portation and communication facilities-development of natural resources-agriculture?

27. Discuss the population of North Dakota from the standpoint of races represented.

QUESTIONS SUGGESTED BY THE TEXT

1. Give an account of the Hudson Bay Company. Of the Northwestern Fur Company. What relation did each have to the early settlement of North Dakota?

2. Give an account of Lord Selkirk's colonies.

3. Give an account of the settlement and growth of some North Dakota village or city.

4. Give an account of a rural telephone line.

5. Give an account of a farmers' elevator company.

6. Give an account of a farmers' coöperative store; bank; insur

ance company; creamery.

7. Draw a race-map of your city, school district, or county, locating and naming the various races living there.

8. Compare immigration to North Dakota with immigration to Massachusetts (or New York), as to (a) number, and (b) character of immigrants.

REFERENCES

"Collections of North Dakota Historical Society," Biennial Publication, Bismarck (1906–

).

Armstrong, "Early Empire Builders of the Great West,” pp. 1–204. "North Dakota Blue Book."

For Topography, climate, mineral resources, description, and views of Bad Lands, etc., see "Reports of North Dakota Geological Survey," Biennial, Bismarck (1900

).

CHAPTER XVI

THE EXECUTIVE

"He (the governor) shall expedite all such matters as may be resolved upon by the legislative assembly and shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed." North Dakota Constitution, Sec. 75.

The Chief Executive. The State, like the Nation, has the three branches of government: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. The executive of the nation is one man, the President. The executive of the State is broken up into many parts, the governor being chief executive. The executive or administrative departments make up the rest of the State executive branch. There are eight of these departments, elected like the governor, and they are the following: a secretary of state, an auditor, a treasurer, a superintendent of public instruction, a commissioner of insurance, three commissioners of railroads, an attorney-general, and a commissioner of agriculture and labor. Besides these there are various boards, commissioners, etc.

The chief executive power of the State is vested in the governor. He must be at least thirty years of age, and a resident of the State. He is elected by the qualified voters for a term of two years, and is eligible for reëlection. A governor often serves two terms, but very rarely is elected for three terms. The salary is $5,000 a year, and

in addition to this the State furnishes him the use of an executive mansion.

Powers and Duties of the Governor.-The duties of the governor are summed up in these brief words of the constitution, "He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed." In reality he exercises a variety of powers, classified as follows:

1. Legislative Powers. The governor sends a written message to the legislative assembly, recommending needed legislation, and reviewing the work and finances of the State government. He may convene the legislature for a special session on "extraordinary occasions." The principal legislative power in his hands, however, is the veto power. This is worthy of our careful examination. When a bill has passed the legislature the governor may veto it (i. e., refuse to sign it), and return it with his written objections. Two thirds of the members-elect in each house may pass it over the governor's veto, but this is a very hard thing to do. The governor must either sign or veto the bill, no "pocket veto" being possible. If he keeps the bill three days, it becomes a law without his signature. If the legislature has adjourned, he may keep the bill fifteen days, and then it becomes a law, unless he files written objections to it with the secretary of state. The governor may select individual items in appropriation bills and disapprove of them. These items are then in the same condition as a vetoed bill, while the rest of the bill becomes law.

2. Executive Powers. The general executive powers of the governor may be reduced to three, namely, Appointing: Military; Law Enforcement.

A. Appointing.-Compared with the chief executive of the nation, the governor has very small powers of appointment. He appoints no court judges, no cabinet officers, and very few militia officers. His appointing power extends to the trustees of all State institutions (now fourteen in number), to about twenty boards and commissions, and to the adjutant general in charge of the militia. He may also appoint for his personal staff nine aids-de-camp, with the title of colonel, and six with the rank of lieutenant colonel. It can be seen from the foregoing that while the number of persons appointed by the governor is not large, varying from one hundred and fifty to two hundred, yet the share of the administrative work of the State placed in their hands is very large indeed. Certain vacancies in office are filled by appointment of the governor, as provided by law. If the law has provided no mode of filling a vacancy, the governor is empowered by the constitution to fill such vacancy.

B. Military. The governor is commander in chief of the militia of the State. In case of tumult or riot he has power to call out the military forces of the State.

The militia of the State consists of every able-bodied male between the age of eighteen and forty-five years. The organized militia-the part armed and drilled ready for fighting constitutes the North Dakota National Guard. A law of Congress requires that the "organization, armament, and discipline" of the National Guard shall be the same as that of the regular army. To standardize the National Guard the Federal government furnishes it arms, uniforms, and equipment, and also provides for its partici

pation in the regular army encampments and maneuvers. Money is appropriated from the national treasury to promote the efficiency of the National Guard in each State.

The governor appoints the officers comprising the staff (inspector and judge-advocate-general, chief of supply, chief of engineers, etc.); while the lower line officers (such as captains, lieutenants, etc.) are elected by the men themselves in the National Guard. The smallest division of the National Guard, as of the army, is the company, consisting of forty-two privates in the charge of three commissioned officers, one captain, one first lieutenant, and one second lieutenant.

C. Law Enforcement. The governor's oath imposes on him the duty of enforcing the law. But what are his powers of law enforcement? How can lawbreakers be brought before the courts? Very seldom is it necessary to use the military force of the State to quell disturbances. Most lawbreaking is of a less spectacular kind. To illustrate. The prohibition law is sometimes violated. The State has an officer in each county to enforce State laws-the State's attorney. If he is informed by any person of the violation of the prohibition law, or knows himself of such a violation, it is his duty to have the sheriff arrest the lawbreaker and have him brought to trial before the proper court. If he is unable to do this or neglects or refuses to enforce this law, the attorney-general must proceed with the matter, and may also have the State's attorney tried before a court and removed from office. The governor must act through this machinery-the various State's attorneys and the attorney-general. In this way must he secure law