed the name of the ship, which might be conveniently fhifted when a man fhould be turned over to another fhip. An outfide jacket, of a thicker texture, and flannel waistcoats, might be occafionally fupplied, as a defence from cold and rainy weather. Such a flyle of drefs could not fail to be acceptable to the feamen, and it would be highly pleafing in the eyes of the officers and others. The crews of different fhips would be known by the name on the hatbands, which would make them emulous to appear clean and orderly. This again would increase the attachment to the fervice, and to its commanders, and conjointly with this, benefit all the qualities of good difcipline.

"But while fuch an attention may be paid to the dress in general, particular parts of the body, as the legs and feet, will require a more immediate care, especially as they are very much expofed to external injury. It frequently alfo happens, that, without any apparent fymptom of fcurvy, fuch is the predifpofition of a feaman's habit to this difeafe, that on receiving the flighteft fcratch on the teet or legs, a large, fpreading, and often incurable ulcer is produced, which fometimes ends in the lofs of a limb, or at beft, difables him from duty, till a cure is effected by the ufual antifcorbutic remedies. This accident is, next to the fearvy itfelf, the most deftructive malady at fea, particularly in a hot climate. Good fhoes and flockings therefore fhould be freely fuppli d, and the men fhould be compelled to wear them, and not permitted to go barefooted in hot weather." P. 19

In the fame judicious manner the author treats of diet, cleanlinels, and exercife, and fuggefis many measures likely to be of advantage.

He