and a peculiar fpecies of red fruit, called manna, refembling sweet almonds in tafte, grows naturally in it. Nafkow is the capital. Lon. from II. 2. to 11. 48. E. Lat. 34. 43. to 35. 2. N. LAAR, or LAR, a town of Perfia, in Fars. LAAS, a town of Carniola, 23 m.NE. of Triefte. LAASPHE, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, and county of Witgenstein, 22 miles SW. of Waldeck, and 64 E. of Cologn.

LABAAR, a town of Indostan, in Agr.

(1.) LABADIA, or BADIA, a district of the late Venetian province of Rovigo; containing one town and feveral villages.

(2.) LABADIA, or the BADIA, a rich and populous town in the above district, feated on the Adigetto, where it leaves the Adige, over which it has a good bridge: 20 miles NW. of Ferrara.

LABADIE, a famous French enthusiast, son of John Charles Labadie, governor of Bourges and gentleman in ordinary of the bed-chamber to the French king, was born in 1610. He entered young into the Jefuits college at Bourdeaux; which, by his own account, he afterwards quitted, but by other accounts was expelled for his peculiar notions, and for hypocrify. He became a popular preacher; but being repeatedly detected in working upon female devotees with fpiritual inftructions for carnal purposes, his lofs of character among the Catholics drove him among the Proteftants. A reformed jefuit being thought a great acquifition, he was precipitately accepted as a paftor at Montauban, where he officiated for 8 years: but, attempting the chastity of a young lady, and quarrelling with the Catholic priest about the right of interring a dead body, he was at length banished that place. Labadie being driven out of Montauban, went to feek an afylum at Orange: but not finding himself fo fafe there as he imagined, he withdrew privately to Geneva, where he impofed on the people by his devout preaching and carriage; and from thence was invited to Middleburg, where his fpirituality made him and his followers confidered as fo many faints, diftinguished by the name of LABADISTS. They increased fo much, that he excited the attention of the other churches, whofe authority he difputed, till he was formally depofed by the fynod of Dort. Instead of obeying, he procured a tumultuous fupport from a crowd of his devotees; and at length formed a little fettlement between Utrecht and Amfterdam, where be erected a printing-prefs, which fent forth many of his works. Some of his followers left him, expofed his private life, and informed the public of his familiarities with his female difciples, under pretence of uniting them more clofely to God; and he was finally obliged to retire to Altena in Holftein, where he died in 1674.

LABADISTS, a feet of religionists in the 27th century, followers of LABADIE. See the laft article. Some of their opinions were, 1. That God could, and did deceive men: 2. That, in reading the Scriptures, greater attention should be paid to the internal inspiration of the Holy Spirit than to the words of the text. 3. That baptifm ought to be deferred till mature age. 4. That the good and the wicked entered equally into the old alliance, provided they defcended from Abraham; but the new admitted only spiritual men. 5. That VOL. XII. PARt II.

the observation of Sunday was a matter of indif ference. 6. That Chrift would come and reign 1000 years on earth. 7. That the eucharift was only a commemoration of the death of Chrift; and that, though the fymbols were nothing in themfelves, yet that Chrift was fpiritually received by those who partook of them in a due manner. 8. That a contemplative life was a ftate of grace and perfection, &c. 9. That the man whofe heart was perfectly content and calm, half enjoys God, fees all things in him, &c. 1o. That this state was to be come at by felf-abnegation, by the mortification of the fenfes, &c.

LABARUM, the banner or standard carried before the Roman emperors in the wars. It confifted of a long lance, with a staff a-top; crofling it at right angles; from which hung a rich streamer, of a purple colour, adorned with precious ftones. Till the time of Conftantine it had an eagle painted on it; but that emperor, in lieu thereof, added a crofs, with a cipher expreffing the name of Jefus. This ftandard the Romans took from the Germans, Dace, Sarmatæ, Pannonians, &c. whom they had overcome. The name labarum was not known before the time of Conftantine; but the standard itself, in the form we have defcribed it, abating the fymbols of Chriftianity, was used by all the preceding emperors. Some derive the word from labor, as if this finished their labours; fome from tuxabia, reverence, piety; others from apavi, to take; and others from xapuga, poils.

LABAT, John Baptift, a celebrated traveller, of the order of St Dominic, born at Paris. He taught philofophy at Nancy, and in 1693 went to America in quality of a miffionary. He returned to France in 1705, spent several years in Italy, and died at Paris in 1738. His principal works are, 1. A new voyage to the American iflands, 6 vols. 12mo. 2. Travels in Spain and Italy, 8 vols. 12mo. 3. A new account of the western parts of Africa, 5 vols. 12mo. He also published Chevalier des Marchais's Voyage to Guinea, in 4 vols. 12mo.; and An hiftorical account of the aveftern parts of Ethiopia, tranflated from the Italian of Cavazzi: 5 vols. 12mo.

LABBE, Philip, born at Bourges in France, in 1607; profeffed philofophy, divinity, and the languages, with great applause; and died in 1667, aged 10. He was a laborious writer, and a good critic; and wrote, 1. Nova Bibliotheca MS. librorum, in 2 vols. fol. 2. De Byzantinæ hiftoriæ Scriptoribus. 3. Galeni vita. 4. Bibliotheca bibliothecarum. 5. Concordantia chronologica, &c. He began the laft edition of The councils, and died while the 9th volume was printing. They were finished in 17 vols. by F. Coffart.

(1.)* LABDANUM. n. S. A refin, of a strong, not unpleasant smell, and an aromatic, but not agreeable tafte. This juice exudates from a low fpreading fhrub in Crete. Hill.

(2.) LABDANUM, or LADANUM, exfudes from a tree of the ciftus kind. It is faid to have been formerly collected from the beards of goats who browsed the leaves of the ciftus: at prefent, a kind of rake, with feveral straps or thongs of fkins fixed to it, is drawn lightly over the fhrub, so as to take up the unctuous juice, which is afterwards Zzz

fcraped

fcraped off with knives. It is rarely met with pure, even in the places which produce it; the duft, blown upon the plant by the wind, mingling with the tenacious juice: the inhabitants are alfo faid to mix with it a certain black fand. In the fhops two forts are met with. The best (which is very rare) is in dark-coloured maffes, almoft black, of the confiftence of a foft plafter, which grows ftill fofter upon being handled; of a very agrecable smell, and of a light pungent bitterith tafte. The other fort is harder, not fo dark coJoured, in long rolls coiled up; of a much weaker fmell than the firft, and has a large admixture of a fine fand, which, in the ladanum examined by the French academy, made up 3-4ths of the mafs. It is ufed externally, to attenuate and difcufs tumors; internally, it is more rarely ufed, but is greatly extolled by fome againft catarrhs and in dyfenteries. Rectified fpirit of wine almoft entirely diffolves pure ladanum, leaving only a fmall portion of gummy matter, which has no tafte or fmell; and hence this refin may be thus excellently purified for internal purposes. It is an ufeful ingredient in the ftomachic plafter, now Ayled emplaftrum ladani.

*To LABEFY. v. a. [labefacio, Latin.] weaken; to impair. Di&.

(1.) * LABEL. n. f. [labellum, Latin.] fmall flip or ferip of writing.

When wak'd, I found

This label on my bofom.

To

1. A

Shak. 2. Any thing appendent to a larger writing.-On the label of lead, the heads of St Peter and St Paul are impreffed from the papal feal. Ayliffe. 3. [In law.] A narrow flip of paper or parchment affixed to a deed or writing, in order to hold the appending feal. So alfo any paper, annexed by way of addition or explication to any will or teftament, is called a label or codicil. Harris.

God join'd my heart to Romeo's; thou our
hands;

And ere this hand, by thee to Romeo feal'd,
Shall be the label to another deed,
Or my true heart with treacherous revolt
Turn to another, this fhall flay them both.

Shak. (2.) LABEL is alfo ufed for a long, thin, brafs rule, with a fmall fight at one end, and a centre hole at the other; commonly used with a tangent line on the edge of a circumferentor to take altitudes, &c.

(3.) LABEL, in heraldry, is a fillet ufually placed in the middle along the chief of the coat, without touching its extremities. Its breadth ought to be a 9th part of the chief. It is adorned with pendants; and when there are above three of thefe, the number must be specified in blazoning. It is aled on the arms of eldeft fons while the father is alive, to diftinguish them from the younger; and is efteemed the most honourable of all differences. See HERALDRY.

* LABENT. adj. [labens, Lat.] Sliding; gliding flipping. Dia.

:

LABEO, Quintus Fabius, a Roman author, who was conful A. A. C. 183. He was both a foldier and man of letters. He obtained a naval victory over the Cretans, and affifted Terence in writing some of his plays.

different chemical operations will eafily be derived the knowledge of a proper place to perform them in; for which fee CHEMISTRY, FURNACE, and METALLURGY.

(3.) LABORATORY, in military affairs, fignifies the place where fire-works are prepared, both for actual service and for pleafure, viz. quick matches, fuzes, port-fires, grape-fhot, cafe-fhot, carcaffes, hand-grenades, cartridges, fhells filled, and fuzes fixed, wads, &c. &c.

• LABORIOUS. adj. [laborieux; Fr. laboriofus, Lat.] 1. Diligent in work; affiduous.-That which makes the clergy glorious, is to be knowing in their profeffions, unfpotted in their lives, active and laborious in their charges. South.

A fpacious cave, within its farmost part, Was hew'd and fashion'd by laborious art. Dryden. To his laborious youth confum'd in war, And lafting age, adorn'd and crown'd with Prior. 2. Requiring labour; tirefome; not easy.— Do'st thou love watchings, abftinence, and toil,

peace.

Laborious virtues all? learn them from Cato. Addifon. *LABORIOUSLY.adv. [from laborious.] With labour; with toil.-The folly of him who pumps very laboriously in a ship, yet neglects to stop the leak. Decay of Piety.

I chufe laboriously to bear
A weight of woes, and breathe the vital air.

Pope. LABORIOUSNESS. n. f. [from laborious.] 1. Toilfomeness; difficulty.-The parallel holds in the gainleffnefs, as well as the laboriousness of the work. Decay of Piety. 2. Diligence; affiduity.

LABOUER, ST, a town of France, in the dep. of Landes; 18 miles S. of Mont Marfan.

Graunt. His heart is in continual labour; it even travails with the obligation, and is in pangs 'till it be delivered. South.

(2.) LABOUR, § 1, def. 4. See MIDWIFERY. (3.) LABOUR, in fea language, A ship is faid to be in labour when the rolls and tumbles very much, either a-hull, under fail, or at anchor.

(1.) To LABOUR. v. n. (laboro, Lat.] 1. To toil; to act with painful effort.

When fhall I come to th' top of that fame hill?

-You do climb up it now; look how we labour.

For your highness' good I ever labour'd, More than mine own.

Who is with him?

Shak.

Shak.

-None but the fool, who labours to out-jeft His heart-ftruck injuries.

Shak.

2. To

-Let more work be laid upon the men, that they may labour therein. Exod. v. 9.-He is so touch'd with the memory of her benevolence and protection, that his foul labours for an expreffion to repréfent it. Notes on the Odyffey.-Always labouring fervently for you in prayers. Col. iv, 12. do work; to take pains.-Light-headed, weak men, whofe fatisfaction was not to be laboured for. Clarendon.-A labouring man that is given to drunkennefs, fhall not be rich. Eccluf. xix, 1.That in the night they may be a guard to us, and labour on the day. Neb. iv. 22.-As a man had a right to all he could employ his labour upon,. fo he had no temptation to labour for more than he could make ufe of. Locke. 3. To move with difficulty.

The ftone that labours up the hill, Mocking the lab'rer's toil, returning ftill, Is love.

Granville. 4. To be difeafed with. [Morbo laborare, Latin.] Not in use.

They abound with horse, Of which one want our camp doth only labour, B. Jonfon.

If you had been the wife of Hercules, Six of his labours you'd have done. Shak. . Exercife; motion with fome degree of violence. -Moderate labour of the body conduces to the prefervation of health, and curing many' initial Meafes; but the toil of the mind deftroys health, and generates maladies. Harvey. 4. Childbirth; ravail.

Sith of women's labours thou haft charge, And generation goodly doest enlarge, Incline thy will to affect our wifhful vow.

Spenfer Not knowing 'twas my labour, I complain Of fudden fhootings, and of grinding pain. Dryden. -Not one woman of two hundred dies in labour.

To this infernal lake the fury flies, Here hides her heated head, and frees the lab'ring fkies. Dryden. Trumpets and drums fhall fright her from the throne,

As founding cymbals aid the lab'ring moon.

Dryden.

on the model of that of Egypt, though on a final. ler fcale. They add, that it was formed by the command of Minos, who kept the Minotaur shut up in it; and that in their time it no longer exifted. Diodorus and Pliny, therefore, confidered this labyrinth as a large edifice; while other writers reprefent it fimply as a cavern hollowed in the rock, and full of winding paffages. But if this labyrinth had been conftructed by Dædalus under Minos, it is surprising that we find no mention of it, neither in Homer, who more than once speaks of Minos and Crete; nor in Herodotus, who describes that of Egypt, after having faid that the monuments of the Egyptians are much superior to thofe of the Greeks; nor in the more ancient geographers; nor in any of the writers of the ages when Greece flourished. Diodorus and Pliny fuppofe, that in their time no traces of the labyrinth existed in Crete, and that even the date of its destruction had been forgotten. Yet it is said to have been vifited by the difciples of Apollonius of Tyana, who was cotemporary with thofe two authors. The Cretans, therefore, then believed that they poffeffed the labyrinth. "I would requeft the reader (fays Abbé Barthelemi) to attend to the following paffage in Strabo. At Napulia, near the ancient Argos (continues that judicious writer), are still to be feen vaft caverns, in which are conftructed labyrinths that are believed to be the work of the Cyclops: the meaning of which is, that the labours of men had opened in the rock paffages which croffed and returned upon themselves, as is done in quarries. Such is the idea we ought to form of the labyrinth of Crete. Were there feveral labyrinths in that ifland? Ancient authors fpeak only of one, which the greater part place at Cnoffus, and fome at Gortyna. Belon and Tournefort have given us the defcription of a cavern at the foot of mount Ida, on the S. fide of the mountain, at a small distance from Gortyna. This was only a quarry, according to the former; and the ancient labyrinth, according to the latter, whofe opinion I have followed." The Abbé has fome farther conjectures on this subject, for which fee his Travels of Anacharsis, Vol. vi. p. 441.

(4.) The LABYRINTH OF EGYPT, according to Pliny, was the oldeft of all the known labyrinths, and was fubfifting in his time after having ftood 3600 years. He fays it was built by king Petefucus, or Tithoes, but Herodotus makes it the work of several kings. It stood on the banks of the lake Maris, and confifted of 12 large contiguous palaces, containing 3000 chambers, 1500 of which were under ground. Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, Pliny, and Mela, speak of this monument with the fame admiration as Herodotus: but not one of them fays it was conftructed to bewilder those who went into it; though it is manifeft that, without a guide, they would be in danger of lofing their way. It was this danger, no doubt, which introduced a new term into the Greek language. (5.) LABYRINTH OF THE EAR. See ANATOMY, 557.

(1.) LAC, [Lat.] Milk. See MILK.

*

(2.) LAC. n. f. Lac is ufually diftinguished by the name of a gum, but improperly, because it is inflammable, and not foluble in water. We have three forts of it, which are all the product of the