fome extraordinary jun&ures, the very obfervation of it would endanger the community, that law ought to be laid afleep. Addison. (2.) JUNCTURE. See JOINT. (3) JUNCTURE, in oratory, is a part of compofition, particularly recommended by Quintilian, and denotes fuch an attention to the nature of the Vowels, confonants, and fyllables, in the connection of words, with regard to their found, as will render the pronunciation moft easy and pleasant, and beft promote the harmony of the fentence, Thus the coalition of two vowels, occasioning an hollow and obfcure found, and likewife of fome confonants, rendering it harsh and rough, fhould be avoided: nor fhould the fame fyllable be repeated at the beginning and end of words, becaufe the found becomes hereby harsh and unpleafant. The 5th line of Virgil's Eneid is an example: Arma virumque cano, Troje qui primus ab oris. JUNCULAM, a town in the isle of Java, 55 miles SSW. of Batavia. Lon. 105. 15. E. Lat. 6. 2. S. JUNCUS, the RUSH, in botany: A genus of the monogynia order belonging to the hexandria clafs of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 5th order, Tripelatoidea. The calyx is hexaphyllous; there is no corolla; the capfule is unilocular. There are many species, which are univerfally known, being very troublefome weeds, and difficult to be eradicated. 1. JUNCUS ACULUS, the marine rush, and 2. JUNCUS CONGLOMERATUS, the round-headdruh, are planted with great care on the banks of the fea in Holland, to prevent the water from washing away the earth; which would otherwife be removed every tide, if it were not for the roots of thofe rushes, which faften very deep in the ground, and mat themselves near the furface, in fuch a manner as to hold the earth clofely toge ther. Therefore, whenever the inhabitants per ceive that the roots of these rushes are deftroyed, they are very affiduous in repairing them. In fummer, when the rushes are fully grown, they are cut and tied up in bundles, which are dried, and afterwards carried into the larger towns and cities, where they are wrought into baskets, and feveral other ufeful things, which are frequently fent into England. Thefe fpecies do not grow fo ftrong in this country as on the Maefe, where they fometimes arrive at the height of 4 feet and upwards. 3. JUNCUS EFFUSUS, the foft rush. The pith of this fpecies and the CONGLOMERATUS is ufed for wicks to lamps and rufh-lights. See CANDLE, $10. 4. JUNCUS ODORATUS, fweet rush, or camel's bay, is fometimes brought from Turkey and Arabia, tied up in bundles about a foot long. The talk, in shape and colour, fomewhat refembles a barley-ftraw; it is full of fungous pith like that of our common. rufhes: the leaves are like those of wheat, and furround the ftalk with feveral coats, as in the reed. The flowers are of a carnation colour, ftriped with a lighter, purple. The whole plant, when in perfection, has a hot bitterifh, not unpleasant, aromatic tafte, and a very fragrant fmell: by long keeping it lofes greatly its VOL. XII. PART H. aromatic flavour. Diftilled with water, it yields a confiderable quantity of effential oil. It was formerly often ufed in medicine as an aromatic, and in obftructions of the viscera, &c. but is very little employed at present. JUNDGEH, a town of Turkey, in Natolia. (1.) * JUNE. n. f. [Juin, Fr. Junius, Lat.] The fixth month from January.-June is drawn in a mantle of dark green. Peacham. (2.) JUNE, [Lat. Junius.] is derived by fome from Juno. Ovid, in the 6th book of his Fafti, makes the goddess fay, Junius à noftro nomine nomen habet. Others rather derive it à junioribus, this being for young people as the month of May was for old ones: Junius eft juvenum; qui fuit antè fenum. In this month is the fummer folftice, and the fun enters Cancer. JUNERE, a town of Indoftan, in Bangala. JUNEVILLE, a town of France, in the dep. of Ardennes, 74 miles N. of Rethel. (1.) JUNGERMAN, Godfrey, a learned German, who published a good edition of Julius Pollux, and other works. He died at Henau, in 1610. (2.) JUNGERMAN, Lewis, brother of Godfrey, a good botanist, who wrote feveral tracts on botany and natural hiftory. He died at Altorf, in 1652. JUNGERMANNIA, in botany: A genus of the natural order of alge, in the cryptogamia clafs of plants. The male flower is pedunculated, and naked; the anthera quadrivalved: the female flower is feffile, naked, with roundish feeds. There are 29 species, all natives of Britain, growing in woods and fhady places, by the fides of ditches, &c. Many of them are beautiful objects for the microfcope. JUNGIA, in botany: A genus of the polygamia fegregatæ order, in the fyngenelia clafs of plants; the common receptacle is chaffy; the perianthium three flowered; the florets tubular, two lipped; the exterior lip ligulate; the interior one bipartite. JUNGNAH, a town and lordship of Suabia, belonging to the Pr. of Furftenberg, 14 miles W. of Buchan, and 40 S. of Stuttgard. JUNG'S HEAD, a cape on the E. of Zealand. JUNIA LEX SACRATA, a law made by L. Junius Brutus, the first tribune of the people, A. U. C. 260, that the perfons of the tribunes fhould be inviolable; that an appeal might be made from the confuls to the tribunes; and that no fenator fhould exercife the office of a tribune. JUNIATTA, a river of Pennsylvania, which is formed by the union of 3 large ftreams, that rife in the Allegany mountains. It falls into the Sufquehanna, 10 miles NW. of Harrisburg; and is navigable by boats almoft to its fource. JUNILIUS, a bishop of Asturia, who flourished in the 6th century, and wrote two books on the Divine Law, in the form of a dialogue. * JUNIOR. adj. [ junior, Lat.] One younger than another. The fools, my juniors by a year, Are tortur'd with fufpenfe and fear. Savift. -According to the nature of men of years, I was repining at the rife of my juniors, and unequal diftribution of wealth. Tatler. Ggg JUNIOW, JUNIOW, a town of Poland, in Braclaw. (1.)* JUNIPER. n. f. Į juniperus, Latin.] A tree. -A clyfter may be made of the common decoctions, or of mallows, bay, and juniper berries, with oil of linfeed. Wifeman. ceeded by large oval brown berries. It is a na tive of Spain and Italy. 6. JUNIPERUS OXYCEDRUS, the Spanish juni per, rifes from 10 to 15 feet high, clofely branch. ed from the bottom to top; having fhort, awl. (IU) JUNDER, TREE, of the monadelfiaped, leaves threes, and phia order, belonging to cious flowers, fucceeded by large reddith brown the monœcia clafs of plants; and in the natural berries. method ranking under the 51ft order, Coniferæ. The male amentum is a calyx of fcales; there is ro corolla; three ftamina, the female calyx tripartite; there are three petals, and as many styles; the berry is trifpermous, and equal by means of three tubercles of the indurated calyx adhering to it. J.JUNIPERUS BARBADENSIS, with leaves all imbricated four ways, the younger ones ovate, the elder acute. 2. JUNIPERUS BERMUDIANA, the Bermudian tedar, grows 20 or 30 feet high, has small acute Jeaves by threes below, the upper.ones awl-shaped, acute, and decurrent, by pairs or fours, fpreading outward, and dioecious flowers, fuc, ceeded by purplish berries. It is a native of Bermudas. 3. JUNIPERUSCHINENSIS, has leaves decurrent, imbricate, expanding, crowded, the ftem leaves threefold, the branch leaves fourfold. 4. JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS, the common juniper, grows naturally in many parts of Britain upon dry barren commons, where it feldom rifes above the height of a low shrub. Mr Evelyn affures us, that "the juniper, though naturally of the growth of England, is very little known in many parts of the country; for it grows naturally only in dry, chalky, or fandy land; and, where the foil is oppofite to this, the plant is rarely found. Thofe who have been used to see it in its wild ftate, on fandy barren commons, &c. will have little inducement to plant it; as there they will fee it procumbent, feldom fhowing a tenden cy to afpire: but when planted in a good foil, it will rife to the height of 15 or 16 feet, and produce numerous branches from the bottom to the top, forming a well looking bufhy plant. Thefe branches are exceeding tough, and covered with a smooth bark of a reddish colour, having a tinge of purple. The leaves are narrow and fharp-pointed, growing by threes on the branches: their upper furface has a greyish streak down the middle; but the under one is of a fine green colour. The flowers are fmall, and of a yellowish colour. They are fucceeded by the berries, which are of a bluith colour when ripe." Of this fpecies there is a variety called Swedish juniper, which grows 10 or 12 feet high, very branchy the whole length, with the branches growing erect. But Mr Miller fays, the Swedith juniper is a diftinct fpecies. A prof. trate and very dwarfith variety is mentioned by Mr Lightfoot, under the name of dwarf Alpine juniper. It is frequently found in our Highland hil s, and has broader and thicker leaves than the former; the berries are also larger, and more oval than spherical. 5 JUNIPERUS LYCIA, Lycian cedar, or OLIBANUM TREE, grows 20 feet high, branching erect; garnished with fmail obtufe oval leaves, everywhere imbricated; having dioecious flowers fuc 7. JUNIPERUS PHOENICIA, the Phenician cedar, grows about 20 feet high, branching pyramidally; adorned with ternate and imbricated obtufe leaves; and diœcious flowers, fucceeded by small yellow. ish berries. It is a native of Portugal. 8. JUNIPERUS SABINA, or favin tree; of which there are the following varieties, viz. (preading, upright, and variegated favin. The first grows 3 or 4 feet high, with horizontal and very spreading branches; with fhort, pointed, decurrent, erect, oppofite leaves; and dioecious flowers, fucceeded by bluish berries, but very rarely produ cing either flowers or fruit. The 2d grows 8 or 10 feet high, with upright branches, dark-green leaves like the former, and diacious flowers, fuc ceeded by plenty of berries. The 3d has the ends of many of the fhoots and young branches variegated with white, and the leaves finely striped; fo that it makes a beautiful appearance. 9. JUNIPERUS THURIFERA, or blue-berried Spanish juniper, grows 20 feet high or mere, branching in a conic form, with acute imbricated leaves growing by fours, and fmall diœcious flowers, fucceeded by large blue berries. 10. JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA, the Virigioia cedar, grows 30 or 40 feet high, branching trom bottom to top in a conic manner, fmall leaves by threes adhering at their bafe; the younger ones imbricated, and the old ones fpreading, with diœcious flowers, fucceeded by small blue berries. (III.) JUNIPERS, PROPAGATION OF. All the ju nipers are propagated by feeds, and the favins by layers and cuttings; but thefe laft may also be raifed from the berries, if they can be procured. They may all be fown in beds of common light earth; except the cedar of Bermudas (N° 2.), which must be fown in pots for fhelter in winter. When the hardy kinds have had 2 or 3 years growth in the feed-bed, they may be planted out in autumn or in fpring, in nursery rows two feet afunder, to remain till of due fize for final tranfplantation into the fhrubbery. The Bermu das cedar must be fheltered under a frame for the first year or two; when they must be feparated into fmall pots, to be fheltered alfo in winter for 3 or 4 years, till they have acquired fome fize and ftrength; then turned out into pots in the fall ground, where they are to remain in a warm fitvation; though a fhelter of mats for the firft winter or two during hard frofts will be of great fer vice. The feafon for transplanting all the forts either in autumn, October, or November, or in March, and early in April. (IV.) JUNIPERS, USES OF THE BERRIES, WOCE &c. OF. Juniper berries have a ftrong, not dif agreeable fmell; and a warm, pungent, fweet tafle; which, if they are long chewed, or previ oully well bruifed,, is followed by a bitterish out The pungency feems to refide in the bark; the fweet in the juice; the aromatic flavour in cy veficlet and Latin Lexicon, to which he added above 6500 words; an Epithalamium on the marriage of Queen Mary I. with Philip II. of Spain; and Animadverfa et de Coma Commentarius, which is the most applauded of all his works. He died in 1575. (5.) JUNIUS, Francis, profeffor of divinity at Leyden, was born at Bourges in 1545, of a noble family, and ftudied at Lyons, under Bortholomew Aneau, principal of the college. He was remarkable for being proof against all temptations to lewdness; but à libertine so far overpowered him by his fophiftry, that he made him an atheift: however, he foon returned to his first faith; and, though averfe to unlawful love, he was married 4 times. He was employed in public affairs by Henry IV. and at lalt was invited to Leyden to be profeffor of divinity, which employment he difcharged with honour, till he died of the plague, in 1602. Du Pin fays, he was a learned and judicious critic. He wrote, in conjunction with Emmanuel Tremellius, a Latin version of the Hebrew text of the Bible., He alfo published Commentaries on a great part of the Holy Scriptures; and many other works, all in Latin. veficles fpread through the substance of the pulp, and diftinguishable even by the eye; and the bitter in the feeds. The fresh berries yield, on expreffion, a rich, fweet, honey-like, aromatic juice; if previously pounded fo as to break the feeds, the juice proves tart and bitter.-Thefe berries are ufeful carminatives and ftomachics; for these purposes, a fpirituous water and effential oil are prepared from them, and they are also ingredients in various medicines. The liquor remaining after the diftillation of the oil, paffed through a ftrainer, and gently exhaled to the consistence of a rob, proves like wife a medicine of great utility, and in many cafes is perhaps preferable to the oil or the berry itself. Hoffman recommends the rob of juniper in debility of the ftomach, or inteftines, and in cafes of difficulty in the urinary fecretions. This rob is of a dark brownish yellow colour, a balfamic fweet tafte, with a little of the bitter. But one of the beft forms under which they can be ufed is that of a fimple watery infufion, which, with the addition of a little gin, is very ufeful for hydropic patients. An infufion of the tops has also been advantageously employed in the fame manner. The Swedes prepare an extract from the berries, which fome eat for breakfast. In Germany (6.) JUNIUS, Francis, or Francis du Jon, the the berries are bruifed and put into the fauce fon of the profeffor (N° 5.), was born at Heidel fed for a wild boar; and frequently alfo eaten berg in 1589. He came to England in 1620, and with other pork. In Carniola the inhabitants lived 30 years in the earl of Arundel's family.. He make a kind of wine of them fteeped in water. was greatly efteemed for his profound erudition The Laplanders, as we are told by Linnæus, drink and purity of manners. In 1676, he went to infufions of the juniper berries as we do tea and Windfor, to Vifit Volius, at whofe house he died coffee. Thruines and grous feed on the berries, in 1677. The university of Oxford, to which he and diffeminate the feed in their dung. The bequeathed his MSS. erected a handfome monuberries are two years in ripening. They fome- ment to his memory. He wrote, 1. De Pictura times appear in an uncommon form; the leaves Veterum, which is admired; the best edition is of the cup grow double the ufual fize, approach that of Rotterdam in 1694. He published the ing, but not closing; and the three petals fit ex- fame work at London in English. 2. An explicaactly clofe, fo as to keep the air from the tipulation of the old Gothic MS. called the Silver MS, neiperi which inhabit them. The whole plant has a frong aromatic fmell, The wood when burnt emits a fragrant odour like incenfe. It is of a reddish colour, very hard and durable; and when large enough, is used in marquetry and veneering, and in making cups, cabinets, &c. Grafs will Ect grow beneath juniper, but this tree itAlf is faid to be deftroyed by the meadow oat. The oil of juniper mixed with that of nuts makes an excellent varnish for pictures, wood-work, and preferving iron from rufting. The refin powder ed and rubbed into paper, prevents the ink from faking through it, for which it is frequently ufed under the name of POUNCE.-The charcoal made from this wood endures longer than any other, isomuch that live embers are faid to have been found in the afhes after being a year covered. Hence the Scriptural expreflion for a durable fire, "coals of juniper." For the properties of fome other fpecies, fee SANDARACH and OLIBANUM. (1-3.) JUNIUS, the family furname of feveral eminent Romans, remarkable for their attachment to liberty. See BRUTUS, N° 1, 2, 4; and ROME. (4) JUNIUS, Adrian, one of the moft learned men of his age, was born at Hoorn in Holland, 151511. He travelled into all parts of Europe, and practised phyfic with reputation in England; w.ee, among other works, he compofed a Greek because the four Gospels are there written in filver Gothic letters. This was published with notes by Thomas Marefchal. 3. A large Commentary on the Harmony of the four Gofpels by Titian, ftill in MS. 4. A Gloffary in languages, in which he explains the origin of the Northern languages; publifhed at Oxford in 1745, in folio, by Mr Edward Lee. (7.) JUNIUS, the affumed name of an unknown but highly efteemed writer on political topics in England. His celebrated letters, which appeared in 1769, form an 8vo volume, and have been univerfally read and admired. They are not lefs diftinguished for ftriking remarks, keen invective, and polished fatire, than for their extraordinary beauties of compofition. He was oppofed by Sir W. Draper, and Dr Samuel Johnfon, who, however, quotes Junius repeatedly in his Dictionary, and confidered him as a ftrictly claffical writer. (8.) JUNIUS, in geography, a military township of New York, bounded on the S. by Romulus, and N. by Galen. (9.) JUNIUS CREEK, a river of the United States, a northern branch of the Little Kanhaway. (1.) * JUNK. n. S. (probably an Indian word.] 1. A fmall fhip of China.-America, which has now but junks and canoes, abounded then in tall fhips. Bac. New Atlant. 2. Pieces of old cable. Ggg 2 (2.) JUNK You know, there want no junkets at the feaft. 2. A ftolen entertainment. *To JUNKET. v. n. [from the noun.] 1. To feaft fecretly; to make entertainments by ftealth. -Whatever good bits you can pilfer in the day, fave them to junket with your fellow-fervants at night. Swift. 2. To feast.-Job's children junketed and feafted together often, but the reckoning coft them dear at laft. South.-The apostle would have no revelling or junketing. South. (1.) JUNKSEILON, a fertile ifland in the E. Indian Ocean, near the S. coaft of Siam, 63 miles long, and from 9 to 21 broad. It abounds with rice and fruits. Lon. 98. 5. to 98. 30. E. Lat. 7. 37. to 8. 40. N. (2.) JUNKSEILON, the capital of the above ifland, is feated on the N. part of it, and has a harbour for vessels of a moderate fize, with a mine of loadftone near it. count of certain prodigies that happened in Italy, and was celebrated by matrons. in the folemnity two white cows were led from the temple of Apollo in the city through the gate called Carmentalis, and two images of Juno, made of cypress, were carried in proceffion. Then marched 27 girls, habited in long robes, finging an hymn to the goddess; then came the Decemviri, crowned with laurel, in veftments edged with purple. This pompous company, going through the Vicus Jugarius, had a dance in the great field of Rome; thence they proceeded through the Forum Boarium to the temple of Juno, where the victims were fa crified by the Decemviri, and the cyprefs images were left ftanding. This feftival is fully described by Livy, lib. 7. dec. 3. The hymn ufed upon the occafion was compofed by Livius the poet. JUNQUERE, a town of Spain, in Catalonia. JUNSALAM, an island and town of Siam. JUNTA, Thomas, M. D. à Venetian physician of the 16th century, who published a learned work in 1554, on the Battles of the Ancients. (1.)* JUNTO. n.. [Italian.] A cabal; a kind of men combined in any fecret defign.-Would men have spent toilfome days and watchful nights in the laborious queft of knowledge, preparative to this work, at length come and dance attendance for approbation upon a junto of petty tyrants, actuated by party and prejudice, who denied fitnefs from learning, and grace from morality? South. From this time began an intrigue between his majesty and a junto of minifters, which had like to have ended in my deftruction. Gulliver's Trav * (2.) JUNTO, in matters of government, denotes a felect council for taking cognizance of affairs of great confequence, which requires fecrecy. In Spain and Portugal, it fignifies much the fame with convention, affembly, or board among us; thus they have the junto of the three eftates, of commerce, of tobacco, &c. See BOARD, &c. (1.) IVORY. n.. [ivoire, Fr. ebur, Latin.) Ivory is a hard, folid, and firm fubftance, of a fine white colour; it is the dens exertus of the elephant, who carries on each fide of his jaws a tooth of 6 or 7 feet in length; the two fometimes weighing 330 lb.; thefe ivory tufks are hollow from the bafe to a certain height, and the cavity filled with a compact medullary fubftance. Hill There is more difference between thy flesh and hers, 'than between jet and ivory. Shak.-Draw Erato with a sweet and lovely countenance, bear: ing a heart with an ivory key. Peacham. JUNO, in pagan mythology, the daughter of Saturn and Rhea, the fifter and wife of Jupiter, and the goddess of kingdoms and riches. She was styled the queen of heaven, and presided over marriage and child-birth. She married Jupiter; but was not a very complaifant wife; for, according to Homer, that god was fometimes obliged to ufe all his authority to keep her in due fubjection; and on her entering into a conspiracy against him, he punished her by fufpending her in the air with two anvils faftened to her feet, and golden manacles on her hands, while all the other deities looked on without being able to help her. Being jealous, fhe often interrupted her hul band in his amours; and punished with unrelenting fury Europa, Semele, Io, Latona, and the reft of his miftreffes. Jupiter himself having conceived Minerva, without any commerce with a female, Ju-fs no, in revenge, conceived Vulcan by the wind, Mars by touching a flower pointed out to her by Flora, and Hebe by eating lettuces. Juno, as the queen of heaven, preferved great ftate; her ufual attendants were Terror and Boldnefs, Caftor, Pol-* lux, and 14 nymphs; but her most faithful attendant was the beautiful Iris. (See IRIS, N° 5.) Homer defcribes her in a chariot adorned with precious ftones, the wheels of which were of ebony, and which was drawn by horfes with reins of gold. But he is more commonly painted drawn by peacocks. She was reprefented in her temple at Corinth, feated on a throne, with a crown on her head, à pomegranate in one hand, and in the other a fceptre with a cuckoo on its top. This ftatue was of gold and ivory. Some fuppofe that Juno fignifies the air; others, that he was the Egyptian Isis. JUNONALIA, a feftival obferved by the Romans in honour of Juno. It was inftituted on ac From their ivory port the cherubim Milton. Two gates the filent houfe of fleep adorn, Of polif'd iv'ry this, that of transparent horn: True vifions through transparent horn arife, Through polifh'd iv'ry país deluding lies. Dryd. (2.) IVORY, in natural hiftory, &c. is a folid and firm fubftance, and capable of a very good polish. The cavity of the tufk is filled up with a compact medullary 'fubftance, feeming to have a great number of glands in it. The Ceylon ivory, and that of the island of Achem, do not become yellow in the wearing, as all other ivory does; the teeth of thefe places therefore draw a higher price than thofe of the coaft of Guinea. (3.) IVORY COAST, a country of Africa, in Guinea, Guinea, on the coaft of the Atlantic, which, along with the GRAIN COAST, extends about 500 miles. (See GUINEA, 4, and MALAGUETTA.) It is feated between Cape Apollonia, and Cape Palmas, and contains feveral towns. The interior part of the country is little known, the natives not allowing the Europeans to build fettlements among them, and hardly even to trade with them, except by means of the coaft negroes, and even then with the moft circumfpect caution, for which they have but too juft caufe. The chief articles of commerce are gold, ivory, and flaves; the former in the greatest plenty. The foil is in general fertile, producing abundance of rice and roots; indigo and cotton thrive without cultivation, and tobacco would be excellent if carefully manufactured: they have fish in plenty: their flocks greatly increase; and their trees are loaded with fruit. They make a cotton cloth, which fells well on the coaft. In a word, the country is rich, and the commerce advantageous, and might be greatly augmented by fuch as would cultivate the friendship of the natives. These are reprefented by in terefted writers as a rude, treacherous people; but authors of credit give them a very different character, defcribing them as fenfible, courteous, and the faireft traders on the coaft of Guinea. In the Collection (vol. ii. p. 560.) they are faid to be averfe to drinking to excefs, and fuch as do are feverely punished by the king's order. Though they are naturally inclined to be kind to ftrangers, with whom they are fond of trading, yet the frequent injuries done them by Europeans have occafioned their being fufpicious and thy and have even made them fometimes treat trangers ill, who have attempted to trade with them. As the Europeans have no fettlement on this part of Guinea, the trade is carried on by fignals from the fhips, on the appearance of which the natives ufually come on board in their canoes, bringing their gold duft, ivory, &c. which has given oppor. tunity to fome villanous Europeans to carry them off with their effects, or retain them on board till a ransom was paid. Hence their miftruft is fo great, that it is very difficult to prevail on them to come on board. In the Collection we are told, "This villanous cuftom is too often practifed, chiefly by the Briftol and Liverpool fhips, and is a great detriment to the flave trade on the windward coaft." (4.) IVORY, HARDENING, SOFTENING, AND STAINING, OF. See BONE, § 5,9; and HORN, 2-4. (1.) JUPITER, the fupreme god of the ancient pagans. The theologifts, according to Cicero, reckoned up three Jupiters; the first and fecond of whom were born in Arcadia; of thefe two, the one fprang from Æther, the other from Calus. The third Jupiter was the fon of Saturn, and born in Crete, where they pretended to fhew his fepulchre. Cicero in other places fpeaks of feveral Jupiters who reigned in different countries. The Jupiter, by whom the poets and divines underftand the fupreme god, was the fon of Saturn king of Crete. He would have been devoured by his father as foon as born, had not his mother Rhea fubftituted a ftone ipftead of the child, which Saturn immediately swallowed. Saturn took this method to deftroy all his male children? becaufe it had been foretold by Calus and Terra, that one of his fons fhould deprive him of his kingdom. Jupiter, being thus faved from his father's jaws, was brought up by the Curetes in a den on Mount Ida, Virgil tells us, that he was fed by the bees; out of gratitude for which he changed their colour from that of iron to gold. Some fay, that his nurfes were Almalthea and Meliffa, who gave him goats milk and honey; and others, that Amalthea was the name of the goat which nourished him, and which, as a reward for her great fervices, was changed into a conftellation. According to others, he was fed by wild pigeons, who brought him ambrofia from Oceanus; and by an eagle, who carried nectar in his beak from a fteep rock; for which he rewarded the former, by making them the foretellers of winter and fummer; and the latter by giving him immortality, and making him his thunderbearer When grown up, he drove his father out of heaven, and divided the empire of the world with his brothers. For himfelf, he had heaven and earth; Neptune had the fea and waters; and Pluto hell. The Titans attempted to dethrone Jupiter, as he had done his father. Thefe Titans were giants, the fons of Titan and Terra. They declared war against Jupiter, and heaped mountains upon mountains, in order to fcale heaven: but their efforts were unfuccefsful. Jupiter overthrew them with his thunder, and fhut them up under the waters and mountains, from which they were not able to get out. Jupiter had feveral wives: the firft of whom, named METIS, he is faid to have devoured when big with child, by which he himself became pregnant; and Minerva iffued out of his head, completely armed and fully grown. His fecond was Themis; the name of his third is not known; his fourth was the celebrated Juno, whom he deceived under the form of a cuckoo, which, to fhun the violence of a ftorm, fled for fhelter to her lap. He was the father of the Mufes and Graces; and had a prodigious num. ber of children by his miftreffes. He metamorphofed himself into a fatyr to enjoy Antiope; into a bull, to carry off Europa; into a swan, to abufe Leda; a fhower of gold, to corrupt Danae; and into feveral other forms to gratify his paffions. He had Bacchus by Semele, Diana and Apollo by Latona, Mercury by Maia, and Hercules by Alcmena, &c. The wifer part of the heathens believed that there was but one fupreme God; but it is certain that the great body of the people believed in a plurality of gods, endued with different powers and attributes, and all of them influenced by human paflions and vices. It is in vain to attempt to exculpate them from this folly. The wholehiftory of ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt, &c. with their routine of fuperftitious ceremonies, prove that they believed all the ridiculous fables of the mythology. They even ufed different reprefentations of the fame deity, and if they did not confider them as fo many different perfons, at least regarded each of them in different views: e. g. The Jupiter that showered down bleffings, was called the Kind Jupiter; and when punishing, the Terrible Jupiter. There was only one Jupiter for Europe, and another for Africa; and in Europe, there |