udgments: it aggravates the evil to him who fuffers, when he looks upon himself as the mark of divine vengeance. Addifon. 10. Diftribution of jutice-The Jews made infurrection against Paul, and brought him to the judgment seat. A&s xviii. Your difbonour

Mangles true judgment, and bereaves the state Of that integrity which should become it. Shak. -In judgments between rich and poor, confider not what the poor man needs, but what is his own. Taylor-A bold and wife petitioner goes ftrait to the throne and judgment feat of the monarch. Arbuth. 11. Judiciary law; ftatute.-If ye hearken to these judgments, and keep and do them, the Lord thy God fhall keep unto thee the covenant. Deut. 12. The laft doom.→

The dreadful judgment day,

So dreadful will not be as was his fight. Shak. (2.) JUDGMENT, among logicians, a faculty, or rather act of the human foul, whereby it compares its ideas, and perceives their agreement or difagreement. See LOGIC, and METAPHYSICS. (3) JUDGMENT, in law, is the fentence pronounced by the court upon the matter contained in the record. Judgments are of 4 forts. First, where the facts are confeffed by the parties, and the law determined by the court; as in the cafe of judgment upon demurrer: fecondly, where the law is admitted by the parties, and the facts difputed; as in the cafe of judgment on verdi: thirdly, where both the fact and the law arifing thereon are admitted by the defendant; which is the cafe of judgments by confeffion or default: or, haly, where the plaintiff is convinced that either fact, or law, or both, are infufficient to fupport his action, and therefore abandons or withdraws his profecution: which is the cafe in judgments upon a nonfuit or retraxit. The judgment, though pronounced or awarded by the judges, is not their determination or fentence, but the determination and fentence of the law; it is the remedy prefcribed by law for the redrefs of injuries; and the fait or action is the vehicle or means of adminiftering it. What that remedy may be, it is indeed the refult of deliberation and ftudy to point out; and therefore the ftyle of the judgment is not that it is decreed or refolved by the court, for then the judgment might appear to be their own; but "it is confidered," confideratum eft per curiam, that the plaintiff do recover his damages, his debt, bis poffethion, and the like: which implies that the judgment is none of their own; but the act of law, pronounced and declared by the court, after due deliberation and inquiry. See Blackflone's Comment. iii. 396.

(4.) JUDGMENT, in criminal cafes, is the next fage of profecution, after TRIAL and CONVICTION are paft, in fuch crimes and mifdemeanours as are either too high or too low to be included within the benefit of clergy. For when, upon a capital charge, the JURY have brought in their VERDICT guilty, in the prefence of the prifoner; he is either immediately, or at a convenient time foon after, afked by the court, if he has any thing to offer why judgment fhould not be awarded against him. And in cafe the defendant be found guilty of a misdemeanour (the trial of which may,

and does usually, happen in his abfence, after he has once appeared), a capias is awarded and iffued, to bring him in to receive his judgment; and if he abfconds, he may be profecuted even to outlawry. But whenever he appears in perfon, upon either a capital or inferior conviction, he may at this period, as well as at his arraignment, offer any exceptions to the indictment, in arreft or stay of judgment: as for want of fufficient certainty in fetting forth either the perfon, the time, the place, or the offence. And if the objections be valid, the whole proceedings fhall be fet afide; but the party may be indicted again. A pardon alfo may be pleaded in arreft of judgment: and it is the fame when pleaded here as when upon ARRAIGNMENT; VİZ. the faving the ATTAINDER, and, of course, the CORRUPTION of blood: which nothing can restore but parliament, when a pardon is not pleaded till after fentence. And certainly, upon all accounts, when a man hath obtained a pardon, he is in the right to plead it as foon as poffible. See PARDON. Praying the benefit of clergy may also be ranked among the motions in arreft of judgment. See CLERGY, § 3-5. If all these réfources fail, the court muft pronounce that judgment which the law hath annexed to the crime. Of these some are capital, which extend to the life of the offender, and confift generally in being hanged by the neck till dead; though in very atrocious crimes other circumftances of terror, pain, or difgrace, are fuperadded: as, in treafons of all kinds, being drawn or dragged to the place of execution; in high treafon affecting the king's person or government, embowelling alive, beheading, and quartering; and in murder, a public diffection. And in cafe of any treafon committed by a female, the judgment is to be burned alive. But the humanity of the English nation has authorised, by tacit confent, an almost general mitigation of such parts of these judgments as favour of torture or cruelty: a fledge or hurdle being ufually allowed to fuch traitors as are condemned to be drawn; and there being very few inftances (and those accidental or by negligence) of any perfons being embowelled or burned, till previously deprived of fenfation by ftrangling. Some punishments confift in exile or banishment, by abjuration of the realm, or transportation to New South Wales: others, in lofs of liberty, by perpetual or temporary imprisonment. Some extend to confifcation, by forfeiture of lands, or moveables, or both, or of the profits of lands for life: others induce a disability of holding offices or employments, of being heirs, executors, and the like. Some, though rarely, occafion a mutilation or difmembering, by cutting off the hand or ears: others fix a lafting ftigma on the offender, by flitting the noftrils or branding in the hand or face. Some are merely pecuniary, by stated or discretionary fines: and, laftly, there are are others that confift principally in their ignominy, though most of them are mixed with fome degree of corporeal pain; and these are inflicted chiefly for fuch crimes as either arife from indigence, or render even opulence difgraceful: fuch as whipping, hard labour in the houfe of correction, the pillory, the ftocks, and the ducking ftos!.. Difgufting as this cata

logue

for thofe difcoveries they have left behind thern. Locke.

JUDICIOUSLY. adv. [from judicious.] Skilfully; wifely; with just determination.- ¦ So bold, yet fo judiciously you dare,

logue may seem, it will afford pleasure to a British reader, and do honour to the British laws, to compare it with that shocking apparatus of death and torment to be met with in the criminal codes of almost every other nation in Europe. And it is moreover one of the glories of our law, that the nature, though not always the quantity or degree of punishment, is afcertained for every offence; and that it is not left in the breast of any judge, nor even of a jury, to alter that judgment which the law has beforehand ordained for every subject alike, without refpect of perfons.

(5.) JUDGMENT OF GOD. See JUDICIUM, 2. *JUDICATORY. n. f. [judico, Lat.] 1. Diftribution of juftice.-No fuch crime appeared as the lords; the fupreme court of judicatory, would judge worthy of death. Clarendon. 2. Court of juftice.-Human judicatories give sentence on matters of right and wrong, but inquire not into bounty and beneficence. Atterbury.

(1.)* JUDICATURE. n. f. [judicature, Fr. judico, Lat.] 1. Power of diftributing juftice. The honour of the judges in their judicature is the king's honour. Bacon.-If he fhould bargain for a place of judicature, let him be rejected with fhame. Bacon. 2. Court of juftice. In judicatures, to take away the trumpet, the fearlet, the attendance, makes justice naked as well as blind. South.

(2.) JUDICATURE is alfo ufed for the quality or profeflion of those who administer juftice, as well as the extent of the jurifdiction of the judge, and the court wherein he fits to render justice.

JUDICIA CENTUMVIRALIA, in Roman antiquity, were trials before the Centumviri, to whom the prætor committed the decifion of certain matters of inferior nature, like our juftices of peace at the quarter feflions. During these trials, a fpear was tuck up in the forum, to fignify that the court was fitting.

JUDICIAL. adj. [judicium, Lat.] 1. Practifed in the distribution of public juftice.-What government can be without judicial proceedings? Bentley. 2. Inflicted on as a penalty. The refiftance of those will cause a judicial hardness. South.

* JUDICIALLY. adv. [from judicial.] In the forms of legal juftice. It will behove us to think that we fee God ftill looking on, and weigh. ing all our thoughts, words, and actions in the balance of infallible juftice, and paffing the fame judgment which he intends hereafter judicially to declare. Grew.

* JUDICIARY. adj. [ judiciaire, French; judiciarius, Latin.] Paffing judgment upon any thing. -Before weight be laid upon judiciary attrologers, the influence of constellations ought to be made out. Boyle.

* JUDICIOUS. adj. [ judicieux, Fr.] Prudent; wife; skilful in any matter or affair.

For your husband,

He's noble, wife, judicious.

Love hath his feat

That your leaft praife is to be regular. Dryd. -Longinus has judiciously preferred the fublime genius that fometimes errs to the middling or indifferent one, which makes few faults, but seldom rifes to excellence. Dryden.

(1.) JUDICIUM CALUMNIE, was an action brought against the plantiff for falfe accufation. The punishment, upon conviction, was inuflis frontis, or branding in the forehead. See IsusTIO.

(2.) JUDICIUM DEI, JUDGMENT OF GOD, was a term anciently applied to all extraordinary trials of fecret crimes; as thofe by arms, and fingle combat, and the ordeals; or those by fire, or red hot plough-fhares; by plunging the arm in boil. ing water, or the whole body in cold water; in hopes God would work a miracle, rather than suffer truth and innocence to perish. These cuf toms were long kept up even among Chriftians; and they are ftill ufed in fome nations. See BATTLE, ORDEAL, &c.

(3.) JUDICIUM FALSI, was an action which lay against the judges for corruption or unjuft proceedings.

(4.) JUDICIUM PARIUM, denotes a trial by a man's equals, i. e. of peers by peers, and of commoners by commoners. In MAGNA CHARTA it is more than once infifted on as the principal bulwark of our liberties.

(5.) JUDICIUM PRÆVARICATIONIS, was an action brought against the profecutor, after the criminal was acquitted, for fuppreffing the evidence of, or extenuating his guilt, rather than urging it home, and bringing it to light.

JUDITH, [T, Heb. i. e. Praifing.] the daughter of Merrari, a Jewish heroine, whofe hiitory is related, in the apocryphal book which bears her name. See APOCRYPHA and HoLoFERNES.

JUDITH POINT, the SE. point of Rhode Island, on the coaft of Washington county.

JUDOIGNE, a town of France, in the dep. of the Dyle, and ci-devant province of Auftrian Brabant. Near this town the duke of Marlborough gained that fignal victory over the French in 1706, called the battle of Ramilies. It is feated on the river Gete, 13 miles SE. of Louvain, and 16 N. of Namur.

JUDOSA BAY, a bay of Louisiana, in the NW. corner of the Gulf of Mexico.

(1, 2.) IVEACH, the name of two baronies of Ireland, in the county of Down, and province of Ulfter. They are diftinguished into Upper and Lower Iveach, and the former is by much the largest barony in that county.

In reafon, and is judicious.

To each favour meaning we apply,

And palate call judicious.

Milton.

Ivelchefter.

Scipio, who was befieging Numantia, hoping thus to get rid of a youth whofe ambition feemed to threaten the tranquillity of his children. His hopes were fruftrated; Jugurtha fhowed himself brave and active, and endeared himself to the Roman general. Micipfa appointed him fucceffor to his kingdom along with his fons; but the kindnefs of the father proved fatal to the children. Jugurtha deftroyed Hiempfal, and ftripped Adherbal of his poffeffions, and obliged him to fly to Rome. The Romans liftened to the wellgrounded complaints of Adherbal; but Jugurtha's gold prevailed among the fenators, and the fupplicant monarch, forfaken in his distress, perished by the fnares of his enemy. Cæcilius Metellus was at laft fent against Jugurtha; and his firmness and fuccefs foon reduced the crafty Numidian, obliging him to fly among his favage neighbours for fupport. Marius and Sylla fucceeded Metellus, and fought with equal fuccefs. Jugurtha was at laft betrayed by his father-in-law Bocchus, and delivered up to Sylla, A. A. C. 106. He was expo fed to the view of the Roman people, and dragged in chains to adorn the triumph of Marius. He was afterwards put in a prison, where he died fix days after of hunger.

IVICA, or YVICA, an island in the Mediterranean. See YVICA.

1.

(1.)* JUICE. n. f. [jus, Fr. juys, Dutch. The liquor, fap, or water of plants and fruits.If I defire wine, I muft fay, wine is a juice not liquid, or wine is a fubftance; for juice includes but fubftance and liquid. Watt's Logick.Unnumber'd fruits,

ture. Thele two laft fubftances, not being foluble in water, are only interpofed between the parts of the other principles which are diffolved in the juice, and confequently disturb its tranfparency. Juices which are acid, and not very mucila ginous, are fpontaneously clarified by reft and gentle heat. The juices of moft antifcorbutic plants, abounding in faline volatile principles, may be difpofed to filtration merely by immersion in boiling water; and as they may be contained in clofed bottles, while they are thus heated in a water bath, their faline volatile part, in which their medicinal qualities chiefly confift, may thus be preferved. The moft general and abfolutely neceffary method of clarification for thofe juices which contain much mucilage, is boiling with the white of an egg. This matter, which has the property of coagulating in boiling water, and of uniting with mucilage, does accordingly, when added to the juice of plants, unite with and coagulate their mucilage, and feparates it from the juice in form of fcum, together with the greatest part of the refincus and earthy matters which disturb its transparency. And as any of these refinous matters which may remain in the liquor, after this boiling, with the whites of eggs, are no longer retained by the mucilage, they may eafily be feparated by filtration. See FILTRE, 1, 2. The juices, efpecially before they are clarified, contain almoft all the fame principles as the plant itself; because in the operation by which they are extracted, no decompofition happens, but every thing remains, as to its nature, in the fame ftate as in the plant. The principles contained in the juice are only feparated from the groffer oily, earthy, and refinous part, which compofe the folid matter that remains under the prefs. These juices, when well prepared, have therefore the fame medicinal qualities as the plants from which they are obtained. They muft evidently differ from each other as to the nature and proportions of the principles with which they are impregnated, as much as the plants from which they are extracted differ from each other in those refpects. Moft vegetable juices coagulate when expofed to the air, whether they are drawn out of the plant by wounds, or naturally run out; though what is called naturally run ing out is generally the effect of a wound in the pant, from a fort of canker, or some other interral caufe. Different parts of the same plant, yield different juices. The fame veins, in their courfe through the different parts of the plant yield ices of a different appearance. Thus the aice in the root of the cow parfnep is of a brimstone colour; but in the ftalk it is white. Among those juices of vegetables which are clammy and readily coagulate, there are fome which readily break with a whey. The great wild LETTUCE, with the fmell of opium, yields the greatt plenty of milky juice of any known British plant, When the stalk is wounded with a knife, the juice Lows readily out like a thick cream, and is white and ropy; but if thefe wounds are made at the top of the ftalks, the juice that flows out of them dafhed with a purple tinge, as if cream had been prinkled over with a few drops of red wine. Some Letle time after letting this out, it becomes much

more purple, and thickens; and finally, the thicker part of it separates, and the thin whey fwims at top. The whey or thin part of this separated matter is easily preffed out from the curd by fqueezing between the fingers, and the curd will then remain white; and on washing with water, it becomes like rags. The purple whey (for in this is contained all the colour) foon dries into a purple cake, and may be crumbled between the fingers into a powder of the fame colour. The white curd being dried and kept for some time, becomes hard and brittle. It breaks with a fhining surface like refin, and is inflammable; taking fire at a candle, and burning all away with a strong flame. The fame thick part being held over a gentle heat, will draw out into tough long threads, melting like wax. The purple cake made from the whey is quite different from this; and when held to a candle fcarce flames at all, but burns to a black coal. The whole virtue of the plant feems alfo to confift in this thin part of its juice: for the coagulum or curd, though looking like wax or refin, has no tafte at all; whereas the purple cake made from the ferum is extremely bitter, and of a tafte fomewhat resembling that of opium. Of the fame kind with the wild lettuce are the throatwort, fpurge, and many other plants. These are all replete with a milky juice which feparates into curds and whey like that already described. But this, though common law of nature, is not univerfal, for there are many plants which yield the like milky juices without any feparation enfuing upon their extravafation. The white juice of the fonchus never feparates, but dries into an uniform cake: the common red wild poppy bleeds freely with a milky juice; and the heads or capfules of feed bleed not lefs freely than the rest of the plant, even after the flower is fallen. This juice, on being received into a fhell or other small veffel, foon changes its white to a deep yellow colour, and dries it into a cake which feems refinous and oily, but no whey separates from it. The TRAGOPOGON, or goat's beard, when wounded, bleeds freely a milky juice; it is at firft white, becomes immediately yellow, and then more red, till at length it is wholly of a dufky red. It never feparates, but dries together into one cake; and is oily and refinous, but of an infipid taste. The great bindweed alfo bleeds freely a white juice; the flowers, as well as the stalks and leaves, affording this liquor. It is of a fharp tafte; and as many of the purging plants are of this clafs, it would be worth trying whether this milk is not purgative. Thefe juices, as well as most others which bleed from the plants, are white like milk; but there are fome of other colours. The juice of the great celandine is of a fine yellow colour; it flows from the plant of the thickness of cream, and foon dries into a hard cake, without any whey feparating from it. Another yellow juice is yielded by the feed-veffels of the yellow centaury in July, when the feeds are full grown. This is very clammy; it foon hardens altogether into a cake without any whey feparating from it. It sticks to the fingers like birdlime, is of the colour of pale amber, and will never become harder than foft wax if dried in the fhade; but if laid in the Fff2

fun,