smooth, while the cinnamon breaks fibrous and coming up, and the plants make fmali progress fhivery.- It resembles cinnamon fill more exa&ly for the firft year or two." “ The birds appear to in its aromatic flavour, than in its external appear- be very fond of the berries, and will probably ance; and seems only to differ from it in being propagate this tree in the same way they do manj somewhat weaker, in abounding more with a vif- others everywhere over the island; so that in a cous mucilaginous matter, and in being less aftrin- short time it will grow fpontaneously, or without gent. Accordingly, it has not only a place in the cultivation.” Cinnamon is the ander bark of the Edinburgh pharmocopeia, but is also the bafis of cinnamomum. The best feason for separating it a distilled water. It is furprising that the London from the outer bark, which is grey and rugged, is college has given it no place in their lifts. But al- the spring, when the fap flows in the greatest though it does not enter their pharmacopeia, yet abundance. It is cut into thin flices, and expofed it is not neglected by the apoi hecaries, many of to the sun, and curls up in drying.--The old trees whom substitute cassia in every cale for the more produce a coarse kind of cinnamon; the spice is expensive article cinnamon: and indeed almost the in perfection in the ifand of CEYLON, when the whole of what is at present fokl, under the title trees are not older than 3 or 4 years. When the either of fimple or spiritous cinnamon water, is trunk has been stripped of its bark, it receives no prepared from caflia; and not even entirely from further nourishment; but the root is still alive, the bark, but from a mixture of the bark and buds. and continues to throw out fresh fhools. The

6. LAURUS CINNAMOMUM, the cinnamon tree, fruit of the tree is shaped like an acorn, but is not is a native of Ceylon, It hath a large root, and fo large. Its seed, when boiled in water, yields divides into several branches, covered with a bark, an oil which swims at top, and takes fire. If left which on the outer fide is of a greyish brown, and to cool, it hardens into a white fubstance, of which on the inside has a reddish cast. The wood of the candles are made, which have an agreeable smell, root is hard, white, and has no smell. The body and are reserved for the use of the king of Ceylon. of the tree, which gro's to the height of 30 or 30 The cinnamon is not reckoned excellent, unless it feet, is covered, as well as its pumerous branches, be fine, smooth, brittle, thin, of a yellow colour with a barx which at first is green, and afterwards inclining to red; fragrant, aromatic, and of a poig. red. The leaf is longer and narrower than the nant, yet agreeable taste. The connoiffeurs give common bay tree; and it is three-nerved, the the preference to that of which the pieces are long, nerves vanishing towards the top. The flowers but slender. That which comes to us is generalare înall and white, and grow in large bunches ly mixed with the callia bark; but this last is eafiat the extremity of the branches: they have an ly diftinguifhed. Cinnamon splinters in breaking, agreeable smell, something like that of the lily of and has a roughness along with its aromatic fia. the valley. The fruit is shaped like an acorn, but vour; while the caslia breaks over smooth, and is not so large. This species may be treated like bas a mucilaginous tafte. Cinnamon is a very elethe green-house plants, but it is rather a stove gant and useful aromatic, more grateful both to plant in this country. Of its culture or propaga. the palate and ftomach than moft other substances iion in its native places, no particular account has of this clafs. By its aftringent quality it likewile been given by botanical writers; but it muft now corroborates the vifcera, and proves of great ser. become an important confideration with us, fince vice in several kinds of alvine fluxes, and immothis valuable tree has been acquired by our own derate discharges from the uterus. The cinnacolonies. Of the advantages promised by this ac- mon plant, with other valuable ones, was taken quisition, we are indebted for the first accounts to in a French thip by Admiral Rodney during the Dr Wright, in 1787, (see Lond. Med. Journal, Vol. American war, and presented by hiin to the arIII. part 3.) from whom also we learn, that its pro- sembly of Jamaica. One of the trees was plantpagation is very easy, and its culture requires lit. ed in the botanic garden in St Thomas in the Eaft; ile care. Since that time, some observations by and the other by Hinton East, Esq. in his noble Dr Dancer, relative to its cultivation, have ap- garden at the foot of the Blue Mountains. From peared in the Tranfa&ions of the Society of Arts; these parent trees fome hundreds of young trees Vol. VIII. p. 314, &c. These observations con- have been produced from layers and cuttings, and firm, without adding any thing essential to the dispersed to different parts of the country, in all concise notice of Dr Wright. We are informed, which it thrives luxuriantly with little trouble, that as the tree “puts out numerous fide branches, and promises to be foon a valuable addition to with a denfe foliage, from the very bottom of the our commerce. Upon comparing the parts of the trunk; this furnithes an opportunity of obtaining tree with the description and figure given by Burplenty of layers, and facilitates the propagation of man and other botanifts, it appears to be the real the tree, as it does not perfect its feeds in any Ceylon cinnamon, and of the best kind, called by quantity under 6 or 7 years; when it becomes to the natives Rafle Coronde : bat the specimens of plentifully loaded, that a single tree is sufficient bark taken put it out of all doubt, being, in the almost for a culony. It feems to delight in a loofe opinion of the best judges, of an equal, if not fue moist foil, and to require a fouthern aspect; the perior, quality to any imported from India. The trees, thus planted, flourishing better than others smalleft bit of the bark, Dr Wright affures us, it growing in loám, and not lo well exposed to the quite a cordial. The cinnamon we have from fun. When healthy, it is (from layers) of a pretty Holland, he observes, is often inert, and gives quick growth, reaching in eight years the height room to fufpect that it has been subjected to a of is or 20 feet, is very spreading, and furnished Sight process in diftillation. lo regard to the trees with numerous branches of a fize fit for decorti growing in Jamaica, Dr Dancer informs us, in his cation. The feeds, however, are a long time in paper above quoted, that " The best cinnamon

LA W.

a

LAUZERTE, a town of France, in the dep. of out this interpofition, would remain in that ftatc Lot, 16 miles NW. of Montauban.

of infenfibility to which the death brought upon (1.) LAW, Edmund, D.D. bp. of Carlisle, was mankind by the fin of Adam had reduced them." - born in the parish of Cartmel in Lancashire A.D. This he founded on 1 Cor. xv. 21.—" Since by • 1703. His father, who was a clergyman, held a cha. man came death, by man came also the resurrecpel in Cartmel, He was educated firft at Cartmel, tion of the dead.” This opinion, while it increaafterwards at Kendal, and completed his studies fed' his reverence for Christianity, and its divine at St John's college, Cambridge. Soon after tak. Founder, he retained, as he did his other speculaing his first degree, he was elected fellow of Christ's tive tenets, without laying an extravagant stress college. During his residence there, he published upon their importance, or pretending to absolute a tranllation of Abp. King's Esay upon the Origin certainty. No man formed his own conclusions of Evil, with copious notes; in which many me with more freedom, or treated those of others taphysical fubje&s are treated of with great in- with greater candour. He was zealously attached . genuity and learning. To this work was pre- to religious liberty, and there was nothing in his

#xed, as a Preliminary Dissertation, a valuable elevation to his bishopric, which he spoke of with * piece, by the Rev. Mr Gay of Sidney college, of more pleasure, than its affording a proof that de· whom Dr Law had a high opinion. At this time cent freedom of inquiry was not discouraged. He he also prepared for the press an edition of Ste. was a man of great foftness of manners, and of phens's Thefaurus. "In the year 1737, he was pre- the mildeft difpofition. His perfon was low, but sented to the rectory of Graystock in Cumber- well formed; his complexion fair and delicate. land, worth 300l. a year. Soon after this he mar. Except occasional interruptions by the gout, he ried Mary the daughter of John Christian, Efq. of had, for the greatest part of his life, enjoyed good Unerigg, in Cumberland; a lady esteemed by all health. He was interred in his cathedral church, who knew her. In 1743, he was promoted by the in which a handsome monument is erected to his Bp. of Carlisle, to the archdeaconry of that' dio- memory, with a suitable infcription. cese ; and in 1746;" went to refide at Salkeld, on (2.) Law, John, the famous projector, was the the Eden, where he published Confiderations on the eldes son of a goldsmith in Edinburgh, by ElizaTheory of Religion : to which were subjoined, Re- beth Campbell, heiress of Laurieston near that cife&tions on the Life and Charader of Chrift; and ty; and was born about 1681. He was bred to no an Appendix concerning the use of the words business; but poßeffed great abilities, and a very

Soul and Spirit in holy Scripture, and the fate of fertile invention. He had the address, when' bút the dead there described. In 1754, he took his a very young man, toʻrecommend himself to the degree of. D.D. and in this thesis defended the king's minifters in Scotland to arrange and fit the doctrine of the Sleep of the Soul. In 1756, he fuc- revenue accounts, which were in great disorder ceeded Dr Keene, bishop of Chester, as master of at the time of settling the equivalent before the Peterhouse in Cambridge. About 1960, he was union: Heilfo laid a proposal before the Scots parappointed head-librarian of the university; a G. fiament, for supplying the kingdom with money, tuation peculiarly suited to his taste. Some time by establishing a bank, which should issue paper after this, he was also appointed casuistical profef- to the value of the whole landed property in the for. In 1762, he suffered an irreparable afdi&tion kingdom : but his plan, being thought too will, by the death of his lady, who left him ii chil- was rejected. His father dying about 1704, Law dren, many of them very young. Some years af- fucceeiled to the small estate of Lauriefton ; but terwards, he received several other preferments. the rents being insufficient for his expenses, he In 1768, the duke of Grafton recommended him had recourfe to gaming. He was tall and graceto his majefty for the bishopric of Carlisle, not ful in his person, and much addicted to dress and only without solicitation, but without his know. gallantry; and giving a sort of ton at Edinburgh, ledge. About 1777, our bishop gave to the public he went commonly by the name of Beau Law. a handsome edition, in 3 vols. 4to. of Mr Locke's He was forced to Ay his country, however, in the Works, with the Author's Life, and a Preface. midst of his career, in consequence of having Mr Locke's writings and character he held in the fought a duel and killed his antagonist. He escahighest efteem, and drew from them many of his ped to Holland; thence proceeded to Venice, and own principles. About this time too he publish- wandered over Italy, studying the pature of banks, ed'a tract, which engaged lome attention, con- and making bimself an adept in the mysteries of cerning subscription; with new editions of his two exchanges and re-exchanges. At the close of the principal works, confiderably enlarged. He held reign of Lewis XIV. when the French finances the fee of Carlisle nearly 19 years, generally were in great disorder, Law having obtained an spending the summer in his diocese at Rose Caftle, audience, the bankrupt king was delighted by his where he died August 14th, 1987, aged 84. His projects; but the minifter Desmarest, menacing life was almost entirely devoted to metaphysical him with the Baftile, obliged him to fly from and religious inquiries. Besides the above works, Paris. He next applied to Victor Amadeus, duke he published, in 1734 or 1735, a very ingenious of Savoy, who told him he was not rich enough Inquiry into the Ideas of Space, Time, &c. in which to ruin himself. At the death of Lewis XIV. the he combats the opinions of Dr Clarke and his ad- regent Duke of. Orleans, in despair, called in our herents ; but the tenet by which bis writings are numerical quack. By an arret of the ad March principally diftinguished, is “ that Jesus Chrift, át 1916, a bank was eftablished by authority, in fahis second coming, will, by an act of his power, vour of Law and his associates; 200,000 shares reftore to life and consciousness the dead of the hoc were instituted, of 1000 livres each ; and Law man species, who, by their own nature, and with. deposited in it to the value of 2 or 3000 crowns, which he had accumulated in Italy -by gaming. waited in his antichamber. But, in 1920, this Many people had at first little confidence in this mighty commercial meteor burst, and his immense bank; but when it was found, that the payments fabric of false credit fell to the ground, and al. were made with quickness and punctuality, they molt overthrew the French government, ruining began to prefer its notes to ready money. In con- some thousands of families ; and it is remarkable, sequence of this, shares rose to more than 20 times that the same desperate game was played by the their original value; and in 1919 their valuation South Sea directors in England, in the same fatal was more than 80 times the amount of all the year, 1720. Law being exiled as soon as the current specie in the kingdom. Law was created credit of his projects began to fail, retired to Count Tankerville, and his native city humbly Venice, where he died in 1929. MONTESQUIEU, presented him with her freedom, in which appear who saw him there, says, “ He is ftill the same these remarkable exprellions : “ The city of man; his mind ever bulied in financial schemes; Edinburgh presents its freedom to John Law, his head is full of figures, of agios, and of banki. Count of Tankerville, &c. &c. a most accomplished Of all his more than princely revenues, he has gentleman, the first of all bankers in Europe, the only saved a large white diamond, which, when fortunate inventor of fources of commerce, in be has no money, he pawns.” The principles all parts of the remote world, and who has so well , upon which Law's original scheme was founded, deserved of his nation.". Law was in fact adored; are explained by himself in A Discourse corthe proudest courtiers were reptiles before this cerning Money and Trade, which he published mighty man, and dukes and duchesses patiently in Scotland.

L AW.

PART 1.

NATURE. For, as God, when he created matter, OF THE NATURE OF LAWS IN GENERAL.

and endued it with a principle of mobility, efta.

blished certain rules for the perpetual direction of SECT. I. DEFINITIONS of Law.

that motion; so, when he created man and en

dued him with free will to conduct himself in all L AW, in its most general and comprehenfive parts of life, he laid down certain immutable laws

fenfe, fignifies a rule of action, and is applied of human nature, whereby that free will is in indiscriminately to all kinds of action, whether fome degree regulated and restrained, and gave animate or inanimate, rational or irrational. Thus him also the faculty of reason to discover Lire purwe fay, the laws of motion, of gravitation of port of those laws. optics, of mechanics, as well as the laws of nature As God is a Being of infinite wisdom, he has laid and of nations. And it is that rule of action which down only such laws as were founded in those relais prescribed by some superior, and which the in- tions of justice that exifted in the nature of things ferior is bound to obey.

antecedent to any positive precept. These are the But law, in its more confined sense, and in eternal immutable laws of good and evil

, to which which it is our present business to consider it, de the Creator himself, in all his dispensations, connotes the rules, not of action in general, but of forms; and which he has enabled human reason to human action or conduct: that is, the precepts, by discover, so far as they are necessary for the conwhich man, the noblest of all sublunary beings, a duct of human actions. Such, among others, arc creature endowed with both reason and free will, these principles : That we thould live bonestly, is commanded to make use of those faculties in should burt nobody, and mould render to every the general regulation of his behaviour.

one his due; to which three general precepts JulSect. II. Of the Laws of NATURE, Revela. tinian has reduced the whole doctrine of law. TION, and Nations; and of the MunicipAL the law of nature depended only upon the due ex.

But if the discovery of these firft principles of LAW.

ertion of right reason, and could not otherwise be Man, considered as a creature, muft necessarily obtained, than by a chain of metaphysical disquibe fubject to the laws of his Creator, for he is fitions, mankind would have wanted some induce. entirely a dependent being. A being, independ- ment to have quickened their inquiries, and the 'ent of any other, has no rule to purlue but such greater part of the world would have refted con, as he prescribes to himself: but a state of depend. tent in mental indolence, and ignorance, its inse. ence inevitably obliges the inferior to take the parable companion. As therefore the Creator is will of him on whom he depends as the rule of a being, not only of infinite power and wisdom, bis conduct; not indeed in every particular, but but also of infinite goodness, he has been pleased in all those points wherein his dependence consists. so to contrive the constitution of human nature, This principle therefore has more or less extent that we thould want no other prompter to inquire and effect, in proportion as the superiority of the after and pursue the rule of right, but only our one, and the dependence of the other, is greater own self-love, that universal principle of action, or less, absolute or limited. And consequently, as For he has so intimately connected the laws of man depends absolutely upon his Maker for every eternal justice with the happiness of each indi. thing, it is necessary that he thould, in all points, vidual, that the latter cannot be attained but by conforın to bis Maker's will.

observing the former; and if the former be punctu. This will of his Maker is called the LAW OP ally obeyed, it cannot bụt induce the latter. In

consequence