the latter foon ventured over to it, as the feaotters and other animals of that kind were accuftomed to refort thither in great numbers. Mednoi Oftroff, or Copper Ifland, which lies in full fight of Beering's ifland, was next vifited. See MEDNOI. Beering's ifland is fituated due E. from Kamtfchatka in 185° lon. and Copper Inland about one degree more to the eastward, and in the lat. of 54° north. The former is from 70 to 80 verfts long, and stretches from north-weft to southeaft in the fame direction as Copper Ifland. The latter is about 50 verfts in length. About 300 verfts E. by S. of Copper Inland lie the Aleutian Ifles; of which Attack is the neareft; it is rather larger than Beering's Island, and ftretches from W. to SE. From thence about 20 verfts E. is fituated SEMITSH1, extending from W. to E. and near its extremity is another fmall island. To the S. of the ftrait which feparates the two latter islands, and at the distance of 40 verfts from both of them, lies SHIMIYA in a fimilar pofition, and not above 25 verfts in length. All these islands lie between 54 and 55° lat. N. The Fox Iflands are fituated ENE. from the Aleutians. See Fox ISLANDS, N° 2; and LYSSIE OSTROVA. The customs and manners of the inhabitants of the Aleutian ifles are nearly fimilar to thofe of the inhabitants of the Fox ISLANDS. The former indee are rendered tributary and entirely fubject to Ruffia; and most of them have a flight acquaint ance with the Ruffian language, which they have learned from the crews of the different veffels who have landed there.

(10.) KAMTSCHATKA, LAWS, PUNISHMENTS, SCHOOLS, &C. IN. A murderer is to be killed by the relations of the perfon slain. They burn the hands of thofe who have been frequently caught in theft; but for the firft offence the thief muft restore what he has flolen, and live alone in folitude. They never have any difputes about their land or their huts, every one having land and water more than fufficient for his wants. They think themselves the happieft people in the world, and look upon the Ruffians who are fettled among them with contempt. However, this notion begins to change; for the old people who are confirmed in their customs drop off; and the young ones being converted to the Chriftian religion, adopt the cuftoms of the Ruffians, and defpife the barbarity and fuperftition of their anceftors. In every oftrog or large village, by order of the late emprefs Catharine II. a chief is appointed, who is fole judge in all caufes except thofe of life and death; and not only thofe chiefs, but even the common people, have their chapels for worship. Schools are alfo erected in almoft every village, to which the Kamtfchatkans fend their children with great pleasure; whence it is to be hoped that barbarity will be rooted out from amongst them.

(11.) KAMTSCHATKA, METHOD OF TRAVELLING IN. The Kamtfchatkans commonly travel in Bledges drawn by dogs. The animals ufed for this purpofe differ very little from the common houfe-dogs; they are of a middling fize, of varicus colours, though there feem to be more white, black, and grey, than of any other. In travelling, they make use of those that are caftrated, and ge

nerally yoke four to a fledge. They drive and direct their dogs with a crooked stick about four feet long, which they fometimes adorn with different coloured thongs; this is looked upon as a great piece of finery. They drive their fledge fitting upon their right fide, with their feet hanging down; for it would be looked upon as a difgrace for a man to fit down at the bottom of the fledge, or to allow any perfon to drive him. It is very difficult to travel in these sledges; for unless a man keeps the exacteft balance, he is liable every moment, from the height and narrowness of them, to be overturned. In a rugged road this would be very dangerous, as the dogs never ftop till they come to fome houfe, or are entangled by fomething upon the road; especially in going down fteep hills, when they run with all their force, and are scarcely to be kept in; for which reason, in defcending any great declivity, they unyoke all the dogs except one, and lead them foftly down. They likewife walk up hills; for it is as much as the dogs can do to drag up the fledge empty. After a deep fnow, before it has been hardened by a froft, there is no travelling with dogs till a road be made, which is effected by a man going before upon fnow-fhoes, whom they call brodovskika. The fnow-fhoes are made of two thin boards, feparated in the middle, bound together at the ends, and with the fore-part bent a little upwards. The brodovskika, having one of thefe fhoes upon each foot, leaves the dogs and fledge, and going on clears part of the road; then returning, leads forward the dogs and fledge fo far as the road is made: this he muft continue till he comes to fome dwelling houfe. This is very laborious; and it happens fo often, that no driver ever fets out without his fnow-fhoes. When a storm of driven fnow furprises them, they seek the fhelter of fome wood, and ftay there as long as the tempeft lasts, which fometimes is a week. If they are a large company, they dig a place for themselves under the fnow, and cover the entry with wood or brambles. Sometimes they hide themselves in caves or holes of the earth, wrapping themselves up in their furs; and when thus covered, they lie as warm as in their huts; they only require a breathing place; but their clothes muft not be tight girt about them, for then the cold is infufferable. Another danger attending travellers is, that in the fevereft froft feveral rivers are not quite frozen over; and as the roads, for the most part, lie close upon the rivers, the banks being very steep, fcarce a year pafles without many being drowned. A difagreeable circumftance alfo to thofe who travel in thefe parts, is their fometimes being obliged to pass through copfes, where they run the risk of having their eyes fcratched out, or their limbs broken; for the dogs always run moft violently in the worft roads, and, to free themselves, very often overturn their driver. The beft travelling is in March or April, when the fnow is turned hard or frozen a little at top; however, there is ftill this inconvenience attending it, that fometimes travellers are obliged to lodge two or three nights in defert places; and it is difficult to prevail upon the Kamtfchatkans to make a fire either for warming themfelves or dreffing victuals, as they and their dogs eat dried fish, and find themselves fo warm

wrapped

wrapped in their furs, that they need no other heat; nay, all the people of this climate bear cold fo well, that they fleep in the open air as found as others in a warm bed, and awake next morning perfectly refreshed and alert.

(12.) KAMTSCHATKA, SEA OF, the fea between Afia and America, which abounds with a great number of islands. See § 9.

(13.) KAMTSCHATKA, TRADE OF. The trade of Kamtfchatka is almost entirely confined to procuring the immediate neceffaries and conveniences of life. They fell the Koreki fables, fox and white dog fkins, dried mushrooms, and the like, in exchange for clothes made of deer-fkins and other hides. Their domeftic trade confifts in dogs, boats, dishes, troughs, nets, hemp, yarn, and provisions; and this kind of barter is carried on under a great show of friendship; for when one wants any thing that another has, he goes freely to vifit him, and without any ceremony makes known his wants, although perhaps he never had any acquaintance with him before; the hoft is obliged to behave according to the custom of the country, and give his gueft what he has occafion for; but he may afterwards return the vifit, and must be received in the fame manner. Their foreign trade is folely with Ruffia. Every year a veffel belonging to the crown fails from Ochotík to Kamtfchatka laden with falt, provifions, corn, and Ruffian manufactures; and returns in June or July of the following year with skins and furs.

(14.) KAMTSCHATKA, VOLCANOES IN. Many traces of volcanoes have been obferved in this peninfula; and there are some mountains which are in a burning ftate at prefent. The most confiderable of these is fituated near the middle of the peninfula. In 1762, a great noise was heard if suing from the infide of that mountain, and flames were feen to burst from different parts. These flames were immediately fucceeded by a large ftream of melted fnow water, which flowed into the neighbouring valley, and drowned two natives. The athes and burning matters thrown from the mountain, were spread over a furface of 300 verfts. In 1767, there was another discharge; every night. Bames were obferved ftreaming from the moun. tain, and confiderable damage was done; but no flames have fince been seen, though the mountain emits a conftant smoke.

KAMTSCHATKANS, or KAMTSCHADALES, the natives of Kamtfchatka. See KAMTSCHATKA, 98.

(1.) KAMTSCHATSKOI, a cape of Ruffia, on the E. coaft of Kamtfchatka; 40 miles E. of Lower Kamtfchatskoi.

(2.) KAMTSCHATSKOI, NIZNEI, or LowER, a town of Ruffia, in Kamtfchatka, with barracks and an hofpital; 184 miles NNE. of Upper Kamtfchatskoi. Lon. 178. o. E. Ferro. Lat. 56. 40. N. (34) KAMTSCHATSKOI, VERCHNEI, or UPPER, 1 town of KAMTSCHATKA, 60 miles NNE. of Bolgoretikoi. Lon. 175. 25. E. of Ferro. Lat. 55. Jo. N.

(1.) KAN, or KHAN, an officer in Perfa, anfwering to that of governor in Europe.-There are kans of provinces, countries, and cities, who have different additions to diftinguith them. (2.) KaN, a river of China, in Kiang-fi.

(3.) KAN, a town of China, in Chen-fi.
KANAH. See CHERITH.

KANARNA, a town of Turkey, in Bulgaria. KANDEGHERE, a town of Hindooftan, in the Carnatic, formerly the capital of the king of Narfinga, whofe dominions extended over Tanjore and Madura; and who, in 1640, permitted the Englifh to fettle at Madras. It is 50 miles SW. of Nellore, and 70 NW. of Madras. Lon. 79. 24. E. Lat. 13. 46. N.

KANDEK, a town of Turkey, in Natolia. KANDEL, a town of France, in the dep of the Lower Rhine, 7 miles SSE. of Landau, and 6 N. of Lauterburg.

KANEM, a city of Africa, in the empire of Bornou, capital of an extenfive and fertile province of the fame name, in which the inhabitants, who are compofed of Muffulmans and Pagans, breed multitudes of cattle, and raise a number of horfes for the fervice of the king. It is 150 mies NW. by N. of Bornou.

KANGUROO. See DIDELPHIS, N° 7. KANHAWAY, two rivers of Virginia, which both run into the Ohio; viz.

I. KANHAWAY, GREAT, a large river formed by the union of the Green Briar river and New river. Its navigation is interrupted by the Great Falls, 90 miles above its mouth, where it is 280 yards broad.

2. KANHAWAY, LITTLE, is navigable for 10 miles above its mouth, where it is 150 yards broad. KANIOW, a ftrong town of Poland, in the Ukraine, and palatinate of Kiow, near the Dnieper, 62 miles S. by E. of Kiow, and 100 NE. of Bracklaw.

KANISCA, a very strong town of Lower Hungary, capital of the county of Selawar. It was taken by the imperialifts in 1690. It is feated on the Drave. Lon. 17. 37. E. Lat. 46. 23. N.

KANITZ, a town of Moravia, in Brunn. KANNAKA, a town of Indostan, in Cattac. KAN-TCHEOU, a flourishing town of Chica, in the province of Kiang-fi. Its rivers, port, riches, and population, all contribute to attract ftrangers. A day's journey from this city there is a very rapid current, almoft 20 leagues in length, which flows with great impetuofity over a number of fcattered rocks that are level with the water. Travellers here are in great danger of being lost, unless Conducted by a pilot. Near the walls of the city, there is a very long bridge, compofed of 130 boats joined together by ftrong iron chains. The customhoufe is upon this bridge, where a receiver conftantly refides to vifit all barks, and examine if they have paid the duties impofed on the commodities with which they are loaded. Two or three moveable boats are fo placed, that by their nicans the bridge can be opened or fhut, to give or refufe a paffage; and no barks are ever permitted to pafs until they have been examined. In the territory belonging to this city, a great number of those valuable trees grow, from which varnish diftils. Its diftrict is extenfive, and contains 12 cities of the 3d clafs.

KANTOR, a kingdom of Africa, on the S. fide of the Gambia.

KANTUFFA. See ETHIOPIA, § 68.
KANTURK, a town of Ireland, in Cork.

KAO, one of the FRIENDLY ISLANDS.

(1.) KAOLIN, an earth which is ufed as one of the two ingredients in oriental porcelain. Some of this earth was brought from China, and examined by Mr Reaumur. He found that it was perfectly infufible by fire, and believed that it is a talky earth; but Mr Macquer obferves, that it is more probably of an argillaceous nature, from its forming a tenacious pafte with the other ingredient called petuntfe, which has no tenacity. Mr Bomare fays, that by analyfing fome Chinese kaolin, he found it was a compound earth, confifting of clay, to which it owed its tenacity; of calcareous earth, which gave it a meally appearance; of sparkling cryftals of mica; and of small gravel, or particles of quartz crystals. He says, that he has found a fimilar earth upon a ftratum of granite, and conjectures that it may be a decompofed granite. This conjecture is the more probable, as kaolins are frequently found in the neighbourhood of granites. See PORCELAIN.

(2.) KAOLIN, a town of China of the 3d rank, in the prov. of Chen-fi; 25 miles S. of Yao.

KAO-MING, a town of China, in Canton. KAO-PING, a town of China, in Chen-fi. KAOUTCHOUK, or CAOUTCHOUк. See CHEMISTRY, § 2433-2435; and RESIN, ELASTIC. KAO-YEOU, a town of China, in KIANG-NAN. KAPPELLENDORF, a town of Saxe Weimar. KAPHA, STRAITS OF. See BOSPHORUS, N° 1. KAPOS, a river of Hungary, which runs into the Danube; 6 miles from Mohacs.

KAPOSWAR, a fort of Lower Hungary, fo called from the Kapos, that washes its walls; 55 miles W. of Tolna. Lon. 18. 13. E. Lat. 46. 31. N. (1.) KAPPAS, a tribe of the ILLINOIS Indians. Before the discovery of the Miffifippi this tribe

was very numerous.

(2.) KAPPAS, an Indian town of N. America, in Louisiana, on the W. fide of the Miffifippi, inhabited by the above tribe. Lon. 96.57. W. Lat. 34. 35. N.

(3.) KAPPAS, OLD, an Indian town of N. Ame. rica, near which Ferdinand De Soto discovered the Miffifippi, in 1541. Lon. 91. 12. W. Lat. 34. 12. N.

KAR, a town of Perfia, in Irak Agemi. KARACAL, a town of Walachia. KARAITES, or CARAITES, an ancient religious fect among the Jews, whereof there are ftill fome fubfifting in Poland, Ruffia, Conftantinople, Cairo, and other places of the Levant; whofe diftinguishing tenet is, to adhere clofely to the letter of the fcripture, exclufive of allegories, traditions, and the like. Aben Ezra, and fome other rabbins, treat the Karaites as Sadducees; but Leo de Juda calls them, more accurately, Sadducees reformed; because they believe the immortality of the foul, paradise, hell, refurrection, &c. which the ancient Sadducees denied. But he adds, how ever, that they were doubtless originally real Sadducees. The other Jews give them the odious name Sadducees, from their agreement on traditions. Jofephus and Philo make no mention of them; which shows them to be more modern than either of thofe authors. This fect was probably not formed till after the collection of the 2d part of the Talmud, or the Gemara; perhaps not till

after the compiling of the Mischna in the 3d cen tury. The Karaites themselves pretend to be the remains of the ten tribes. Wolfius, from the Memoirs of Mardocheus, a Karaite, refers their origin to a maflacre among the Jewish doctors, under Alexander Jannæus, about A. A. C. 100; when Simeon, fon of Schetach, the queen's brother, making his efcape into Egypt, there forged his pretended traditions; and, at his return to Jerufalem, published his vifions; interpolating the law after his own fancy. He gained many followers, and was opposed by others, who maintained, that all which God had revealed to Mofes was written. Hence the Jews became divided into Karaites and Traditionaries: among the first, Judah, son of Tabbai, distinguished himself; among the latter, Hillel. They fucceeded pretty well till the 14th century; but they have been declining ever fince. The Karaites are little known; their works being in very few hands, even among the greatest Hebraifts. Buxtorf never faw more than one; Heden two; but Mr Trigland says, he has recovered enough to speak of them with affurance. He af ferts, that after the return from the Babylonish captivity, the observation of the law being to be re-established, several practices were found proper for that end; and thefe once introduced, were looked upon as effential, which was the origin of Pharifaifm; as a contrary party, continuing to keep close to the letter, founded Karaitifm. The Karaites, however, do not abfolutely reject all traditions; but only such as do not appear wellgrounded. Selden, who is very express on this point, in his Uxor Hebraica, obferves, that befides the mere text, they have certain interpretations, which they call hereditary, and which are proper traditions. Caleb, a Karaite, reduces the difference between them and the rabbinists to three points: 1. They deny the oral law to come from Mofes, and reject the Cabbala. 2. They abhor the Tal mud. 3. They obferve the feafts, the fabbaths, &c. much more rigorously than the rabbins do. To this may be added, that they extend the degrees of affinity, wherein marriage is prohibited, almoft to infinity.

KARAKAKOOA, a bay on the W. coaft of Owhyhee. See Cook, N° III. § 4. Lon. 204. 0. E. Lat. 19. 28. S.

KARAMUSAL, a town of Turkey, in Natolia. KARANNA, or CARANNA, a very scarce gum, which comes from New Spain. It is faid to poffefs many extraordinary medical virtues, but the present practice takes no notice of it. (1.) KARAT. See CARACT.

(2.) KARAT, a town of Arabia, in Oman.

KÁRAVAN, or CARAVAN, in the eaft, fignifies a company of travellers and pilgrims, more particularly of merchants, who, for their greater fecurity, and to assist each other, march in a body through the deferts, and other dangerous places, which are infefted with Arabs or robbers. There are 4 regular caravans which go yearly to Mecca; the firft from Damafcus, compofed of the pilgrims from Europe and Afia; the ad from Cairo, for the Mahometans of Barbary; the 3d from Zibith, near the mouth of the Red Sea, where those of Arabia and India meet; the 4th from Babylon, where the Perfians affemble. Moft of the inland

commerce

KARAYM, a town of Poland, in Braclaw. KARCZOW, a town of Poland, in Masovia. KARECK, or an island in the Perfian gulph, (1.) KAREK, lately subject to the Dutch. Mr Ives vifited it in 1758, and found the S. part of it well cultivated, and producing plenty of corn and efculent vegetables. In the middle are very high hills abounding with a variety of fhells. Some fragments torn from their fides afforded an opportunity of obferving an immenfe quantity of oyfters, fcallop, cockle, and other fhells. The moft common tree is the banian, but without those luxuriant fhoots, which in fome other places go downward and take root in the ground. (See F1cus, N° 4.) The lavender cotton is alfo found here; and the island abounds with fowls of various kinds. Pearl oysters are alfo found here, but lie at confiderable depths. Mr Ives mentions one pearl of confiderable fize, which had upon it a natural reprefentation of the face of a human fetus in the early months of pregnancy. This fettlement was founded by Baron Kniphaufen, whose brother was lately ambaffador at the court of London. By his exertions it was becoming a very valuable fettlement; but upon his quitting the fervice of the Dutch, it fell into the poffeffion of the fheik of Bundaric, to whom it formerly belonged. It is about 5 miles long and 2 broad; lying nearly in the middle of the Perfian Gulf, about 21 miles from each fide, and about go from the mouth of Bassora river, where all fhips bound to that port must call for pilots.

(2.) KAREK, a town of Perfia, in Segeftan. KARGAPOL, the capital of a territory of the fame name, in the province of Dwina, in Muscovy. Lon. 36° E. Lat. 63° N.

KARGH, a province of Africa, in Loango, famous for mines of excellent copper.

KARIKAL, or CARICAL, a town of Hindooftan, on the coaft of Tanjore, on a branch of the Cauvery. It was ceded by the K. of Tanjore to the French, who fortified it; taken by the British in 1760, but retaken in 1779. It contains 5 mofques, 14 pagodas, and about 500 inhabitants; and lies 6 miles S. of Tranquebar, and 12 N. of Negapatam.

KARKI, an island in the Mediterranean, 6 miles W. of Rhodes. Lon. 45. 5. E. Lat. 36. 25. N.

(1.) KARLE, a Saxon word used in English law, fometimes fimply for a man; and sometimes, with an addition, for a fervant or clown. Thus the Saxons call a feaman buscarli, and a domestic fervant bufcarle. Hence the modern word churl.

(2.) KARLE, or CARLE, is used in Scotland in a more general sense, merely for an old man. KARLOWITZ. See CARLOWITZ. KARLSCROON. See CARLSCRONA. KARLSRUHE, or CARLSRUHE, a handfome town of Germany, in Suabia, in the territory of the margrave of Baden Durlach, who has here a magnificent palace. The town is built on a regular plan, and the houses are all uniform. It is 12 miles N. by E. of Baden.

KARLUTZKA, a town of Russia, in Irkutzk, 8 miles E. of Udinfk.

KARM, an island on the coaft of Norway. KARMATIANS, a fect of Mohammedans, whe occafioned