to 19; those of 25 feet and upwards occasionally 4. JUAN. Rio, a town in the ille of Cuba. carry fail. The travelling ivahab is always doublé, 5. JUAN, ST, the capital of California, in N and furnished with a small neat house about s or America, Lon. 114. 9. W. Lat. 26. 25. N. 6 feet broad, and 6 or 7 long. 6. JUAN, ST, 1 fort of New Leon, on the S JUAN, (Span. i. e. John.) the name of several lide of Rio Bravo. towns, islands, &c. in the Spanish dominions : 7. JUAN, ST, DE LA FRONTERA, a town of S. viz.. America, in Chili, in the province of Chiquito, 1. Juan de Fuca, a large bay of the N. Paci- near the lake Guanacho. The territory of this fic Ocean, on the NW, of America. town is inhabited by 20,000 native Americans. 2. Juan de Los Llanos, a province of S. who are tributary to Spain. It contains mides of America in Terra Firma, E. of New Granada. gold, and produces a kind of almonds that are ve. 3. JUAN FERNANDEZ, an island in the great ry delicate. It is seated at the foot of the Andes. South Sea, formerly a place of resort for the buc. Lon. 66. 35. W. Lat. 23. 25. S. caneers who annoyed the western coast of the Spa- 8. JUAN, ST, DE PORTO, or PUERTO Rico, nith continent. They were led to resort hither an island of America, and one of the Caribfrom the multitude of goats which it nourished; bees, being 100 miles long and so broad. It to deprive their enemies of which advantage, the belongs to the Spaniards; and is full of very high Spaniards transported a considerable number of mountains, and extremely fertile valleys, interdogs, which increasing greatly, have almost extir- fpersed with woods, and well watered with springs pated the goats, who now only find security and rivulets. It produces sugar, rum, ginger, amongst the sheep mountains in the northern parts, corn, and fruits; partly proper to the climate, which are inaccessible to their pursuers. There and partly introduced from Spain. Besides, there are instances of two men living, at different times, are so many cattle, that they often kill them for alone on this island for many years; the one a the sake of the skins alone. Here are a great pum. Murquito Indian ; the other Alexander Selkirk, a ber of uncommon trees, and there is a little gold Scotsman, who was, after five years, taken on in the north part of the island. It is commonly board an English fhip, which touched here in faid that the air is healthy; and yet the earl of about 1710, and brought back to Europe. From Cumberland, when he had taken this island, loft the history of this recluse, Daniel de Foe wrote most of his men by sickness; and for that reason his Adventures of Robinson Cruijoe, and robbed was furced to abandon it. This happened in the Selkirk of both the honour and profits of his MS. reign of Queen Elizabeth. It is subject to stors (See De Foe and SELKIRK, N° 1.) This isand was and hurricanes, like the rest of thele iDands. It very propitious to the remains of Commodore An- lies to the east of Hispaniola, at the distance of so son's squadron in 1741, after having been buffet- miles. ed with tempests, and debilitated by an inveterate 9. JUAN, ST, DE PORTO Rico, the capital scurvy, during a three months pafiage round Cape town of the illand of Porto Rico, with a good Horn: they continued here three months; du- harbour defended by several forts, and a bithop's ring which time the dying crews, who, on their fee. It is feated on the N. coast of the island. arrival, could scarcely with one united etiort heave Lon. 65.35. W. Lat. 18. 30. N. the anchor, were restored to perfect health. Capt. 10. JUAN, Sr, De Ulloa, or ULHUA, an iland Carteret, in the Swallow, in 1767, having met of New Spain, in the Gulf of Mexico near Vera with many difficulties and impediments in his pas. Cruz. fage into the South Sea, by the Straits of Magel. IVANGOROD, a town of Russia, in the gohaens, attempted to make this isand in crder to vernment of Petersburgh, on the Pluisa, oppolite recruit the health of his men; but he found it for. Narva; built by Ivan, or John Basiliowitz ; with tified by the Spaniards, and therefore chose ra. a treble wall and many towers: 32 miles SW. of ther to proceed to the island of Marafuero. But Petersburg. Lon. 46. 6. E. Ferro. Lat. 59. 16. N. M. de Bougainville that same year is said to have IVANITZ, a town of Croatia, on the Lonia; cónched here for refreshments, although, in the 42 miles NE. of Carlstadt, and 32 S. of Varafdin. narrative of the voyage, the fact is cautiously sup- JUARROS, a town of Spain, in Old Castile. preffed. This isand is not quite 15 miles long, JUAYE, a town of France, in the dep. of Cal. and about fix broad ; its only safe harbour is on vados, on the Aure, 4 miles S. of Bayeus. the N. fide. It is said to have plenty of excellent JUBA I. a king of Numidia and Mauritania, water, and to abound with a great variety of ex. He succeeded bis father Hiempfal, aod favoured cellent vegetables highly antiscorbutic, besides the cause of Pompey againit Julius Cæfar. He which, Commodore Anfon fowed a variety of gar- defeated Curio, whom Cæfar had sent to Africa, den-seeds, and planted the itones of plums, apri- and after the battle of Pharsalia he joined his for. cots, and peaches, which he was many years af- ces to those of Scipio. He was conquered in a terwards informed had thriven greatly; and now battle at Thapsus, and totally abandoned by his doub:lefs furnish a very valuable addition to the subjects. He killed himlelf with Petreus, who natural productions of this spot. Vast thoals of had thared his good fortune and his adversity, d. fish of various kinds frequent this coast, particu. U. C. 707. His kingilom became a Roman prolarly cod of a prodigious tize; and it is faid in not , vince, of which Salluft was the first governor. less abundance thaa on the banks of Newfound- JUBA II. the fon of the former, was led captive land. There are but few birds here, and thole to Rome to adorn the triumph of Cafar. His few are of species well known and conmon, Lon. captivity was the fource of the greatest bonours, 28. 30. W. Lat. 33• 40. S. and his application to study procured him more glon a glory than he would have obtained from the inheritance of a kingdom. He gained the heart of the Romans by the courteousness of his manners, and Auguftus rewarded his fidelity by giving him in marriage Cleopatra the daughter of Antony, conferring upon him the title of king, and making him mafter of all the territories which his father once poffeffed, A. U. C. 723. His popularity was fo great, that the Mauritanians deified him; the Athenians raifed him a statue, and the Ethiopians worthipped him. Juba wrote a History of Rome in Greek, which is often quoted and commended by the ancients. Of it only a few fragments remain. He alfo wrote on the Hiftory of Arabia, and the Antiquities of Affyria, chiefly collected from Berofus. He also compofed fome treatifes upon the drama, Roman antiquitics, the nature of animals, painting, grammar, &c. now loft. JUBAL, [bar, Heb. i. e. fading, or a trumpet.] the fon of Lamech, and 6th from Cain: the inventor of musical instruments. JUBILANT. adj. [jubilans, Lat.] Uttering fongs of triumph. The planets lift'ning stood, While the bright pomp afcended jubilan. Milt. * JUBILATION. n. f. \ jubilation, Fr. jubilatio, Lat.] The act of declaring triumph. (1.) * JUBILEE. n. f. [ jubilé, Fr. jubilum, from jubilo, low Lat.] A public feftivity; a time of rejoicing; a feason of joy. Angels utt'ring joy, heav'n rung With jubilee, and loud hofannas fill'd Th' eternal regions. Milt. Par. Loft. -Joy was then a mafculine and a fevere thing: the recreation of the judgment, or rejoicing the jubilee of reason. South. The town was all a jubilee of feasts. Dryden. (2.) JUBILEE, among the Jews, denotes every soth year; being that following the revolution of 7 weeks of years; at which time all the flaves were made free, and all lands reverted to their ancient owners. The jubilees were not obferved after the Babylonifh captivity. The political defign of the law of the jubilee was to prevent the too great oppreffions of the poor, as well as their being liable to perpetual flavery. A kind of equality was thus preferved through all the families of Ifrael, and the diftinction of tribes was alfo preferved, that they might be able, when there was occafion, on the jubilee year, to prove their right to the inheritance of their ancestors. It ferved ailo, like the OLYMPIADS of the Greeks, and the LUSTRA of the Romans, for the readier computation of time. The jubilee has alfo been fuppofed to be typical of the gospel state and difpenfation, defcribed by Isaiah Ixi. 1, 2. in reference to this period, as the "acceptable year of the Lord." (3) JUBILEE, in a modern fenfe, denotes a grand church feftivity, celebrated at Rome, wherein the pope grants a plenary indulgence to all finners; at least to as many as vifit the churches of St Peter and St Paul at Rome. The jubilee was first established by Boniface VII. in 1300, in faFour of thofe who fhould go ad limina apoftolorum; and it was only to return every 100 years. But the first celebration brought in fuch ftore of wealth to Rome, that the Germans called this the golden year, which occafioned Clement VI. in 1343, to reduce the period of the jubilee to go years. Urban VI. in 1389, appointed it to be held every 35 years, that being the age of our Saviour; and Paul II. and Sextus IV. in 1475, brought it down to every 25, that every perfon might have the benefit of it once in his life. Boniface IX. granted the privilege of holding jubilees to feveral princes and monafteries: for inftance, to the monks of Canterbury, who had a jubilee every 50 years; when people flocked from all parts to vilit the tomb of St Thomas a Becket. Jubilees are now become more frequent, and the pope grants them as often as the church has occalion for them. There is ufually one at the inauguration of a new pope. To be entitled to the privileges of the jubilee, the bull enjoins faftings, alms, and prayers. It gives the priests a full power to abfolve in all cafes, even those otherwife referved to the pope: to make commutations of vows, &c. in which it differs from a plenary indulgence. During the time of jubilee, all other indulgences are fufpended. There are particular jubilees in certain cities, when several of their feafts fall on the fame day: at Puey en Velay, for instance, when the feaft of the Annunciation happens on Good Friday; and at Lyons when the feast of St John Baptift concurs with the feaft of Corpus Chrifti. In 1640, the Jefuits celebrated a folemn jubilee at Rome; that being the centenary or 1ooth year from their inftitution, and the fame ceremony was obferved in all their houses throughout the world. (4.) JUBILEE is alfo ufed for any mufical folemnity or feftival, appointed or repeated at a diftant period. Thus Edward III. caufed his birthday to be obferved in manner of a jubilec, in the soth year of his reign. This he did, by releasing prifoners, pardoning all offences except treafon, making good laws, and granting many privileges to the people. A jubilee was alfo celebrated throughout Great Britain and Ireland, on the 25th of October 1809; the prefent King George III. entering on the goth year of his reign, when as many acts of grace were iflued as the nature of the conftitution and the security of the fubjec would allow. A grand jubilee was held at Stratford upon Avon, on the 23d April 1764, in honour of SHAKESPEARE, being the 2d centenary of the birth-day of that unparalleled dramatic poet, whofe unrivalled merits will induce posterity to repeat it, as long as the drama is admired, or the English language understood. The cele brated GARRICK was the principal planner and conductor of the entertainment, and wrote moft of the fongs for the occafion. JUBO, a kingdom of Africa, on the coaft of Agan, with its capital, fubject to the Portuguese. JUBU, a town of Africa, in Benin. JUCATAN. See YUCATAN. JUCATRA. See BATAVIA, N° 1. JUCENDRO, a town in Madagascar. * JUCUNDITY. n. f. [jucunditas, jucundus, Lat.] Pleasantnefs; agreeablenefs.-The new or unexpected jucundities, which present themselves, will have activity enough to excite the earthieft foul, and raise a fmile from the most compofe tempers. Brown. Eeez JUDÆA. JUDEA. See JUDEA, and PALESTINE. (I. 1.) JUDAH,, Heb. i.c. Praise, or Confeffion.] the 4th fon of Jacob, and father of the chief tribe of the Jews, diftinguished by his name, and honoured by giving birth to the Meffiah, died 1636 B. C. This patriarch, though he feems, from the brief account we have of him, not to have been a very rigid moralist, showed himself nevertheless a man of fine feelings, and poffeffed of a strong filial affection for his aged father. In his pathetic interceffion with Jofeph, for the liberation of Benjamin, as well as in his previous furetyfhip to Jacob, he is also a striking type of our Saviour. See Gen. xliii. xliv. (2.) JUDAH is also used for the people of Judah, including not only the whole people of that tribe, but thofe of the tribe of Benjamin, the majority of the Levites, and many individuals from all the other tribes, who adhered to the house of David, to avoid the idolatrous worship established by Jeroboam I. Many other individuals from the difperfed tribes are alfo fuppofed to have joined them after the Babylonish captivity, when they were called Jews. See JEWS. (3.) JUDAH, CHRONOLOGICAL SERIES OF THE A. M. KINGS OF. 3029. Rehoboam fucceeded his father Solomon, and reigned 17 years, to 3046. 3046. Abijam, 3 years, to 3049. 3049. Afa, 41 years, to 3090. 3090. Jehoshaphat, 25 years, to 3115. 3421. Zorobabel governed 32 years after the cap- 3453. Refa Mefullam, 46 years. 3571. Mattathias, or Eli, 12. 3701. John Hircanus, 17. This was the laft prince 3718. An interregnum of 62 years. 3783. Judas Maccabæus, 6. 3845. Ariftobulus 1. king and high-prieft; the fir 3115. Jehoram, 4 years along with his father, and 3887. Hircanus II. reftored, 23. 4 alone, to 3119. 3119. Ahaziah, 1 year. 3120. Athaliah, his mother, ufurped the crown, murdered the royal family, and reigned 6 years, to 3126. 3126. Joash was raised to the throne by Jehoiada; 3165. Amaziah, 29 years, to 3194. died in 3246. 3909. Antigonus, 1 year. (5.) JUDAH, THE KINGDOM OF, was of small di 3362. Amon, 2 years, to 3364. 3364. Jofiah, 31 years, to 33953395. Jehoahaz, 3 months. 3395. Eliakim, or Jehoiakim, 11 years, to 3406. 3406. Jehoiachin, or Jeconiah, 3 months and 10 days. 3406. Mattaniah, or Zedekiah, reigned 11 years, to 3417; when Jerufalem was taken, the temple burnt, and the people carried captives to Babylon. (4.) JUDAH, CHRONOLOGICAL SERIES OF THE PRINCES OF, AFTER THE CAPTIVITY. The following lift is given by Alftedius in his Thefaurus Chronologia. (II.) JUDAH CHING, a celebrated rabbi and grammarian of the 11th century; who wrote many learned works, particularly an Arabic Dictionary. (III.) JUDAH HAKKADOSH, or the Saint, à rabbi celebrated for his learning and riches, lived in the time of the emperor Antoninus, and was the friend and preceptor of that prince. Leo of Modena, a rabbi of Venice, tells us, that rabbi Judah, who was very rich, collected, about 26 years after after the deftruction of the temple, in a book which he called the Misnia, the constitutions and traditions of the Jewish magiftrates who preceded him. But as this book was short and obscure, two Babylonish rabbis, Rabbina and Afe, collected all the interpretations, difputes, and additions, that had been made until their time, upon the Mifnia, and formed the book called the Babylonish Talmud or Gemara; which is preferable to the Jerufalem Talmud, compofed fome years before by rabbi Jochanan of Jerufalem. The Mifnia is the text of the Talmud; of which we have a good edition in Hebrew and Latin by Surenhufius, with notes, in 3 vols. folio. It were to be wifhed the fame had been done to the Gemara. JUDAISM. n. f. the religious doctrines and rites of the Jews. Judaism was but a temporary difpenfation, and was to give way, at least the ceremonial part of it, at the coming of the Mef. fias. For a complete fyftem of Judaifm, fee the books of Mofes. Judaifm was anciently divided into feveral fects; the principal whereof were the Pharifees, Sadducees, and Elfenians. At prefent there are two fects among the Jews, viz. the Karaites, who admit of no rule of religion but the law written by Mofes; and the Rabbinifts, who add to the law the traditions of the Talmud, *To JUDAIZE. v. n. [judaifer, Fr. judaizo, low Lat.] To conform to the manner of the Jews. Paul judaiz'd with the Jews, was all to all. Sandys. JUDAS MACCABEUS, a celebrated general of the Jews, renowned for his many victories over his enemies, at laft flain in battle, 261 B. C. See JEWS, § 6. (1.) JUDAS TREE. n. f. [filiquaftrum, Latin.] A plant.-Judas tree yields a fine purplish, bright, red bloffom in the fpring, and is increafed by layers. Mortimer. (2.) JUDAS TREE. See CERCIS. (1.) JUDE, ST, or JUDAS, called alfo LEBBAUs and Thaddeus, the fon of Jofeph, and brother of St James the younger. Matt.xiii. 55. He preached in Mefopotamia, Arabia, Syria, Idumea; and died in Berytus for the confeffion of Chrift. He wrote that epiftle which goes under his name, and after the death of moft of the apoftles. He was cruelly put to death for reproving the supertition of the Magi. (2.) JUDE, THE GENERAL EPISTLE OF, a canonical book of the New Teftament, written against the heretics, who, by their diforderly lives and impious doctrines, corrupted the faith and good morals of the Chriftians. St Jude draws them in lively colours, as men given up to their paffions, full of vanity, conducting themselves by wordly wisdom, and not by the spirit of God. JUDEA, in ancient geography, taken largely, either denotes all Paleftine, or the greater part of it; and thus it is generally taken in the Roman hiftory: Ptolemy, Rutilinus, Jerome, Origen, and Eufebius, take it for the whole of Paleftine. Here we confider it as the third part of it, on this fide the Jordan, and that the S. part is diftinct from Samaria and Galilee; under which idea it is often taken, not only in Jofephus, but alfo in the New Teftament. It contained 4 tribes; Judah, Ben jamin, Dan, and Simeon, together with Philiftia and Idumea; so as to be comprised between Samaria on the N. and Arabia Petræa on the S. and bounded by the Mediterranean on the W. and by the Lake Afphaltites, with part of Jordan, on the E. Jofephus divides it into 11 toparchies; Pliny into 10; by which it has a greater extent than that just mentioned. See PALESTINE. JÚDENBACH, a town of Upper Saxony, in the duchy of Coburg, 12 miles NE. of Coburg. JUDENBURG, a confiderable town of Germany, in the circle of Auftria, and capital of Upper Stiria, with a handfome caftle; the public buildings with the fquare are very magnificent. This town was taken by the French in April 1797; and in it a fufpenfion of arms was agreed on between the Archduke Charles and Gen. Bonaparte. It is feated on the Muehr, 45 miles W. by N. of Gratz, and 84 SW. of Vienna. Lon. 32. 36. E. Lat. 47. 17. N. (1.) JUDEX, Matthew, one of the principal writers of the Centuries of Magdeburg, was born at Tippleswolde, in Misnia, in 1528. He taught theology with great reputation; but met with many difquiets in the exercise of his ministry from party feuds. He wrote feveral works, and died in 1564. (2.) JUDEX QUESTIONIS. See JUDGE, 5. (1.) * JUDGE. n.f. [juge, Fr. judex, Latin.] 1. One who is invefted with authority to determine any caufe or queftion, real or perfonal.Shall not the judge of all the earth do right? Genefis.-A father of the fatherless, and a judge of the widows is God, in his holy habitation. Pfalms.Thou art judge Of all things made, and judgeft only right., Milton. Dryd. -It becomes a painter to take what is most beau. tiful, as being the fovereign judge of his own art. Dryden. 3. One who has fkill fufficient to decide upon the merit of any thing.-One court there is, in which he who knows the fecrets of every heart will fit judge himself. Sherlock. A perfect judge will read each piece of wit, With the fame fpirit that its author writ. Pope. (2.) JUDGES, in Jewish antiquity, supreme magiftrates who governed the Ifraelites from the time of Joshua till the reign of Saul. They continued during the whole time of the republic of Ifrael, being a space of about 339 years. See IsRAEL, $ 3. (3) JUDGES, for ordinary affairs, civil and religious, were appointed by Mofes in every city to terminate differences; in affairs of greater confequence, the differences were referred to the priests of Aaron's family, and the judge of the people or (1.) * JUDGMENT. n. f. [judgment, Fr.] 1. The power of difcerning the relations between one term or one propofition and another. prince at that time established. Mofes likewife judgment, or paffes fentence.-The vulgar threat fet up two courts in all the cities, one confifting ened to be their oppreffors, and judgers of their of priests and Levites, to determine points con- judges. K. Charles.-They who guide themselves cerning the law and religion: the other confifting merely by what appears, are ill judgers of what of heads of families, to decide in civil matters. they have not well examined. Digby. (4.) JUDGES, BOOK OF, a canonical book of the Old Teftament, fo called from its relating the ftate of the Ifraelites under the administration of many illuftrious perfons who were called judges, from being both the civil and military governors of the people, and who were raised up by God upon fpecial occafions, after the death of Joshua, till the time of their choosing a king. - O judgment! thou art fled to brutish beafts, And men have loft their reafon. Shak. The faculty, which God has given man to fupply the want of certain knowledge, is judgment, whereby the mind takes any propofition to be true or falfe, without perceiving a demonftrative evidence in the proofs. Locke.-Judgment is that whereby we join ideas together by affirmation cr negation; fo, this tree is high. Watts. 2. Doom; the right or power of paffing judgment. (5.) JUDGES, SELECT, Judices feledi, in antiquity, were perfons fummoned by the prætor to give their verdict in criminal matters in the Roman courts, as juries do in ours. No perfon could be regularly admitted into this number till he was 25 years of age. The Sortitio Judicum, or impannelling the jury, was the office of the JUDEX QUESTIONIS, and was performed after both parties were come into court, for each had a right to reject or challenge whom they pleased, others being fubftituted in their room. The number of the Judices feletti varied according to the nature of the charge. When the proper number appeared, they were fworn, took their places in the fubfellia, and heard the trial. (1.) To JUDGE. v. a. 1. To pafs fentence upon; to examine authoritatively; to determine finally. Chaos fhall judge the ftrife. Then thofe, whom form of laws caufe. Milton. Condemn'd to die, when traitors judg'd their Dryden. 2. To pafs fevere cenfure; to doom feverely. This is a fenfe feldom found but in the Scriptures. He fhall judge among the heathen; he thall fill the places with the dead bodies. Pf. cx. 6.-Judge not, that ye be not judged. Matt.-Let no man judge you in meat or drink. Col. ii. 16. (2.) To JUDGE. v. n. [juger, Fr. judico, Lat.] 1. To pafs fentence.--My wrong be upon thee; the Lord judge between thee and me. Genefis.Ye judge not for man, but for the Lord, who is with you in the judgment. 2 Chron. 2. To form or give an opinion. Shak. For fhe is wife, if I can judge aright. Authors to themselves, Both what they judge and what they chufe. Milton. -If I did not know the originals, I fhould never be able to judge, by the copies, which was Virgil, and which Ovid. Dryd. Whether it be a divine revelation or no, realon must judge, which can never permit the mind to reject a greater evidence, to embrace what is lefs evident. Locke. He proceeds in his inquiry into the fciences, refolved to judge of them freely, Locke. 3. To difcern; to diftinguish to confider accurately.-How doth God know? Can he judge through the dark cloud? Fob xxii. 13.-Judge in yourfelves: is it comely a woman pray unto God uncovered? 1 Cor. xi. 13. How properly the tories may be called the whole body of the British nation, I leave to any one's judging. Addifon. *JUDGER. n. /. [from judge.] One who forms If my fufpect be falfe, forgive me, God; When thou, O Lord, fhalt ftand disclos'd And fit in judgment on my foul, 4. Determination; decifion.-Where diftinctions 'Tis with our judgments as our watches, none Go juft alike; yet each believes his own. Pepe. 6. Opinion; notion. I fee mens judgments are A parcel of their fortunes. Shak. Ant. and Cleop 7. Sentence against a criminal. Soak. When he was brought again to th' bar, to bear His knell rung out, his judgment, he was firr'd With agony. Shak. -The chief pricfts informed me, defiring to have judgment against him. As xxv. 15. Milton. On Adam last this judgment he pronounc'd. 8. Condemnation. This is a theological use.The judgment was by one to condemnation; but the free gift is of many offences uuto juftification. Rom. v. 16. The precepts, promifes, and threatenings of the Gospel will rife up in judgment againft us, and the articles of our faith will be fo many articles of accufation. Tillotson. 9. Punishment inflicted by Providence, with reference to fome particular crime. This judgment of the heavens that makes us tremble, Touches us not with pity. Shak. King Lear. -We cannot be guilty of greater uncharitableness, than to interpret athictions as punishments and judgmen |