moft cruel torturers. The two factions of the Guelphs and Gibelines continued to rage with greater violence than ever, involving cities, diftricts, and even private families, in divifions and butchery; no quarter being given on either fide. Meanwhile Gregory IX. died, and was fucceeded in the fee of Rome by Celeftin IV. and afterwards by Innocent IV. formerly cardinal Fiefque, who had always expreffed the greatest regard for the emperor and his intereft. Frederic was accordingly congratulated upon this occafion: but having more penetration than those about him, he replied, "I fee little reafon to rejoice; the cardinal was my friend, but the pope will be my enemy." Innocent foon proved the juftice of this conjecture. He attempted to negotiate a peace for Italy; but not being able to obtain from Frederic his exorbitant demands, and in fear for the fafety of his own perfon, he fled into France, affembled a general council at Lyons, and in 1245, depofed the emperor. Conrad, the emperor's fecond fon, had already been declared king of the Romans, on the death of his brother Henry, which foon followed his confinement: but the empire being now declared vacant by the pope, the German bishops (for none of the princes were prefent), at the inftigation of his holinefs, proceeded to the election of a new emperor; and they chose Henry landgrave of Thuringia, who was ftyled, in derifion, the king of priests. Innocent now renewed the crufade againft Frederic. it was proclaimed by the preaching friars, fince called Dominicans, and the minor friars, known by the name of Cordeliers or Francifcans. The pope, however, did not confine himself to thefe meafures only, but engaged in confpiracies against the life of an emperor who had dared to refift the decree of, a council, and oppofe the whole body of the monks and zealots. Frederic's life was feveral times in danger from plots, poifonings, and affaffinations; which induced him, it is faid, to make choice of Mahometan guards, who, he was certain, would not be under the influence of the prevailing fuperftition. About this time the landgrave of Thuringia dying, the fame prelates who had taken the liberty of creating one emperor made another; namely, William count of Holland, a young nobleman of 20 years of age, who bore the fame contemptuous title with his predeceffor. Fortune, which had hitherto favoured Frederic, feemed now to defert him. He was defeated before Parma, which he had long befieged; and to complete his misfortune, he foon after learned, that his natural fon Entius, whom he had made king of Sardinia, was worfted and taken prifoner by the Bolognefe. In this extremity Frederic retired to his kingdom of Naples, to recruit his army; and there died of a fever in the year 1250. After his death, the affairs of Germany fell into the utmost confufion, and Italy continued long in the fame diftracted ftate in which he had left it. The clergy took arme against the laity; the weak were oppreffed by the strong; and all laws, divine and human, were difregarded. After the death of Frederic's Conrad, who had affumed the imperial dig. ty as fucceffor to his father, and the death of Lis competitor William of Holland, a variety of

candidates appeared for the empire, and several were elected by different factions; among whom was Richard earl of Cornwall, brother to Henry II. king of England: but no emperor was properly acknowledged till the year 1273, when Rodolph, count of Hapfburg, was unanimoufly raifed to the vacant throne. During the interregnum which preceded the election of Rodolph, Denmark, Holland, and Hungary, entirely freed them felves from the homage they were wont to pay to the empire; and much about the fame time feveral German cities erected a municipal form of government, which ftill continues. Lubec, Cologne, Brunfwic, and Dantzic, united for their mutual defence against the encroachments of the great lords, by a famous affociation, called the Hanfeatic league; and thefe towns were afterwards joined by 80 others, belonging to different ftates, which formed a kind of commercial republic. Italy alfo, during this period, affumed a new plan of government. That freedom for which the cities of Lombardy had so long struggled, was confirmed to them for a fum of money: they were emancipated by the fruits of their industry. Sicily likewife changed its government and its prince. See SICILY. From the time of Frederic II. we may date the ruin of the German power in Italy. The Florentines, the Pifans, the Genoefe, the Luccans, &c. became independent, and could not again be reduced. The power of the emperor, in fhort, was in a manner annihilated, when Henry VII. undertook to restore it in the beginning of the 14th century. For this purpofe a diet was held at Francfort, where proper fupplies being granted for the emperor's journey, well known by the name of the Roman expedition, he fet out for Italy, accompanied by the dukes of Auftria and Bavaria, the archbishop of Triers, the bishop of Liege, the counts of Savoy and Flanders, and other noblemen, together with the militia of all the imperial towns.

(28.) ITALY, HISTORY OF, TO THE MURDER OF HENRY VII. Italy was ftill divided by the factions of the Guelphs and Gibelines, who butchered one another without humanity or remorse. But their conteft was no longer the fame: it was not now a ftruggle between the empire and the priesthood, but between faction and faction, inflamed by mutual jealoufies and animofities. Pope Clement V. had been obliged to leave Rome, which was in the anarchy of popular government. The Colonnas, the Urfini, and the Roman barons, divided the city; and this divifion was the caufe of a long abode of the popes in France, so that Rome feemed equally loft to the popes and the emperors. Sicily was in the poffeffion of the houfe of Arragon, in confequence of the horrid maffacre called the Sicilian vefpers, by which that island was delivered from the tyranny of the French. See SICILY. Carobert, king of Hungary, difputed the kingdom of Naples with his uncle Robert, fon of Charles II. The houfe of Efte had established itself at Ferrara; and the Venetians wanted to make themselves mafters of that country. The old league of the Italian cities no longer exifted. It had been formed with no other view than to oppofe the emperors; and since they had neglected Italy, the cities were

wholly

wholly employed in aggrandizing themselves, at the expense of each other. The Florentines and the Genoefe made war upon the republic of Pifa. Every city was alfo divided into factions within itfelf. In the midft of these troubles Henry VII. appeared in Italy in 1311, and caused himself to be crowned king of Lombardy at Milan. But the Guelphs had concealed the old iron crown of the Lombard kings, as if the right of reigning there was attached to a small circlet of metal. Henry or dered a new crown to be made, with which the ceremony of inauguration was performed. Cremona was the firft place that ventured to oppofe the emperor. He reduced it by force, and laid it under heavy contributions. Parma, Vicenza, and Placentia, made peace with him on reafonable conditions. Padua paid 100,000 crowns, and received an imperial officer as governor. The Venetians presented Henry with a large fum of money, an imperial crown of gold enriched with diamonds, and a chain of very curious workmanship. Brescia made a desperate resistance, and fuftained a fevere fiege; in the courfe of which te emperor's brother was flain, and his army diminished to fuch a degree, that the inhabitants marched out under the command of their prefect Thibult de Druffati, and gave him battle: but they were repulfed with great lofs, after an ob. ftinate engagement; and at last obliged to fubmit, and their city was dismantled. From Brefcia Henry marched to Genoa, where he was received with expreffions of joy, and fplendidly entertain. ed. He next proceeded to Rome; where, after much bloodshed, he received the imperial crown from the hands of the cardinals. Clement V. who had originally invited Henry into Italy, growing jealous of his fuccefs, had leagued with Robert king of Naples and the Urfini faction, to oppofe his entrance into Rome. He entered it in fpite of them by the affiftance of the Colonnas. Now mafter of that ancient city, Henry appointed a governor; and ordered, that all the cities and ftates of Italy fhould pay him an annual tribute. In this order he comprehended the kingdom of Naples, to which he was going to make good his claim of fuperiority by arms, when he died at Benevento in 1313, as is commonly supposed, of poison given him by a Dominican friar, in the con. fecrated water of the facrament.

(29.) ITALY, HISTORY OF, TO THE PRESENT PERIOD. The efforts of Henry VII. were unable to restore the Imperial power in Italy. From this time the authority of the emperor in that country confifted in a great measure in the conveniency which the Gibelines found in oppofing their enemies under the fanction of his name, The power of the pope was much of the fame nature. He was lefs regarded in Italy than in any other country in Christendom. There was indeed a great party who called themselves Guelphs; but they affected this diftinction only to keep themfelves independent of the Imperialifts; and the ftates and princes who called themselves Guelphs, paid little more acknowledgment to his bolinefs than fheltering themselves under his name and authority. The most desperate wars were carried on by the different cities against each other; and in

these wars Caftruccio Caftracciani, and Sir John Hawkwood, an Englishman, are celebrated as heroes. A detail of these transactions would furnish materials for many volumes; and is yet of little importance, as nothing material was affected by the utmost efforts of valour, and the belligerent ftates were commonly obliged to make peace without any advantage on either fide. By degrees, however, this martial spirit fubfided; and in the year 1492, the Italians were fo little capable of refifting an enemy, that Charles VIII. of France conquered the whole kingdom of Naples in fix weeks, and might eafily have subdued the whole country, had it not been for his own imprudence. Another attempt on Italy was made by Lewis XII. and a third by Francis 1. See FRANCE, 38 and 39. In the reigns of Lewis XIII. and XIV. an obftinate war was carried on between the French and Spaniards, in which the Italian states bore a confiderable fhare. The war concluded in 1660 with very little advantage to the French, who have been often unfuccefsful in their Italian wars. The like bad fuccefs attended them in that part of the world, in the war which commenced be tween Britain and Spain in 1740. But the particulars of thefe wars with regard to the different states of Italy, fall to be confidered under the hiftory of those states into which the country was till lately divided; Sardinia, Milan, Genoa, Venice, Tufcany, Lucca, St Marino, Parma, Mantua, Modena, Rome, and Naples. But no period of the hiftory of Italy has been of more importance, or afforded a more rapid fucceffion of aftonishing events, fince the fall of the Roman empire, than that which has elapfed fince the revolution of France. The whole of the independent ftates of the country have been repeatedly changed into republics and monarchies of yarious extent and denomination, and have been parcelled out in fuch forms and magnitude, as suited the caprice of Bonaparte at the moment. Naples is still a separate kingdom under Murat, called Joachim Napoleon. The reft of the country, including Rome as the capital, forms the kingdom of Italy, of which Napoleon himself is king. (See REVO. LUTION, ROME, and WAR.)

(30.) ITALY, INHABITANTS OF. The ITALI ANS are generally well proportioned, though their complexions are none of the beft. As to drefs, they follow the fashions of the countries on which they border, or to which they are fubject; namely, thofe of France, Spain, and Germany. With refpect to their genius and tafte in architecture, painting, carving, and mufic, they are thought to excel greatly, and to leave the other nations of Europe far behind them; but their music seems too foft and effeminate to deferve all the praise bestowed on it; and their houfes are far inferior to thofe of England in respect of convenience. No country has produced better politicians, hiftorians, poets, painters, and fculptors, fince the revival of the arts and sciences, exclufive of those of ancient times. The Italians are very affable, courteous, ingenious, fober, and ready witted; but extremely jealous, vindictive, lafcivious, cere monious, and fuperftitious. In refpect to jealousy, indeed, we are told, that a very extraordinary

change

ples; the country having a great variety of commodities and manufactures for exportation, efpecially wine, oil, perfumes, fruits, and filks. Travellers alfo fpend large fums of money in Italy, befides what they lay out in pictures, curiofities, relics, antiquities, &c.

ITANNA, a kingdom of Africa, on the Slave Coaft, dependent on Benin.

(1.) ITCH. n. f. [gicha, Saxon.] 1. A cutataneous difeafe extremely contagious, which overfpreads the body with fmall puftules filled with a thin ferum, and raised, as microscopes have difcovered, by a small animal. It is cured by fulphur.

And drown themselves in riots, itches, blains. Shak. -The Lord will fmite thee with the scab and with the itch, whereof thou can'ft not be healed. Deut. xxviii. 27.

As if divinity had catch'd

The itch, on purpose to be scratch'd. Hudibras. 2. The fenfation of uneafinefs in the fkin, which is eased by rubbing. 3. A conftant teafing defire.A certain itch of meddling with other people's matters, puts us upon shifting. L'Eftrange.-He had ftill pedigree in his head, and an itch of being thought a divine king. Dryden.-From fervants company a child is to be kept, not by prohibitions, for that will but give him an itch after it, but by other ways. Locke.

When univerfal homage Umbra pays,
All fee 'tis vice, and itch of vulgar praife.

Pope.

(2.) The ITCH, appearing in fmall watery puftules on the fkin; commonly of a mild nature, though fometimes attended with obftinate and dangerous fymptoms. See MEDICINE, Index.

*To ITCH. v. n. [from the noun.] 1. To feel that uneafinefs in the fkin which is removed by rubbing.-A troublefome itching of the part was occafioned by want of transpiration. Wiseman.

My right eye itches; fome good luck is near; Perhaps my Amaryllis may appear. Dryden. 2. To long; to have continual defire. This fenfe appears in the following examples, though fome of them are equivocal.-Mafter Shallow, you have yourself been a great fighter, thou now a man of peace. Mr Page, though now I be old, and of peace, if I fee a fword out, my finger itches to make one. Shak.

Caffius, you yourself

Are much condeinn'd to have an itching palm, To fell and mart your offices for gold. Shak. The itching ears, being an epidemic disease, gave fair opportunity to every mountebank. Dec. of Piety

All fuch have ftill an itching to deride, And fain would be upon the laughing fide.

ITCHE, a river of Afia, in Thibet.

}

Pope.

(r.) ITCHEN, or ABRE, a river of England (1.) ITCHING, in Hampfh. which rifes near Abresford and runs into the Southampton, below Southampton city.

(2.) ITCHING, or IRTHING, a river of Northumberland and Cumberland, which runs into the Eden near Warwick.

feafon, which is in July. They are propagated by layers, and are not injured by the cold of this climate; but are apt to die in fummer, if planted on a dry gravelly foil. The fhoots should be laid down in autumn, and will be rooted in one year. (1.) ITEM. adv. [Latin.] Alfo. A word used when any article is added to the former. (2.) * ITEM. n. f. 1. A new article.-I could have looked on him without the help of admiration, though the catalogue of his endowments had been tabled by his fide, and I to perufe him by items. Shakespeare. 2. A hint; an innuendo.— If this difcourfe have not concluded our weakneís, I have one item more of mine: if knowledge can be found, I must lose that which I thought I had, that there is none. Glanv.

ITERANT. adj. [iterans, Lat.] Repeating.-Waters being near, make a current echo: but being farther off, they make an iterant echo. Bacon.

* To ITERATE. v. a. [itero, Lat.] 1. To repeat; to utter again; to inculcate by frequent mention.-We covet to make the Pfalms efpeci ally familiar unto all this is the very cause why we iterate the Psalms oftener than any other part of Scripture. Hook.-We fee how many times one thing hath been iterated into the best and wifeft. Hooker.-The king, to keep a decency towards the French king, fent new folemn ambassadors to intimate unto him the decree of his estates, and to iterate his motion that the French would deli from hoftility. Bacon's Henry VII.-There be two kinds of reflections of founds: the one at di tance, which is the echo, wherein the original. heard diftinctly, and the reflection alfo diftinctly. the other in currence, when the found returneth immediately upon the original, and so iterateth it not, but amplifieth it. Bacon. 2. To do over again.-Ashes burnt, and well reverberated by fire, after the falt thereof have been drawn out by iterated decoction. Brown.

ITTIGIUS, Thomas, à learned profeffor of divinity at Leipfic, fon of John Ittigius, profeffor of phyfic in the fame univerfity. He first published A Treatife upon Burning Mountains; after which he became a minifter, and exercifed that function in various churches there. He furnished several papers in the Leipfic acts, besides publifhing fome hiftorical works and dissertations. He died in 1710.

ITUERO, a town of Spain, in Leon. ITUNA, a river of Britain, now called Eden, in Cumberland. See EDEN, N° 2.

ITURÆA, a country of Paleftine, whose inhabitants were skilful archers. Virg.

ITYS, in fabulous hiftory, a fon of Tereus king of Thrace, by Procne daughter of Pandion king of Athens. He was killed by his mother when he was about fix years old, and ferved up before his father. He was changed into a pheasant, his mother into a swallow, and his father into an owl. ITZECUINTEPOTZOTLi, or HUNCH. BACKED DOG, a Mexican quadruped fimilar to a dog. It is as large as a Maltelfan dog, the skin of which is varied with white, tawny, and black. Its head is fmall in proportion to its body, and appears to be joined directly to it on account of the fhortnefs, and greatnefs of its neck; its eyes are pleafing, its ears loofe, its nofe has a confiderable prominence in the middle, and its tail fo fmall that it hardly reaches half way down its leg; but the characteristic of it is a great bunch which it bears from its neck to its rump. The place where this quadruped moft abounds is the kingdom of Michuacan, where it is called Ahora. See Plate CXCV.

ITZEHOA, an ancient and handsome town of Germany, in the duchy of Holftein, belonging to Denmark, feated on the Stoer. Lon. 9. 25. E. Lat. 54. 8. N.

IVA, in botany: A genus of the pentandria order, belonging to the monocia class of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 49th order, Compofita. The male calyx is common and triphyllous; the florets of the dife monopetalous and quinquefid; the receptacle divided by small hairs. There is no female calyx nor corolla; but 5 florets in the radius; two long styles; and one naked and obtufe feed.

IVAHAH, the name of one of the canoes or boats ufed by the islanders of the South Sea for fhort excurfions to fea: it is wall-fided and flatbottomed. These boats are of different fizes, from 10 to 72 feet long; but their breadth is not in proportion; for those of ten feet are about a foot wide, and thofe of above 70 are scarcely two. The fighting ivahah is the longeft, with its head and ftern confiderably raised above the body in a femicircular form: the ftern is fometimes 17 or 18 feet high. When they go to fea, they are faned together fide by fide, at the distance of al out three feet, by ftrong poles of wood laid acrofs and lafhed to the gunwales. On thefe, in the forepart, a ftage or platform is raised, about 10 or 12 feet long, fomewhat wider than the boats, and fupported by pillars about fix feet high: on this stage are ranged the fighting men, whofe mifile weapons are flings and fpears; and below the stage the rowers fit. The thing ivahahs are from 40 feet long Eee

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