a city of the Gibeonites, belonging to the tribe of Judah, 9 miles from Elia, in the road to Diofpolis. It was alfo called Baala. (Joshua.) The ark, after its recovery from the Philiftines, ftood for fome time in this city. (1 Sam. vii.)

* KIRK. n. f. \cyrce, Sax. xvgiax.] An old word for a church, yet retained in Scotland.

Home they haften the posts to dight, And all the kirk pillars ere day-light. Spenfer. There is a church as well as kirk of Scots. Cleaveland. -What one party thought to rivet by the Scots, that the other contemns, defpifing the kirk government and difcipline of the Scots. King Charles. (1.) KIRKALDY, a parish of Scotland, in Fife fhire, which extends only about 3 miles in length and a in breadth. It contained 2673 fouls in 1792, and had increased 377 fince 1755.

(2.) KIRKALDY, a royal burgh, of confiderable confequence, as to extent, population, commerce, manufactures, and shipping. It extends more than a mile in length, and is about 3 miles eaft from Kinghorn on the coaft. Lon. 3. o. W. Lat. 56. 8. N. The name is fuppofed to be derived from the Culdees, or Keldei, as they are called in the old charters. The town extends along the fea-thore, confifting of one long street, and a few lanes of fmall extent opening on each fide of it. There are from 30 to 40 fquare-rigged veffels belonging to this port, which are employed not only as coafters, but the largest of them fail to the Mediterranean, Baltic, Weft Indies, and America. Kirkaldy contains about 2300 inhabitants, having increased greatly fince 1755. The relative confequence of this burgh may be judged of from this circumftance, in all public affeffments it is rated as the 6th burgh of Scotland, and one 40th of the whole fupplies levied from it. The principal manufactures of Kirkaldy are cottons, linens, checks, ticks, leather, cotton-fpinning, &c. Kirkaldy joins with the neighbouring burghs of Dyfart, Kinghorn, and Burntifland, in fending a repreentative to the imperial parliament. It may not be improper to add, that Kirkaldy has produced fome of the moft eminent Scotfmen of the laft entury, viz. Mr Ofwald of Dunnikeer, Dr Adam Smith, author of The Wealth of Nations, and Dr John Dryfdale.

KIRKANDERS, a town of Cumberland, on the Elk, NW. of Carlisle.

KIRKANDREWS, a town of Cumberland, on the Eden, 4 miles from Carlile.

(1.) KIRKBEAN, a parish in the county of Kirkcudbright, in Scotland. It is fituated in the SE. corner of Galloway, in Lat. 54° 55'. It exends about 3 miles in length, and 3 in breadth; and contained 660 fouls in 1793: increase, 131. (2.) KIRKBEAN, a village in the above parifh, fuppofed to be the ancient Caerbentorigum.

KIRKBOST, an ifle on the W. coaft of N. Uift, (1-20.) KIRKBY, the name of 20 English vilages; viz. of one each in Cheshire, Cumberland, Effex, Northamptonfhire, and Nottinghamfhire; f two in Lancashire, four in Lincolnshire, and ning in Yorkshire, variously distinguished.

(21) KIRKBY LONSDALE, a large town of Weft. moreland, 253 miles from London; with a woollen manufactory, and a market on Tuesday. It

has a free fchool well endowed, with three prefentations to Chrift's college, Cambridge. It has a large church, and a good stone bridge of 3 arches over the Lon. From its church-yard and the banks of the river, there is a very fine profpect of the mountains at a vaft diftance, as well as of the course of the Lon, which abounds with falmon, trouts, &c. and provifions of a!! forts are cheap.

(22.) KIRKBY STEVEN, OF STEPHEN'S CHURCH, a town of Weltmoreland, 257 miles from London, on the Eden, near Sedbergh and Afgarth. The church is a large building with a lofty tower; in it are feveral old monuments. It has a fair and market, with a good free school, and is noted for its manufactory of yarn stockings.

(23.) KIRKBY THORE, a town of Weftmoreland, alfo on the Eden, NW. of Appleby, 267 miles from London. Below it are the vaft ruins of an ancient town, where Roman coins and urns, containing bones and afhes, are frequently dug up. The people call it WHELY-CASTLE: it is 300 yards long, and 150 broad, and has entrances on each fide, with bulwarks before them. The old military way runs through it, called the Maiden Way, because it began at Maiden-caftle, in Stainmore, Yorkshire, N. riding.

KIRKCOLM, a parish in the county of Wigton, in Scotland. This parifh derives its name from St Columbus, and contained 945 inhabitants. in 1791: increase, 180.

KIRKCONNEL, a parifh in the county of Dumfries, in Scotland. It derives its name from the famous tutelary faint, Connel; is from 10 to 14 miles long, and from 7 to 8 miles broad; and contained about rooo fouls in 1793: increase, 101.

(1.) KIRKCUDBRIGHT, a county of Scot land, which makes a confiderable part of Galloway, of which the earls of Nithifdale were hereditary ftewards. The face of the country exhi bits the appearance of one continued heath, producing nothing but pafture for theep and small black cattle, which are generally fold in England; yet thefe dufky moors are interfected with plea fant valleys, and adorned with a great number of caftles belonging to private gentlemen, every houfe being furrounded with an agreeable plantation. It is watered by the Dee which, taking its rife from the mountains near Carrick, runs through a tract of land about 70 miles in length, and entering the Irish fea, forms the harbour of Kirkcudbright.

(2.) KIRKCUDERIGHT, a parifh in the above county, N° 1. It probably derives its name from St Cuthbert. It contained 2295 fouls in 1792: increafe, 782. It extends about 7 miles in length, and from 3 to 4 in breadth. The climate is heal thy; the foil well cultivated and productive; and the fisheries produce above 4col. per annum.

(3.) KIRKCUDBRIGHT, a royal burgh in the above parifh. This place, which lies 101 miles SW. from Edinburgh, contained 1641 inhabitants in 1792. It is a neat, clean, well regulated burgh. It formerly had an extenfive trade, which fmuggling has proved the ruin of. There are 28 brigs and floops belonging to this port; and it has a har bour equal to any on that coaft of Scotland. The prefent caftle is a strong maffy building, almost entire, though built in 1582. The town bears fe

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mous CAIRN-GORM, or blue mountain, which rifes 4050 feet above the level of the fea, and produces thofe ftones fo highly valued for their beauty, diftinguished in Scotland by the name of Cairngorm Stones. The number of sheep, in 1794, was 7050; of horfes, 303; of goats, 310; and of black cattle,

1400.

(6.) KIRKMICHAEL, a parish in the counties of Cromarty and Rofs. To this parish, about 1690, were added thofe of Cullicudden and St Martin's. It lies on the S. fide of the Frith of Cromarty, and extends about 8 miles in length, and 3 in breadth. Although a great part of it lies quite wafte, it contained, in 1792, 1234 inhabitants: decreafe 137, fince 1755. There is a greater number of ancient encampments in this than in any other parish in the north.

KIRKMIGHEL, a town and river in the Inle of

Man.

KIRKNEWTON, a parish of Mid-Lothian, to which that of EAST CALDER was annexed about 1750. They are 6 miles long from N. to S. and 4 broad. The air is pure; the furface level, and the foil fertile on the N. but billy and fit for pafture on the S. Hufbandry is much improved, and all the ufual crops produced. The population, in 1792, was 812; decrease 345 fince 1755. The number of horfes was 261; fheep 1563; and black cattle 533.

(1.) KIRKOSWALD, a parish in the diftrict of Carrick, and county of Air. It extends about 6 miles along the fea-coaft, and includes about 11,000 acres. It contained 1335 fouls in 1791: increase 167. There are feveral remarkable old buildings in this parish, viz. The abbey of Croffreguill, the caftles of Cullean, Thomafton, Turnberry, &c. (2.) KIRKOSWALD, a thriving village in the above parish, containing about 20 families.

(3.) KIRKOSWALD, a town of England, in Cumberland, feated on a hill near the Eden; 292 miles NW. of London. It had formerly a castle, which was demolished above 100 years ago. It has a market and 2 fairs. Its church is a very irregular old building; and the belfrey is placed diftant from the church on the top of an hill, that the found of the bells may be more eafily heard by the circumjacent villages. Lon. 2. 48. W. Lat. 54. 48. N.

KIRKOWEN, a parish in the county of Galloway, in Scotland. It is of a triangular form, extending about 15 miles in length, and from 6 to 7 miles are the mean breadth. The population, in 1797, was 690; the decrease 105, fince 1755. The number of horfes was 200; fheep 10,000; and oxen 1600.

(1-3) KIRKPATRICK. See KILPATRICK. (4.) KIRKPATRICK DURHAM, a parish in the ftewartry of Kirkcudlight. It extends about 9 miles in length, and from 3 to 4 in breadth. It contained 1000 inhabitants in 1791: increafe 301. (5.) KIRKPATRICK-FLEMING, a parish in Dumfries-thire, extending about 6 miles in length and 3 in breadth, and containing 1542 fouls in 1793 increafe 395 fince 1755. Here are the ruins of the caftle of Redhall, famous in Scottish hiftory. (6.) KIRKPATRICK-IRONGRAY, a parish in the ftewartry of Kirkcudbright, in Scotland. It exends about 9 miles in length, reaching within

miles of Dumfries, and about 3 in breadth. It contained 762 fouls in 1791: decrease 133 fince 1755. (7.) KIRKPATRICK-JUXTA, a parish in Dumfries-thire, in Scotland. Its form is triangular, extending about 8 miles on each fide. It contained 617 fouls in 1791: decrease 177 fince 1755

KIRK-SANDAL, a town near Doncafter, Yorksh. KIRK-SESSION, the 4th and lowest ecclefiaftica! judicatory in Scotland. Each parish, according to its extent, is divided into feyeral particular diftricts; every one of which has its own elder and deacon to overfee it. A confiftory of the minifters, elders, and deacons of a parifh, form a kirkfeffion.-Thefe meet once a week, the minifter being their moderator, but without a negative voice. They regulate matters relative to public worship, elections, catechifing, vifitations, &c. They judge in matters of lefs fcandal, but greater. as adultery, are left to the prefbytery; and in all cafes an appeal lies from it to the prefbytery. Kirk-feffions have likewife the care of the poor's funds, and in general manage them greatly to the fatisfaction of the people.

KIRKSOP, or KIRSOP, a river of Cumberland, which runs into the Eden, near Burgh-Sands. KIRKSTAL, a town of Yorksh. NW. of Leeds. KIRKTON, a town of Lincolnsh. S. of Boston. KIRKTOUN, a parish in the county of Roxburgh, in Scotland. This parish extends about 8 miles in length, and from 1 to 2 in breadth, and contained 342 inhabitants in 1793: increase 12. The foil is very poor, and little improved.

KIRKURD, a parish in the county of Peebles, in Scotland. Urd, in the Celtic, fignifies a quarter or fourth part; hence, at each of the four extremities of this parish, we have Kirkurd, Ladyurd, Netherurd, and Lochurd. It extends smiles in length, and from 3 to 4 in breadth; and contained 288 fouls in 1792: decrease 22 fince 1755.

(1.) KIRKWALL, a parish of Scotland, in the Orkneys. St Ola has lately been joined to it, and they contained together 2550 inhabitants in 1791, though not very extenfive. Increase 561 fince 1755. The number of horses was 300, fheep 1500, and black cattle goo. See OKNEY.

(2.) KIRKWALL, a royal borough in the above parish, the capital of the Orkneys. It is built upon an inlet of the fea, near the middle of the ifland of Pomona, having a very fafe road and harbour for fhipping. It is governed by a provoft, 4 bailies, and a common council. It was formerly poffeffed by the Norwegians, who be ftowed upon it the name of Crucoviaca. From king James III. of Scotland they obtained a new charter, empowering them to elect their own magiftrates yearly, to hold borough courts, arreft, imprifon, make laws and ordinances for the right government of the town; to have a weekly mar ket and 3 fairs. He alfo granted them fome lands adjoining to the town, with the cuftoms and fhoredues, the power of a pit and gallows, and exempt. ed them from the expense of fending commiffioners to parliament. This charter has been confirmed by fucceeding monarchs. At present Kirkwall is the feat of juftice, where the fteward, sheriff, and commiffary, hold their feveral courts of jurif diction: Here is likewise a public grammar school, endowed with a competent falary for the master.

The

The town confifts of one narrow street about a inile in length; the houfes are chiefly covered with flate. The principal edifices are the cathedral church and the bishop's palace. The former, called St Magnus, from Magnus king of Norway, the supposed founder of the town, is a large Gothic ftructure: the roof is fupported by 14 pillars on each fide, and the fpire is built upon 4 large columns. The gates are decorated with a kind of Mofaic work, of red and white ftones elegantly carved and flowered. By the ruins of the king's caftle or citadel, it appears to have been a ftrong and stately fortrefs. At the N. end of the town there is a fort of fortification built by the English in the time of Oliver Cromwell. It is furrounded with a ditch and rampart, and mounted with cannon for the defence of the harbour. Lon. o. 25. W. Lat. 58. 33. N.

KIRLAK, an island in the Frozen Sea, of a triangular form; 240 miles in circumference.

KIRLING, ST, a town of Auftria.

KIRN, a town of Germany, now belonging to France, and dep. of Mont Tonnere, and ci-devant county of Salm; 17 miles W. of Kreutznach, and 38 W. of Mentz. Lon. 24. 52. E. Ferro. Lat. 49, 50. N.

(1) KIRRIEMUIR, commonly pronounced Killiemuir, a parish in Angus-shire, extending 7 or 8 miles in length and 6 in breadth; and containing 4358 inhabitants in 1792: increase 949 fince 1755. The number of horses was 520; of fheep 3200; and oxen 1945.

(2.) KIRRIEMUIR, a burgh of barony, in the above parish, of confiderable antiquity. It is about 16 miles from Dundee, 20 from Arbroath, 25 from Perth, and 64 from Edinburgh. Situated in a fertile, extenfive, and populous district, it is the mart to which the inhabitants of the neighbouring parishes chiefly refort. Hence no town in the county has a better weekly market; in none of its fize is more trade carried on. Nine carriers go regularly to Dundee twice, often thrice a week. There are two great annual fairs here, in July and October. The town contained, in 1792,492 houses, 471 families, 18 weavers, and 1584 fouls.

KIRRWEILER, a town of Germany, in the ci-devant bishopric of Spire; now included in France, and dep. of Mont Tonnere: 4 miles N. of Landau, and 12 W. of Spire.

KIRSCHROD, a village of Germany, in the late county of Salm, now included in France, and the department of Mont Tonnere; 6 miles ESE. of Kirn. Copper and agates are found near it.

KIRSHEHR, a town of Turkey, in Natolia, and capital of a district; anciently a confiderable city, called Diocæfarea; 84 miles NE. of Cogni.

(1.) KIRSTENIUS, George, a learned physician and naturalift, who was born at Stettin, and died in 1660. He wrote feveral works which are efteemed.

(2.) KIRSTENIUS, Peter, profeffor of phyfic at Upfal, and phyfician extraordinary to the queen of Sweden, was born at Breslaw, in 1577. He ftudied Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Syriac, natural philofophy, anatomy, botany, and other fciences. Being told that a man could not diftinguish himfelf in phyfic, unless he understood Avicenna, he applied himself to the ftudy of Arabic; and not

I 2

all their neighbours. Their dialects have no ana logy with any known language, and their history and origin are unknown. Their diftricts, as enumerated in Major Rennel's Memoir, are, 1. Ingushi, about 60 miles to the fouthward of Mofdok, in the high mountains about the Kumbelei. 2. Endery; and 3. Axfi, on a low ridge between the Sundfha and laxai rivers. In their territories are the hot wells. 4. Ackinyurt, towards the upper part of the Sundha and Kumbelei. 5. Ardakli, on the Rofhni that joins the Sundfha. 6. Wapi, near the Offetin village Tfhim, towards the fource of the Terek. 7. Angufht, on the upper part of the Kumbelei. 8. Shalkha, called by the Ruffians Maloi Angusht. 9. Thetshen, on the lower part of the Afgun river. 10. Atakhi, a fmall district on the upper part of the Argun.. 11. Kulga, or Dfhanti, in the high mountains. Galgai, or Hulha, about the fource of the Afa, a Sundfha rivulet. 13. Thabrilo, and Shabul, on the Sundfha. 14. Tihini-Kabul, on the Rothni, a Sundfha rivulet. 15. Karaboulak, a wandering tribe, who have their little villages about the fix uppermost rivulets of the Sundha, particularly the Fortan. 16. Meefti, Meredihi, Galafhka, and Duban, are small tribes on the Axai, The Ingushi, or first of the above tribes, fubmitted to Ruffia in 1770. They are capable of arming about 5000 men; they call themfelves Ingufhi, Kifti, or Halba; they live in villages near each other, containing about 20 or 30 houfes; are diligent hufbandmen, and rich in cattle. Many of the villages have a stone tower, which ferves, in time of war, as a retreat to their women and chil dren, and as a magazine for their effects. Thefe people are all armed, and wear fhields.-Their religion is very fimple, but has fome traces of Chriftianity: They believe in one God, whom the call Daile, but have no faints; they celebrate Sunday, not by any religious ceremony, but by refting from labour; they have a faft in fpring, and another, in fummer; they obferve no ceremonies either at births or deaths; they allow of polygamy. At certain times a fheep is killed by a perfon who feems to be confidered as a kind of prieft, as he is obliged to live in a ftate of celibacy. His habitation is in the mountains near an old ftone church, which is faid to be adorned with various ftatues and infcriptions. Under the church is a vault that contains certain old books, which, however, no one ever attempts to approach. The 6th, the 7th, and 8th tribes, which were formerly tributary to the Carbardean princes, fubmitted to Ruffia in 1770. The 9th, Thetfhen, is governed by its own chiefs, who are related to the Avar-Khan. This tribe is fo numerous and war like, and has given the Ruffians so much trouble, that its name is ufually given by them to the whole Kifti nation. The chief village of Tihetfhen lies on the Argun, about 15 miles from its mouth. Its other principal villages are Hadfhiaul, and Tangejent, both on the Sundfha.

KISTNA, or a river of Hindoftan, which riKISTNAGH, fes in the mountain of Vifiapour, on the E. fide of the Gauts, 20 miles from Sattara; and croffing almoft the whole of Hin-doftan, from W. to E. forme the boundary of the

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