juAness) For, first, the Gregorian intercalation make a day, or somewhat less; for in 134 years as does not hinder, but that the equinox sometimes intercalary day is to be retrenched. On this comes after the 21st of March as far as the 230; account pope Gregory XIII. with the advice of and sometimes anticipates it, falling on the 19th; Clavius and Ciaconius, appointed, that the 100dth and the full moon, which fallson the 20th of March, year of each century thould have no bissextile, is fometimes the pafchal; yet not so accounted by excepting in each 4th century: that is, a fubtracthe Gregorians. On the other hand, the Gre- tion is made of three bisextile days in the fpace of gorians account the full moon of the 22d of March four centuries, by reason of the 11 minutes wantthe pafchal; which yet, falling before the equinox, ing in the fix hours whereof the bifextile confifts. is ro paschal. . Io the first case, therefore, Eas- The reformation of the kalendar, or the NEW ter is celebrated in an irregular month; in the lat- STYLE, commenced on the 4th of October 1582, ter there are two Easters in the same ecclefiafti- when ten days were thrown out at once, so many cal year. In like manner, the cyclical computa. having been introduced into the computation tion being founded on mean full moods, which fince the time of the council of Nice in 325, by yet may precede or follow the true ones by some the defect of 11 minutes. hours, the pafchal full moon inay, fall on Satur, s. KALENDAR, JULIAN, CHRISTIAN, is that day, which is yet referred by the cycle to Sunday: wherein the days of the week are determined by whence, in the first case, Easter is celebrated 8 the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, by means of days later than it should be ; in the other, it is the folar cycle; and the new and full moons, el. celebrated on the very day of the full moon, with pecially the paschal full moon, with the feast of the Jets and Quartodeciman Ireretics ; contrary Eafter, and the other moveable feasts depending to the decree of the council of Nice. Scaliger and thereon by means of golden numbers, rightly dil Calvisius show other faults in the Gregorian ka. pofed through the Julian year. See CYCLE, and Jendar, arising from the negligence and inadverten. GOLDEN NUMBER. In this kalendar, the ver. cy of the authors ; yet this kalendar is adhered to nal equinox is supposed to be fixed to the 21st day by the Romanists throughout Europe, &c. and of March : and the cycle of 19 years, or the goldused wherever the Roman breviary is used. en numbers, conftantly to indicate the places of

4. KALENDAR, JULIAN, or ROMAN, owed its the new and full moons; yet both are erroneous. origin to Romulus, who only divided the year into And hence arose a very great irregularity in the 'ten months, making it begin in the spring, on the time of Easter. To show this error the more apfirst of March ; imagining the sun made his courfe parently, let us apply it to the year 1715. lp through all the season in 304 days. Romulus's ka- this year, then, the vernal equinox falls on the lendar was reformed by Numa, who added two loth March ; and therefore comes too early by 11 months more, January and February, placing days. The paschal full moon falls on the 7th April; them before March: so that his year consisted of and therefore too late, with regard to the cycle, 355 days, and began on the first of January; He by three days. Eafter, therefore, which should chose, however, in imitation of the Greeks, to have been on the roth of April, was that year make an intercalation of 45 days, which he divi- on the 17th. The error here lies only in the me. ded into two parts; intercalating a month of 22 temptosis, polt position of the moon, through the days at the end of each two years; and at the end defect of the lunar cycle. If the full moon had

of each two years more, another of 23 days ; which fallen on the inth of March, Easter, would 1 month, thus interposed, he called MARCEDONI. have fallen on the 13th of March ; and therefore

us, or the intercalary February, But these inter. the error arising from the anticipation of the equi. calations being ill observed by the pontiffs, to nox would have exceedingly augmented that ari. whom Numa committed the care of them, occa- sing from the postposition. These errors, in course fioned great disorders in the constitution of the of time, were lo multiplied, that the kalendar co year; which Cæfar, sovereign pontiff, endeavour- longer exbibited any regular Easter. Pope Gre. ed to remedy. To this end, he consulted Sosį. gory XIII. therefore, by the advice of Aloylips GENES, a celebrated astronomer of those times; Lilius, in 1982, threw jo days out of October, to *ho found, that the dispensation of time in the restore the equinox to its place, viz. the 21st of kalendar could never be settled on any furę foot. March ; and thus introduced the form of the Gre. ing without having regard to the annual course of gorian year, with such a provision, as that the the fun. Accordingly, as the sun's yearly course equinox should be constantly kept to the art of is performed in 365 days, fix hours, he reduced the March, The new moons and full moons, by adyear to the same number of days; the year of this yice of Lilius, were not to be indicated by goldcorrection of the kalendar was a year of confu. en numbers, but by epacts. The kalendar, howfion; they being obliged, in order to swallow up ever, was still retained in Britain without the corthe 65 days that had been imprudently added, and rection; whence there was a difference of 11 days which occasioned the confusion, to add two months between our time and that of our peighbours. besides the Marcedonius, which chanced to fall But by 24 Geo. II. c. 23, the Gregorian compu. out that year: so that this year consisted of 15 tation is established here, and accordingly took months, or 445 days. This reformation was made place in 1952. A. U. C. 708, and A. A. C. 42, or 43. The Ro. 6. KALENDAR, REFORMED, or CORRECTED, man kalendar, called JULIAN, from its reformer is that which, setting aside all apparatus of goldJulius Cæsar, is disposed into quadrienrial periods; en numbers, épacts, and dominical letters, deter. whereof the first three years, which he called com- mines the equinox, with the paschal full moon, munes, consist of 365 days; and the 4th, bisextile, of and the moveable feasts depending thereon, by a 366; by reason of the fix hours, which in 4 years tronomical computation, according to the Rudol

Sic places, that every body might know the differ- gynia order, belonging to the decandria class of ence of times, and the return of the festivals. The plants; and in the natural method ranking under kalends were reckoned backwards, or in a retro- the 18th order, Bicornes. The calyx is quinquegrade order. Thus, v. g the first of May being partite; the corolla salver-Shaped, formed with the kalends of May, the last or the 30th of April five nectariferous horos on the under or outer was the pridie kalendarum, or 2d of the kalends side; the capsule quinquelocular. Of this genus of May; the 29th of April, the 3d of the kalends, there are two species, viz. or before the kalends : and so back to the 13th, 1. KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA rises to about 16 where the ides commence ; which are likewise feet, producing ever-green leaves, in shape like numbered invertedly to the fifth, where the nones the laurocerauses, but small, and of a shining begin ; which are numbered after the same man- dark green. The flowers grow in clusters, the ner to the first day of the month, which is the ka, buds of which appear in autumn wrapped up in lends of April. See IDEs and NoNEs. The rules a conic scalý perianthium, on which is lodged a of computation by kalends, nones, and ides, are viscous matter, which protects them from the recontained in the following verfes :

vere cold in winter. These buds dilating in the Prima dies menfis cujusque eft di&a kalendæ. following spring, break forth into 20 or more mo. Sex Maius nonas, October, Julius, et Mars ; nopetalous flowers, divided into s segments, and Quatuor at reliqui : hahet idus quilibet ocło. set Gingly'on pedicles half an inch long. These Inde dies reliquos omnes dic efle kalendas; flowers, when blown, appear white; but on a Quas retro numerans dices a mense sequente. near view are of a faint bluish colour, which, as To find the day of the kalends answering to any the flower decays, grow paler. One of the five day of the month we are in, fee how many days petals is longer and more concave than the rest, there are yet remaining of the mouth, and to that and is blended with purple, green, and yellow number add two: for example, suppose it the specks, being a viscous matter on the extremities 220 day of April; it is then the roth of the ka- of very fine hairs. The convex fide of the same lends of May. For April contains 30 days: and petal is also speckled with yellowish green. The 22 taken from 30, there remains 8 ; to which two pointal rises from the centre of the flower, and being added, the fum is 10. The reason of add- has its head adorned with scarlet, and surrounding two is, because the last day of the month is ed by 10 ftamma, whereof 3 are long and 7 short, Galled fecundo kalendas, the latt but one tertio ka- whose farina issues out at a small round hole at its lendas, ic. The Roman writers themselves are top. This elegant tree adorns the weftern and reat a loss to account for this absurd and whimsical mote parts of Pennsylvania, always growing in manner of computing the days of the month; yet the most fterile Toil, or on the rocky declivities of it is still kept up in the Roman chancery ; and by hills and river banks, in Mady moist places. fume authors, out of a vain affectation of learning, 2. KALMIA LATIFOLIA, a most beautiful thrub, preferred to the common, more natural manner. which rises usually to s or 6 feet, and sometimes

(2.) KALENDs are also used in church history to twice that height in its native places. The ftems dote conferences anciently held by the clergy of some are as big as the small of a man's leg, and of each dcanry, on the firft day of every month, covered with a brown rough bark. The wood is concerning their duty and conduct, especially in very close grained, heavy, and hard like box. what related to the imposition of penance. The limbs in general are crooked, and grow irre

(3.) KALENDS OF JANUARY, in Roman anti- gular ; but are thick-clothed with stiff smooth quity, a solemn festival confecrated to Juno and leaves of a shining bright green. The flowers Junus; wherein the Romans offered vows and fa.. grow in bunches on the tops of the branches to crifices to those deities, and exchanged presents foot-stalks of 3 inches long : they are white, ftainamong themselves as a token of friendship. But ed with purplish red, confifting of one leaf in it was a melancholy day to debtors, who were form of a cup, divided at the verge into five secthen obliged to pay their interefts, &c. Hence, tions: in the middle is a stylus and 12 stamina; Horace calls it triftes kalendæ ; Lib. i. Serm. Sat 3. which, when the flower first opens, appear lying

KALF, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland. close to the sides of the cup at equal distances, (1.) * KALI. n. S. (an Arabick word. Sea-weed, their apices being lodged in ten little hollow cells, of the ashes of which glass was made ; whence which being prominent on the outside, appear as the word alkali.-The ashes of the weed kali are so many little tubercles. The flowers are sucold to the Venetians for their glass works. Bacon, ceeded by small round capsules; which when ripe (2.) Kali, in botany. See SALSOLA, N° 1. open in five parts, and discharge their small duft KALIPH, See KHALIF.

like seeds. This plant is a native of Carolina, (1.) KALISCH, a province of Lower Poland, Virginia, and other parts of the northern conti. bounded on the W. by the palatinate of Bosnia, nent of America; yet are not common, but are on the E by that of Syrad, on the N. by Regal found only in particular places: they grow on Prussia, and on the S. by Silelia. It was seized rocks hanging over rivulets and running streams by the K. or Prussia in 1793.,

and on the fides of barren hills. They blossom in (2.) KALISCH, the capital of the above pro. Miy, and continue in filower the greatest part of visce, where the Jesuits had a magniticent col, the summer. The noxious qualities of this eleleye. It is feated on the Profna, in a morals, gant plant lessen that efteem which its beauty which renders it difficult of access. Lon. 18.0. E. claims; for although deer feed on its green leaves Lat. 52. 20. N.

with impunity, yet when cattle and theep, by le. KALMAH. Sie GELMA.

vére winter: deprived of better food, feed on the KALMIA, in botany: A genus of the mono, leaves of these plants, many of them die annually,

KALMUÇS;

KALMUCS, a tribe of Tartars, called allo E. jects, such as the dust raised by cattle or horses, and latbs, inhabiting the larger half of what the Eu- this from places very little elevated, in immense ropeans call Western Tartary. See TARTARY. level deserts, though the particular inequalities or They are in general (fays prof. Pallas) of a mid- the furface, and the vapours which in fine weather dle fize, and it is even rare to see among them a are seen to undulate over the soil in great heats person that is tall: the women especially are of confiderably increase the difficulty. They are allow ftature, and have very agreeable features. fo accustomed to trace the print of a foot in these Their limbs are neatly turned, and very few have deserts by the fight alone. The Kalmucs possess any defects contracted in infancy. Their educa- many good qualities, which give them a very tion being left folely to nature, procures for them great superiority over the wandering Tartars. a well formed body and sound constitution. Their A certain natural fagacity, a social disposition, kin is pretty fair, efpecially when young ; but the hospitality, eagerness to oblige, fidelity to their lower sort allow their male children to go quite chiefs, much curiosity, and a certain vivacity ac. naked both in the heat of the fun and in the smoky companied with good humour, which hardly ever atmosphere of their felt huts; the men too sleep na. forsakes even the most wretched among them, ked, covered only with their drawers; and thus they form the fair side of their character. On the acquire that yellowish brown colour which cha- other hand, they are careless, superficial, and want racterises them. The women, on the contrary, true courage; they are credulous, and yet cunning bave a very delicate complexion; among those of and diftruftful; and they have a great inclination, a certain rank are found some with the most beau- authorised by custom, for drunkenness and detiful faces, the whiteness of which is let off by the bauchery. They are less indolent than most fine black of their hair : and in this as well as in other Asiatics. Those among them who exercise their features they perfectly resemble the figures any trade, or who hire them.selves to the Ruslians in Chinese paintings. The phyfiognomy of the for labour or for fishing, are very assiduous and Kalmucs is peculiar. Strangers are made to be indefatigable. They neep but little, going to lieve that it is frightfully deformed; and though rest late and rising with the sun. But their exindeed there are very ugly men to be found!, yet, treme dirtiness can neither be disguised nor justiin general, their countenance has an openness that fied, and proceeds much more from their educabespeaks a mild, frank, and social difpofition. In tion. With regard to their intellectual faculties, many it is of a roundish thape, aud exceedingly notwithstanding their want of inftruction and in, agreeable ; among the women some would be formation, they possess good natural parts, an exthought beauties even in those European cities cellent memory, and a strong defile to learn, where the tafte is most scrupulous. The charac- They acquire the Rusian language with facility, teristic features of a Kalmuc or Mongul counte- and pronounce it well; in which las article they nance are the following: The interior angle of very much furpass the Chinese. Though generally the eye is placed obliquely downwards towards of a fanguine and choleric temperament, they live the nose, and is acute and felhy; the eye-brows more amicably together than sould be expected are black, narrow, and much arched; the nose is in a people that lead to independent a life. They of a fructure quite singular, being generally flat seldom come to blows even over their cups, and and broken towards the forehead; the cheek-bone their quarrels are hardly ever bloody. A murder is high, the head and face very round; the eye is very rarely happens, though their anger has fome. dark, the lips thick and fleshy, the chin short, and thing in it exceedingly fierce. The Kalmucs are the teeth exceeding white, continuing fo to old very affable; and of fo social a disposition, that age; the ears are of an enormous size, standing they will go several miles to falute a traveller, and out from the head. These characters are more to inquire into the object of his journey. When or less visible in each individual; but the person a troop of Kalmues perceive any person at a difthat postesses them all in the highest degree is con- tance, it is customary for them to detach one of fidered as the most beautifully formed. Among their number to the next eminence, from whence he all the Mongul nations, the men have much less makes a lignal with his cap for the person to draw beard than in our Europern countries, and among near. If this signal is not obeyed, the person is the Tartars it appears much later. The Kalmues considered as an enemy or a robber, and is often have moft of it; and yet even with them the beard pursued as such. They enter willingly into friendis very scanty and thin, and few have much hair ihips ; but these connections are not quite difinon any other part of the body. They enjoy the terested; for to give and to receive presents are bodily senses in the greatest perfection. They with them essential articles, A mere trifle, howfind the fubtilty of their sense of smell very useful ever, is sufficient to induce them to do you all in their military expeditions ; by it they perceive manner of service; and they are never ungrateful at a great distance the smoke of a fire or the smell as far as they are able. Adversity cannot deprive of a camp. Many of them can tell, by applying them of courage nor alter their good humour. A the nose to the hole of a fox or any other quadru. Kalmuc will never beg if he were in the extremes ped, if the animal be within or not. They hear misery, but rather endeavour to acquire a sublistat a great distance the trampling of horses, the ence by labour or even by robbery. But they are noise of an enemy, of a flock of sheep, or strayed very hospitable. A Kalmúc provided with a horse, cattle; they have only to stretch themselves on arons, and equipage, may ramble through the the ground, and to apply their ear close to the country for months together, without taking with turf. But nothing is more astonishing than the him either money or provisions. Wherever he acutencfs of their fight, and the extraordinary discomes he finds friends, from whom he meets with tance at which they often perceive very minute obe the kindeft reception, aud is entertained in the

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best manner their circumstances afford. His wants longer. The huts are in general use from the are supplied with the most afectionate cordiality. prince down to the meanet Kalmuc, differing on Every ftranger, of whatsoever nation, is well re. jy in size and in the embellishments within. In ceived by a Kalmuc; and he may depend upon winter, they are warm even when heated with having his effects in the greatest sécurity the mo- the dried excrements of their cattle, to which ment he has put himself under the protection of they are often obliged to have recourse, for want his hoft: for to rob a guest is considered by the of other combustibles, in many places of the deKalmucs as the worst of crimes. When the maf- ferts which are deftitute of wood. In summer ter of the house sits down to meat in company they remove the felt to enjoy the fresh air. The with others of inferior rank, he begins indeed by master of the tent has his bed placed opposite to serving himself and his family, but whatever re- the door behind the fire-place. The bed-steads are mains is distributed among all present. When any low, and made of wood. The rich adorn their one receives a present of meat or drink, he divides beds with curtains, and spread carpets of felt it faithfully with his companions, even though of upon the ground. When a Kalmuc poffefses an inferior rank. But they are much more niggardly idol, he places it near the head of his bed, and of their other effects, and especially of their cattle, sets before it several small consecrated cups full and do not willingly give these away, unless a of water, milk, or other foodi. On festivals the friend has accidentally suffered the loss of his idol is decorated, the lamps are lighted, and per: flocks, when he is sure to be most willingly afsifted. fumès burnt before it. The riches of the KalPerhaps too it may be related as an article of their mucs, and their whole means of subsistence, de hospitality, that they abandon their wives to their peod on their focks, which many of them reckon friends with the greatest facility, and in general by hundreds and even by thousands. A man is they are very little inclined to jealousy. Their thought capable of living on his poffessions wben robberies are never committed upon their equals, he is master of ten cows with a bull, eight mares and even the greater part of the rapine exercised with a stallion. The animals they have in great. on other tribes is founded on hatred or national est abundance are horses, horned cattle, and sheep. quarrels ; neither do they willingly attempt this Camels, which require time and pains to rear, by open force, but prefer the machinations of cun-' cannot multiply much with them : they are bening. It must also be confefied, that it is only fides too delicate ; and it is only the rich or the those that live with princes, and in camps where priests who poffefs any of them. Their horses are these hold their courts, or their priests, that are small, too weak for the draught, and too wild; most addicted to these practices; while the com- þut they are very swift, and support with ease the ion people, satisfied with the pleasures of the weight of a man. They may be made to gallop paftoral life, spend their days in innocent fimpli- for several hours successively without injury; and city, and never at:ack the property of another till can pass 2 days without drinking. They have a forced by necessity, or led by their superiors, who little hoof, but very bard; and may be used at thow them the example. The Kalmucs are very all times without being shod. They perpetuate faithful to their princes; they endure every sort of their species without any affiftance from man. oppreilion, and yet are with difficulty induced to The Kalmucs castrate the greater part of their revolt; but if they belong to a prince who has not male foals, and Nit their nostrils, that they may hecome to by right of succession, they very easily breathe more freely when they run. Theftallior's rebel. They honour old age. When young men are never separated from the mares, that there travel with such as are older than themselves, they may always be plenty of milk. Their horned, take upon them the whole care of the cattle as cattle are of beautiful shape. "They keep more well as of the feast. They are exceedingly pru. bulls than are necessary for the cows, and emdent in matters that relate to their fovereign or ploy a great number of them as beasts of burden their nation, or which are recoinmended to their for carrying their houses and furniture from place dir-ction by the priests, to whom they yield an to place. They think a bull equal to so cows. unreserved obedience. The moveable habitations Their sheep have large tails, exceedingly fat, and of the Kalmues are those felt huts with a conical which furnish a suet as soft as butter. They have roof in vte among all the roaming Asiatics. The allo large pendant ears, and their heads are much truly ingenious invention of these tents was un- arched. Their wool is coarse, and the ewes sel. doubtedly conceived in the eastern parts of Asia, dom have horns One ram is sufficient for 100 and most probably by the Mongul nations. As ewes. The wool is oply fit to make felt for tenis. they can be entirely taken to pieces and folded in Many theep die during winter, and a greater numa small compass, they are very useful, and perfectly ber ftill of the early lambs; the skins of which are agree with the migratory life of thcfe people, who wrought into those fine furs fe much esteemed in are ignorant of the use of carriages. The frame Raflia and foreign parts. The rich Kalmucs on: of these buts, and the felt they are covered with, ly have camels; for they are very dear, multiply though made as light as posible, yet are a fufh- fowly, and are subject to many diseases. They cient load for a camel or two oxen. But the capa- are guarded with much care in winter, yet many city of these huts, their warmth in winter, their of them die of consumptions and diarrhea, ocftrength in resisting tempefts and excluding rain, cafioned probably by the moisture of their pasture. abundantly compensate for this inconvenience. No animal is so much tormented with insects; The wood endures many years; and though the and they often die in summer of those they fwalfelt begins to break into holes in the second year, low in eating the leaves of the oak and bitch. The yet as they do not consider it disgraceful to have meloe proscarabaus, which covers all the plants in them patched, they make them serve a good deal many places where they feed, is generally tad

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