he was a staunch whig, and a resolute upholder of the rights of parliament and the people against the pretensions of Filmer, Brady, and the extreme tories and highchurchmen. As a disputant, he is rather clumsy and ineffective; but his constitutional theories are grounded upon a considerable knowledge of early charters and other documents, and of the older writers of English history, in which he seems to have been unusually well read. Among his works are: Jus Anglorum ab Antiquo,' 1681; 'The Fundamental Constitution of the English Government,' 1690; The Antiquity and Justice of an Oath of Abjuration,' 1694; "The History and Reasons of the Dependency of Ireland,' &c., 1698. In August 1701 he arrived in New York, where he had been appointed chief justice and judge of the court of admiralty. He was almost immediately involved in violent quarrels with some of the inhabitants, and afterwards with Lord Cornbury, the governor. He was accused of gross corruption and maladministration, and was finally (June 1702) suspended from his employments by Lord Cornbury, and compelled to escape from the colony. On his return to England he published a statement of his 'Case' (London, 1703), in which he endeavoured to prove that his difficulties in the colony were due to his rigorous administration of English law, especially in its application to maritime and commercial matters; but he met with no redress, and the lords commissioners of trade and plantations endorsed Lord Cornbury's action. In 1704 he published 'The Superiority and Direct Dominion of the Imperial Crown of England over the Crown and Kingdom of Scotland,' and in 1705 The Scotch Patriot unmask'd.' Both these pamphlets excited great indignation in Scotland, and were ordered by the Scotch parliament to be burnt by the common hangman. The year of Atwood's death is uncertain. He appears to have published nothing later than 1705. [Bishop Nicolson, English Historical Library, 1736, p. 193; Boyer, Annals of Queen Anne, iv. 52; O'Callaghan, New York Colonial Documents, iv. 971, 1010, v. 105-8, &c.; The Case of William Atwood, Lond. 1703, fol.] S. J. L. AUBERT, ALEXANDER (1730-1805), astronomer, was born at Austin Friars, London, 11 May 1730. The appearance of the magnificent comet of 1744 gave him, then a schoolboy at Geneva, a permanent bias towards astronomy; he diligently prepared, however, for a mercantile career in counting-houses at Geneva, Leghorn, and Genoa; visited Rome in the jubilee year (1750), and, returning to London in 1751, was, in the following year, taken into partnership by his father. In 1753 he became a director, and some years later governor, of the London Assurance Company. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1772, and of the Society of Antiquaries in 1784, receiving moreover, in 1793, a diploma of admission to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The transit of Venus, of 3 June 1769, was observed by him at Austin Friars (Phil. Trans. lix. 378), and that of Mercury, 4 May 1786 (Phil. Trans. lxxvii. 47) at an observatory built by him at Loampit Hill, near Deptford, and furnished with the best instruments by Short, Bird, Ramsden, and Dollond. Except that of Count Brühl, it was at that period the only well-equipped private establishment of the kind in England. In 1788 he purchased Highbury House, Islington, for 6,000 guineas, and erected on the grounds, with the assistance of his friend Smeaton, the celebrated engineer, a new observatory on improved plans of his own. His mechanical knowledge caused him to be appointed chairman of the trustees for the completion of Ramsgate harbour, and his energy contributed materially to the ultimate success of Smeaton's designs. In 1792 Aubert headed a society for the suppression of sedition, and in 1797 he organised, and was appointed lieutenant-colonel of, the 'Loyal Islington Volunteers. While staying in the house of Mr. John Lloyd, of Wygfair, St. Asaph, he was struck with apoplexy, and died 19 Oct. 1805, at the age of 75, highly esteemed both in scientific and commercial circles, and widely popular, owing to his genial manners and unstinted hospitality. His valuable astronomical library and instruments were sold and dispersed after his death. Amongst the latter were a Dollond 46-inch achromatic, aperture 34 inches, and the one Cassegrain reflector constructed by Short, of 24 inches focus and 6 aperture, known among opticians as Short's Dumpy. Both had been originally made for Topham Beauclerk. Two slight papers by Aubert appeared in the Philosophical Transactions,' viz., A New Method of finding Time by Equal Altitudes' (lxvi. 92-8), and 'An Account of the Meteors of 18 Aug. and 4 Oct. 1783' (lxxiv. 112–15). Mag. lxxv. 982; Lysons's Environs of London [Europ. Mag. xxxiv. 291, xxxvi. 79; Gent. (1795), iii. 135; Lewis's History of Islington (1842), 185; Kitchiner's Practical Observations on Telescopes (3rd ed. 1818), pp. 16, 108; Watt's Bib. Brit. i. 54.] A. M. C. AUBREY, JOHN (1626–1697), antiquary, was born at Easton Pierse, or Percy, in the parish of Kington in Wiltshire, on 12 March 1625-6, and not on 3 Nov. as stated by some of his biographers. His father, Richard Aubrey, was a gentleman of fortune, possessed of estates in Wiltshire, Herefordshire, and Wales. Young Aubrey was a sickly boy, and received the first part of his education privately under the Rev. Robert Latimer, vicar of Leigh Delamere near Malmesbury, the preceptor of Hobbes. He afterwards went to Blandford grammar school, and in May 1642 was entered a gentleman commoner at Trinity College, Oxford. While yet an undergraduate he evinced his antiquarian tastes by contributing a plate of Oseney Abbey to Dugdale's 'Monasticon.' In 1643 he was driven from the university by small-pox and civil war, ' and for three years led a sad life in the country.' In 1646 he became a student at the Middle Temple, but was never called to the bar, and returned from time to time to Oxford, where he declares he enjoyed the greatest felicity of his life. He was also frequently at home upon his father's business, and in 1649 brought to light the extraordinary megalithic remains at Avebury, which had been unheeded till then. In 1652, on his father's death, he inherited the family estates, and along with them numerous lawsuits, which, combined with his careless and extravagant habits of living, eventually reduced him to poverty. Several love and lawe suits,' he notes of the year 1656. He must, nevertheless, have kept up his literary and scientific interests, for he belonged to the club of 'Commonwealth Men,' founded on the principles of Harrington, of which he has left an entertaining description, and in May 1663 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1662 he sold his Herefordshire property. In 1665 'I made my first address (in an ill hour) to Joane Sumner.' His biographers, previous to Mr. Britton, have not unnaturally concluded that he espoused this lady, but the register of his death and passages in his autobiographical notes prove that this cannot have been the case. Instead of going to the altar she went to law with him, and 'all my business and affairs ran kim kam.' He nevertheless gained several causes, but in 1670 was compelled to sell his remaining landed property. From 1670 to this very day,' he notes, I have enjoyed a happy delitescency. The term is emphasised by the entry for the following year, Danger of arrests. In 1677 he was obliged to part with his books, but this year seems to have been the term of his misfortunes. Having lost everything, he was no longer disquieted by lawsuits; and his good humour made him a welcome guest in many families, especially that of the Earl of Thanet, with whom I was delitescent near a year,' and of Mr. Edmund Wyld, with whom I most commonly take my diet and sweet otiums. To these protectors may be added Sir William Petty, Hobbes, Ashmole, and Lady Long, of Draycott, in Wilts, with whom he frequently resided during his latter years. When not thus enacting the part of a highly accomplished Will Wimble, he spent his time in country excursions, collecting materials for his antiquarian works. He had in 1671 received a patent empowering him to make antiquarian surveys under the crown, and had perambulated Surrey in 1673, forming copious topographical collections. He had also since 1659 been more or less engaged on a similar undertaking for North Wilts, and in 1685 tumultuarily stitched up' his notes on the natural history of that county. He also composed, by order of Charles II, as is said, an unpublished discourse on Stonehenge and other ancient stone monuments, which he regarded as druidical. In 1667 he had made the acquaintance of Anthony à Wood, and aided him materially in his Antiquities of Oxford,' published in 1674. His correspondence with Wood was continued until, in 1680, he sent the latter his Minutes of Lives,' with a highly characteristic letter. Wood made great use of his information, which continued to be furnished until the publication of the 'Athenæ Oxonienses' in 1690. Unfortunately one of Aubrey's notes, reflecting upon Lord Chancellor Clarendon, caused Wood to be visited by a prosecution; and this seems to have occasioned an estrangement, and to have prompted the unfavourable character which Wood has left of his disinterested if not always judicious ally. Aubrey continued to occupy himself with his history of Wiltshire, but, feeling that he should not live to finish the work, in 1695 imparted his papers to Tanner, afterwards Bishop of St. Asaph. In 1696 he issued the only book he ever printed himself, the Miscellanies,' a highly entertaining collection of ghost stories and other anecdotes of the supernatural. In June 1697 he died at Oxford, on his way from London to Draycott, and was buried in the church of St. Mary Magdalene. Aubrey left a mass of manuscript material behind him, which long remained unpublished. His 'Perambulation of Surrey was incorporated in Rawlinson's Natural History and Antiquities of Surrey,' printed in 1719, which is indeed substantially Aubrey's [Aubrey left two papers of autobiographical memoranda. Every circumstance respecting him has been collected and carefully investigated in the excellent biography by J. Britton (London, 1845), the only work of authority. The best criticism upon his life and writings is an admirable essay by Professor Masson in vol. xxiv. of the British Quarterly Review.] R. G. work. Part of his Wiltshire collections was worthily traduced by Anthony à Wood, but used by Tanner for Bishop Gibson's edition fully vindicated by his recent editors and of Camden. Aubrey's own manuscript was biographers. He certainly is devoid of litepresented by the writer to the Ashmolean rary talent, except as a retailer of anecdotes; Library. It was in two volumes, one of his head teems with particulars which he which was borrowed by his brother and lost. lacks the faculty to reduce to order or comPortions of the other were privately printed bine into a whole. As a gossip, however, he by Sir Thomas Phillips in 1821 and 1838, is a kind of immature Boswell; and we are but the edition, which is far from correct, infinitely beholden to him for the minute was never completed. The work was finally but vivid traits of Bacon, Milton, Raleigh, edited for the Wiltshire Topographical So- Hobbes, and other great men preserved in ciety by the Rev. J. S. Jackson (Devizes, 1862). his Minutes of Lives.' His 'Natural HisThe Natural History of Wilts,' abstracted tory of Wilts' is full of quaint lore, and one by the author from his larger work, was left need not believe in spirits to enjoy his Misby him in two manuscripts, one at Oxford, cellanies.' Half the charm is in the simple the other in the library of the Royal Society. credulity of the narrator, who seems, neverThe portions immediately concerning Wilt-theless, to have inclined to the philosophy of shire were edited for the Wiltshire Topo- his friend Hobbes. graphical Society by Mr. John Britton. The Minutes of Lives,' given to Wood, were first published in a collection entitled 'Letters written by Eminent Persons in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries' (London, 1813). The most recent edition of the Miscellanies' is that in Russell Smith's Library of Old Authors, in 1857. Aubrey also wrote a life of Hobbes, which formed the groundwork of Blackburn's Latin biography. The manuscript of his Monumenta Britannica' is in the Bodleian. His 'Architectonica Sacra,' 'Idea of Education of Young Gentlemen,' and other works of less importance, are extant in the Ashmolean Library or in private hands. His Remains of Gentilism and Judaism' is preserved among the Lansdowne MSS. in the British Museum. Extracts from it have been given in Brand's 'Popular Antiquities' and Thoms's 'Anecdotes and Traditions,' and the entire text, with White Kennet's additions, was issued by the Folk-lore Society in 1880. Aubrey was the very type of the man who is no man's enemy but his own. He possessed every virtue usually associated with an easy careless temper, and an industry in his own pursuits which would have done credit to one of robuster mould. My head,' he says, 'was always working, never idle, and even travelling did glean some observations, some whereof are to be valued.' They assuredly are, and many, especially those on the alteration of manners in his time, exhibit real shrewdness. He was well aware of his failings, and it is impossible not to sympathise with his regret for the abolition of the monasteries which would have afforded him a congenial refuge; and his verdict that if ever I had been good for anything, 'twould have been a painter.' His buoyant cheerfulness defied calamity, and preserved his selfrespect under the hard trial of dependence. His character as an antiquary has been un AUBREY, WILLIAM, LL.D. (15291595), an eminent civilian and grandfather of the antiquary, John Aubrey, was born at Cantre [Cantreff'], Brecknockshire, in or about 1529, and was educated at Oxford, where he graduated B.C.L. in 1549. He became fellow of All Souls', was appointed principal of New Inn Hall in 1550, and professor of civil law in 1553. It appears that he discharged the duties of his professorship by deputies; for William Mowse filled the chair in 1554. In 1559 he resigned in favour of John Griffith (RYMER'S Fadera, xv. 503). Having taken the degree of D.C.L. (1554), Aubrey was admitted an advocate in the court of Arches, and afterwards officiated as judge-advocate in the expedition against St. Quentin. By Archbishop Grindal he was appointed auditor and vicar-general in spirituals for the province of Canterbury, and in 1577, during Grindal's sequestration, he was one of the civilians chosen to carry on the visitation. He was afterwards chancellor to Archbishop Whitgift, and was created by Queen Elizabeth a member of the Council of Marches for Wales, a master in chancery, and a master of requests in ordinary. He died on 23 July 1595, leaving three sons and six daughters. In Dugdale's History of St. Paul's Cathedral' there is a drawing of Aubrey's monument and effigy in St. Paul's. His grandson, the antiquary, writes: 'I have his originall picture. He had a delicate, quick, lively, and piercing black eie, a severe eie browe, and a fresh complexion. The figure in his monument at St. Paules is not like him-it is too big' (Letters from the Bodleian, 1813, ii. 219). Some letters of Aubrey's are printed in Strype's Life of Grindal.' Two of his judgments are preserved among the Lansdowne MSS. (lxviii. lxix.) A letter to John Dee, in criticism of his 'Soveraignty of the Sea,' is printed in vol. ii. pp. 214-18of Letters from the Bodleian,' 1813. The original letter, with transcripts by Dee and Ashmole, is among the Ashmolean MSS. (1789, 33). The Tanner MSS. in the Bodleian contain Tractatus duo in causa matrimonii dominæ Katherina Grey et comitis Hertfordiæ, per Gul. Aubrey et Hen. Jones,' and a letter of Aubrey's to Grindal On the Abuses in the Ecclesiastical Courts.' Among the Ashmolean MSS. (1788, 132-3) is preserved Ashmole's transcript of a 'Letter from Dr. W. Aubrey to Dr. Dee upon his perusall of the British Monarchy. Kew, 28 July, 1577.' AUCHER, JOHN, D.D. (1619-1700), royalist divine, was son of Sir Anthony Aucher, knight, of Hautsbourne in Kent. He was nominated to a Canterbury scholarship in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, by Archbishop Laud in 1634, but after taking the degree of B.A. he removed to Peterhouse for a fellowship, where he commenced M.A. in 1641. He was ejected from his fellowship on account of his loyalty, and during the Commonwealth he wrote two treatises against the dominant party, which, however, were not printed till long afterwards. At the Restoration he was created D.D. by royal mandate, and further rewarded with a prebend in the church of Canterbury (1660). He also held the rectory of Allhallows in Lombard Street, London, for many years (1662–85). Aucher died at Canterbury on 12 March 1700-1, and was buried in the cathedral. Dr. His works are: 1. The Personal Reign of Christ upon Earth,' 1642, 4to. 2. A treatise against the Engagement. 3. 'The Arraignment of Rebellion, or the irresistibility of sovereign powers vindicated and maintained in reply to a letter,' London, 1684, 4to; reprinted London, 1718, 8vo. [Peter Barwick's Life of Dr. John Barwick, 283 n.; Newcourt's Repertorium, i. 255; Ken nett's Register and Chron. 185, 186; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Anglic. ed. Hardy, i. 54; MS. Lansd. 987 f. 144; Somner's Antiq. of Canterbury, ed. Battely, append. to the supplement, p. 9; Masters's Hist. of C. C. C. C. 219; Cat. Librorum Impress. Bibl. Bodl. (1843), i. 142; Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, ii. 153; Carter's Hist. of the Univ. of Camb. 44, 49.] T. C. AUCHINOUL, LORD. [See BELLENDEN.] (1756-1822), a distinguished general, who AUCHMUTY, SIR SAMUEL, G.C.B. attained his rank by merit alone, was born at New York in 1756. His grandfather, a distinguished Scotch lawyer, had established himself at Boston in the reign of William III, and his father, after being educated at Harvard and Oxford, had become rector of the principal Church of England church in New York. When the colonies declared war, Dr. Auchmuty and his brother, who was judge of the high court of admiralty at Boston, at once declared for the king, and young Samuel was present with the 45th regiment as a volunteer at the battles of Brooklyn and Whiteplains. The need of rewarding the loyal colonists caused to be given to young Auchmuty in 1777 an ensigncy, and in 1778 a lieutenancy in the 45th without purchase. On the conclusion of peace he went to England with his regiment, but soon found it to expect any promotion in England; so in impossible to live on his lieutenant's pay, or 1783 he exchanged into the 52nd regiment, then under orders for India, and was at once made adjutant. He saw service in the last war with Hyder Ali, and was promoted captain in the 75th regiment for his services in 1788. Lord Cornwallis perceived his aptitude for Indian warfare, and made him a brigade-major in 1790, in which capacity he served in the campaigns of 1790 and 1791 against Tippoo Sultan, and with Baird's division at the siege of Seringa patam in 1792. Lord Cornwallis was so pleased with his conduct that he took him to Calcutta, made him deputy-quartermaster-general to the king's troops there, and soon afterwards major by brevet in 1794. Sir Robert Abercromby, the successor of Cornwallis as commander-in chief, found him equally useful, and made him lieutenant-colonel by brevet in 1795. He acted as Sir Robert's military secretary for three years, and, after serving with him in the short campaign against the Rohillas, went home with him in 1797. He had left England a poor lieutenant, and now returned after fourteen years' service a lieutenantcolonel, with two powerful patrons in Cornwallis and Sir Robert Abercromby. He was promoted brevet-colonel and lieutenant colonel of the 10th regiment in 1800, and ordered at once to the Cape; there he took command of a mixed force, which was sent to the Red Sea to co-operate with the army coming from India under Sir David Baird to assist Sir Ralph Abercromby in subduing the French in Egypt. Baird had learned his merit at Seringapatam, and on his arrival made him adjutant-general of his whole army. It was now that he first gained popular reputation; Baird's march across the desert and passage down the Nile read like a story of romance, and was enjoyed accordingly by the English people, and the general's chief lieutenants, notably Beresford and Auchmuty, became popular heroes. After the capture of Alexandria, Colonel Auchmuty was for a short time adjutant-general of the whole army in Egypt, and on his return to England in 1803 was made a knight of the Bath. From 1803 to 1806 he was commandant in the Isle of Thanet, and in the latter year was made colonel of the 103rd regiment, and ordered to command the reinforcements for South America. The English expedition to Buenos Ayres in 1806 had been nothing less than a filibustering expedition. It had occurred to Sir Home Popham when at the Cape, that though England was at peace with Spain, the English people and ministers would not object to his seizing a rich city like Buenos Ayres, which would open a new channel for trade. He made an easy conquest with the help of a small force under Colonel Beresford, which he had borrowed from Baird, and sent home a glowing account of his new possession. People and ministers were alike delighted, and Sir Samuel Auchmuty was made a brigadier-general, and ordered to reinforce Beresford as advanced guard of a still larger reinforcement. On reaching the river Plate he found matters very different from what he had expected. The Spaniards had arisen, and their militia had reoccupied Buenos Ayres, and captured Beresford and his small force. Sir Samuel disembarked; but found it impossible to retake Buenos Ayres, or to remain encamped in safety on the banks of the river with only 4,800 men. He decided therefore to attack the city of Monte Video, which, though strongly fortified, was much smaller than Buenos Ayres, and succeeded in storming it, after a desperate defence, with a loss of 600 men, or one-eighth of his whole army. When the news of his success reached England, he was voted the thanks of parliament, and the news of the capture of Buenos Ayres was confidently expected. But General Whitelocke, who superseded him, had not his military ability. He prepared, indeed, to take Buenos Ayres, but instead of one or at most two strong attacks on the important points, he divided his force into five columns, each too weak to make a real impression. Nevertheless, two of the columns, including Auchmuty's, did what they were ordered; but on hearing that two more had capitulated, General Whitelocke made terms with the Spanish commandant, Liniers, to leave South America and give up Monte Video. On his return he was tried by court martial and cashiered, but Auchmuty, who had done well what he was ordered, was marked out for further advancement. In 1808 he was promoted major-general, and in 1810 appointed commander-in-chief at Madras. At this time Lord Minto was governor-general of India, and had a fixed intention to seize all the French possessions in Asia, and also those of their allies, the Dutch, in order to secure safe communication with England, and to be the only European power in Asia. He had therefore sent General John Abercromby to take the Mauritius in 1810, and in 1811 ordered Sir Samuel Auchmuty to organise a force for the capture of Java. The governor-general himself accompanied the expedition, which reached Java on 4 Aug. and occupied Batavia on 8 Aug. Gen. Janssens, the Dutch governor, had given up the capital as indefensible, and had retired to a strong position at Cornelis, which he had fortified. This position Auchmuty attacked on 28 Aug., but the Dutch made a stubborn resistance, and were only defeated by a gallant charge of Major-general Rollo Gillespie, who got behind the position, and was the hero of the day. The last resistance of the Dutch was overcome at Samarang on 8 Sept., after which General Janssens surrendered, and in October Lord Minto and Auchmuty returned to India. For his services on this occasion he received a second time the thanks of parliament, and was made colonel of the 78th regiment. In 1813 he handed over his command to John Abercromby, and left for England. On his return he was promoted lieutenant-general, but the peace of 1815 prevented his again seeing active service. After being unemployed some years, Auchmuty was in 1821 appointed to succeed Beckwith as commander-in-chief in Ireland, and was sworn of the Irish privy council. He did not long enjoy this high command; for he fell off his horse dead on 11 Aug. 1822, in Phoenix Park, and was buried in Christchurch Cathedral. Sir Samuel Auchmuty was an extremely able Indian officer, and had served with distinction in every quarter of the globe but Europe; his great merit is shown by the high rank which he, the son of |