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Romans first invited him to be their governor, and marquisate of Verona, which he gave to Henand then drove him out with disgrace; at the ry duke of Bavaria. Berengarius, thus freed from same time choosing a consul, tribunes, &c. as all apprehension, not only oppressed his subjects if they had designed to affert their ancient liin a moft tyrannical manner, but revolted against berty. One fačtion, in the mean time, offered Otho himself. This at laf procured his ruin ; for the crown to Rodolphus, and the other to Ar- in 961, Otho returned with an army into Italy, nold duke of Bavaria, while a fresh body of Sara- where he was crowned king by the Abp. of Micens took this opportunity to plunder the city of lan; and in 962 was crowned emperor by the Genoa. Hugh, in the mean time, having collecte pope. On this occafion he received the imperial ed an army, marched against Arnold, and defeat- crown from his holiness, and kissed his feet with ed him. Rodolphus entered into an alliance with great humility : after which they both went to the him, and gave his daughter Adelaide in marriage altar of St Peter, and bound themselves by a soto Lotharius, Hugh's son. Being thus free from lemn oath, the pope to be always faithful to the all danger_from foreign enemies, he marched emperor, and to give no assistance to Berengarius against the Romans; but with them he also came to or Adelbert his enemies; and Otho to consult the an agreement, and even gave his daughter in mar- welfare of the church, and to restore to it all its riage to Alberic, whom they had chosen conful. patrimony granted by former emperors. Otho, But the country was still infested by the Hungari- besides this, bestowed very rich presents on the ans and Saracens, and at the same time depopu- church of St Peter. He ordained that the eleclated by a plague. Endless conspiracies were tion of popes should be according to the canons ; formed against Hugh himself; and at laft, in 947, that the elected pope Thould not be consecrated he was deprived of the regal power ty Berenga- till he had publicly promised, in presence of the rius II. grandson to Berengarius I.; soon after emperor's commissaries, to observe every thing which he retired into Burgundy, and became a forinerly specified with regard to the rights of the monk. Though Berengarius was thus poflessed emperors; that these commissaries should conof the supreme power, he did not affume the title stantly reside at Rome, and make a report every of king till after the death of Lotharius, which year how justice was administered by the judges ; happened in 950; but in the mean time Italy was and in case of any complaints, the commissaries invaded by Henry duke of Bavaria, and the Hun. should lay them before the pope; but if he negarians. The former took and plundered Aqui- glected to intimate them, the imperial commifleia, and ravaged the neighbouring country; after faries might then do what they pleased. Thus which he returned without molestation into Ger- Otho, however much he might allow the pope's many: the latter made a furious irruption; and fupremacy in spiritual matters, plainly assumed Berengarius being unable to oppose them, was at the sovereignty in temporals to himself; and thus laft obliged to purchase their departure by money. Italy was for upwards of 300 years accounted a In raising the sum agreed upon, however, Beren- part of the German empire. The popes, howgarius is faid to have been more oppressive than ever, by no means relished this superiority of the even the Hungarians. Every individual, without emperor. The latter was hardly departed, when distinction of age or sex, was obliged to pay fo the pope (John XII.) broke the oath which he had much for their head, not excepting even the poor. just before sworn with so much folemnity; and The churches were likewise robbed; by which entered first into an alliance with Adelbert count means the king raised an immense sum of money, of Tuscany to expel the Germans, and then soli10 boshels of which he gave to the Hungarians, cited the Hungarians to invade Italy. This treachbut kept a much greater part to himself. Beren- ery was soon punished by Otho. He returned garius, not yet satisfied, wished to be put in pofs with part of his army, and assembled a council of feffion of Paris, which was held by Adelaide the bishops. As the pope did not appear, Otho prewidow of Lotharius. To obtain his purpose, he tended great concern for his absence. The biproposed a marriage between her and his son shops replied, that the consciousness of his guilt Adelbert. This proposal being rejected, Berenga- made him afraid to sew himself. The emperor rius besieged and took the city. The queen was then inquired particularly into hts crimes; upon confined in a neighbouring castle, from whence which the bishops accused him of filling the paThe made her escape' by a contrivance of her con- lace with lewd women, of ordaining a bishop in feffor. With him and one female attendant she a table, castrating a cardinal, drinking the devil's concealed herself for some days in a wood; but health, &c. As the pope ftill refused to appear being obliged to remove thence for want of food, to juftify himself from these charges, he was formthe applied for protection to Adelard Bp. of Reg. ally deposed; and Leo the chief secretary, though gio. By him she was recommended to his uncle a layman, elected in his 'stead. The new pope, Otho, who had a strong cattle in the neighbours in compliment to the emperor, granted a bull, by hood of Canoza. Here the was besieged by Beren. which it was ordained that Otho and his succel. garius; upon which messengers were sent to Otho fors should have a right of appointing the popes king of Germany, informing him, that, by expele and investing archbishops and bishops ; and that ling Berengarius, and marrying Adelaide, he might none should dare to consecrate a bishop without easily obtain the kingdom of Italy. This propo- leave obtained from the emperor. Thus were sal he readily accepted, and married Adelaide; the affairs of the Italians still kept in the utmost but allowed Berengarius to retain the greatest part confusion even during the reign of Otho I. who of his dominions, upon condition of his doing appears to have been a wise and active prince. He homage for them to the kings of Germany. He was no fuoner gone, than the new pope was de deprived him, however, of the dukedom of Friuli posed, all his decrees annulled, and Join replaced.

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The party of Leo was now treated with great cruelty: but John was foon ftopped in his career; for about the middle of May, 964, the fame year in which he had been reftored, being furprised in bed with a Roman lady, he received a blow on the head from the devil (according to the authors of those times), of which he died eight days after. A cardinal deacon, named Benedia, was then elected by the Romans, but depofed by Otho, and banished to Hamburgh. The emperor was fcarce returned to Germany, when his fickle Italians revolted, and fent for Adelbert, who had fled to Corfica. But being foon reduced, they continued quiet for about a year; after which they revolted again, and imprifoned the pope. Otho, however, provoked at their rebellious difpofition, foon returned, and punished the rebels with great feverity; after which he made feveral laws for the better regulation of the city of Rome, granted feveral privileges to the Venetians, and caufed his fon Otho, then only 13 years of age, to be crowned emperor. This ceremony being over, Otho dispatched an ambaffador to Nicephorus, emperor of Conftantinople, demanding his ftep-daughter Theophania in marriage for the young emperor; but upon this alliance being rejected, with circumftances of the moft atrocious perfidy, Otho inftantly invaded the countries of Apulia and Calabria, and entirely defeated the Greek army in those parts. In the mean time, Nicephorus being killed, and his throne ufurped by John Zimifces, Otho immediately entered into an alliance with the latter, and eafily obtained Theophania for his fon. She was crowned with great folemnity on the 8th of April 969: at the fame time, it is pretended by fome authors, that the Greeks renounced their rights to Calabria and Apulia, though this is denied by others. After the celebration of this marriage, the emperor undertook an expedition against the Saracens, who ftill refided at the foot of the Alps; but being informed of the death of feveral nobles in Germany, he thought proper to return thither, where he died of an apoplexy in 973. At the time of Otho's death Italy was divided into the provinces of Apulia, Calabria, the dukedom of Benevento, Campania, Terra Romana, the dukedom of Spoleto, Tufcany, Romagna, Lombardy, and the marquifates of Ancona, Verona, Friuli, Trevifo, and Genoa. Apulia and Calabria were ftill claimed by the Greeks; but all the reft were either immediately fubject to, or held of the kings of Italy. Otho conferred Benevento (including the ancient Sameium) on the duke of that name. Campania and Lucania he gave to the dukes of Capua, Naples, and Salerno. Rome with its territory, Ravenna with the exarchate, the dukedom of Spoleto, with Tufcany, and the marquifate of Ancona, he granted to the pope; and retained the reft of Italy under the form of a kingdom. Some of the cities were left free, but all tributary. He appointed feveral hereditary marquifates and counties, but referved to himself the fovereign jurifdiction in their territories. The liberty of the cities confifted in a freedom to choose their own magiftrates, to be judged by their own laws, and to difpofe of their own revenues, on condition that they took the oath of allegiance to the king, and paid the cuf

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tomary tribute. The cities that were not free were governed by the commiffaries or lieutenants of the emperor: but the free cities were governed by two or more confuls, afterwards called potef tates, chofen annually, who took the oath of allegiance to the emperor before the bifhop of the city or the emperor's commiffary. The tribute exacted was called foderum, parata, et manfionaficum. By the foderum was meant a certain quantity of corn, which the cities were obliged to furnifh to the king when marching with an army, or making a progrefs through the country; though the value of this was frequently paid in money. By the parata was understood the expenfe laid out in keeping the public roads and bridges in repair; and the manfienaticum included thofe expenfes which were required for lodging troops or accommodating them in their camp. Under pretence of this laft article the inhabitants were fometimes ftripped of all they poffeffed except their oxen and feed for the land. Befides regulating what regarded the cities, Otho diftributed honours and poffeffions to thofe who had ferved him faithfully. The honours confifted in the titles of duke, marquis, count, captain, valvafor, and val vafin; the poffeffions were, befides land, the duties arifing from the harbours, ferries, roads, fifhponds, mills, falt-pits, the ufes of rivers, and all pertaining to them, and fuch like. The dukes, marquifes, and counts, were those who received dukedoms, marquifates, and counties, from the king in fiefs; the captains had the command of a certain number of men by a grant from the king, duke, marquis, or count; the valvafors were fubordinate to the captains, and the valvafins to them.

(19.) ITALY, HISTORY OF, TILL THE DEATH OF OTHO III. No fooner was the death of Otho 1. known in Italy, than, as if they had been now freed from all reftraint, the nobles declared war against each other: fome cities revolted, and chofe to themfelves confuls; while the dominions of others were feized by the nobles, who confirmed their power by erecting citadels. Rome efpecially was haraffed by tumults, occafioned chiefly by the feditious practices of one Cincius, who preffed his fellow-citizens to reftore the ancient republic. As the pope continued firm in the interefts of the emperor, Cincius caufed him to be ftrangled by one Franco, a cardinal deacon; who was foon rewarded with the pontificate, and took upon him the name of Boniface VII. Another pope was chofen by the faction of the count of Tufcany; who being approved by the emperor, drove Cincius and Boniface out of the city. Difturbances of a fimilar kind took place in other cities, though Milan continued quiet and loyal in the midft of all this confufion. In the mean time Boniface fled for refuge to Conflantinople, where he excited the emperor to make war against Otho II.. In 979 an army was accordingly fent into Italy, which conquered Apulia and Calabria; but the next year Otho entered Italy with a formidable army; and having taken a fevere revenge on the authors of disturbances, drove the Greeks entirely out of the provinces they had feized. Having then caufed his fon Otho III. at that time a boy of ten years of age to be proclaimed empe ror, he died at Rome in the year 983. Among the

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regulations made by this emperor, one is very remarkable, and gives a ftrange idea of the inhabitants of Italy at that time. He made a law, That no Italian fhould be believed upon his oath; and that in any difpute which could not be decided otherwife than by witneffes, the parties fhould have recourfe to a duel. Otho III. fucceeded to the empire at 12 years of age; and during his minority the difturbances in Italy revived. Cincius, called alfo Crefcentius, renewed his fcheme of reftoring the republic. Pope John XV. oppofing his fchemes, was driven out of the city; but was foon after recalled, on hearing that he had applied to the emperor for affiftance. A few years after Crefcentius again revolted, and expelled Gregory V. the fucceffor of John XV.; raifing to the papal dignity a creature of his own, under the name of John XVI. Otho, enraged at this infult, returned to Rome with a powerful army in 998, befieged and took it by affault; after which he caufed Crefcentius to be beheaded, and the pope he had fet up to be thrown headlong from the caftle of St Angelo, after having his eyes pulled out, and his nofe cut off. Four years after, he himself died of the fmall pox; or, according to fome, was poisoned by the widow of Crefcentius, whom he had debauched under a promife of marriage, juft as he was about to punish the Romans for another revolt.

(20.) ITALY, HISTORY OF, TILL THE ELECTION OF GREGORY VII. Otho was fucceeded in the imperial throne by Henry duke of Bavaria, and grandfon to Otho II. Henry had no fooner fettled the affairs of Germany, than he found it neceffary to march into Italy againft Ardouin marquis of Ivrea, who had affumed the title of King of Italy. Him he defeated in an engagement, and was himself crowned king of Italy at Pavia in 1005; but a few years after, a new conteft arofe about the papal chair, which again required the prefence of the emperor. Before he arrived, however, one of the competitors, Benedict VIII. had got the better of his rival, and both Henry and his queen received the imperial crown from his hands. Before the emperor entered the church, the pope propofed to him the following queftion: Will you obferve your fidelity to me and my fucceffors in every thing?" To which, though a kind of homage, he fubmitted, and anfwered in the affirmative. After his coronation, he confirm ed the privileges beftowed on the Roman fee by bis predeceffors, and added fome others of his own; ftill, however, referving for himself the fovereignty and the power of fending commiffaries to hear the grievances of the people. Having repelled the incurfions of the Saracens, reduced Some more rebellions of his fubjects, and reduced the greateft part of Apulia and Calabria, he died in 1014. The death of this emperor was, as ufual, followed by a competition for the crown. Conrad being chofen emperor of Germany, was declared king of Italy by the Abp. of Milan; while a party of the nobles offered the crown to Robert king of France, or his fon Hugh. But this offer being declined, and likewife another to William duke of Guienne, Conrad enjoyed the dignity conferred on him by the archbishop without moleftation. He was crowned king of Ita

ly at Monza in 1026; and the next year he re ceived the imperial crown from Pope John XX. in prefence of Canute the Great, king of England, Denmark, and Norway, and Rodolph III. king of Burgundy. His reign was fimilar to that of his predeceffors. The Italians revolted, the pope was expelled, malecontents were fubdued, and the pope reftored: after which the emperor returned to Germany, and died in 1039. Under Henry III. who fucceeded Conrad, the disturbances were prodigioufly augmented. Pope Sylvefter II. was driven out by Benedict; who in his turn was expelled by John bishop of Sabinum, who affumed the title of Sylvester III. Three months after Benedict was reftored, and excommunicated his rivals; but foon after refigned the pontificate, or rather fold it for a fum of money. In a fhort time he reclaimed it; and thus there were at once three popes, each of whom was supported on a branch of the papal revenue, while all of them made themfelves odious by the fcandalous lives they led. At laft a prieft called Gratian put an end to this papal triumvirate. Partly by artifice, and partly by prefents, he perfuaded all the three to renounce their pretenfions to the papacy; and the people of Rome, out of gratitude for fo fignal a fervice to the church, chofe him pope, under the name of Gregory VI. Henry III. took umbrage at this election, in which he had not been confulted, and marched with an army into Italy, depofed Gregory for fimony; and filled the papal chair with his own chancellor Heidiger, bishop of Bamberg, who affumed the name of Clement II. and afterwards confecrated Henry and the emprefs Agnes. This ceremony being over, and the Romans having fworn never to elect a pope without the approbation of the reigning emperor, Henry proceeded to Capua, where he was vifited by Drago, Rainulphus, and other Norman adventurers, who had made themselves mafters of great part of Apulia and Calabria, at the expense of the Greeks and Saracens. Henry not only folemnly invefted them with thofe territories which they had acquired by conqueft, but prevailed on the pope to excommunicate the Beneventines, who had refufed to open their gates to him, and be ftowed that city and its dependencies, as fiefs of the empire, upon the Normans, provided they took poffeffion by force of arms. The emperor was fcarce returned to Germany when he received intelligence of the death of Clement II. He was fucceeded in the apoftolic fee by Damafcus II.; who alfo dying foon after his elevation, Henry nominated Bruno bishop of Toul to the vacant chair. This Bruno, who was the emperor's relation, immediately affumed the pontificals; but being a modeft and pious prelate, he threw them off on his journey, by the perfuafion of a monk of Cluny, named Hildebrand, afterwards the famous Gregory VII. and went to Rome as a private man. "The emperor alone (faid Hildebrand) has no right to create a pope." He accompanied Bruno to Rome, and fecretly retarded his election, that he might arrogate to himself the merit of obtaining it. The fcheme fucceeded to his with: Bruno, who took the name of Leo IX. believing himfelf indebted to Hildebrand for the pontificate, favoured him with his particular friendship and

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confidence; and hence originated the power given them by his minority, to shake off their de of this enterprifing monk, of obfcure birth, pendence upon the emperors. After various contests but boundless ambition, who governed Rome about the pontificate, Nicholas II. a creature of fo long, and whofe zeal for the exaltation of Hildebrand's, was elected; who paffed the fol the church occafioned so many troubles to Europe. lowing celebrated decree, viz. That for the fuLeo foon after his elevation waited on the empe- ture, the cardinals only fhould elect the pope; ror at Worms, to ask assistance against the Norman and that the election should afterwards be conprinces, who were become the terror of Italy, firmed by the reft of the clergy and the people, and treated their subjects with great severity. Hen- "faving the honour (adds he) due to our dear fon ry furnished the pope with an army; at the head Henry, now king; and who, if it please God, of which he marched against the Normans, after fhall be one day emperor, according to the right having excommunicated them, accompanied by a which we have already conferred upon him.” great number of bishops and other ecclefiaftics, After this he entered into a treaty with the Norwho were all either killed or taken prisoners, the man princes, who, though they had lately fworn Germans and Italians being totally routed. Leo to hold their poffeffions from the emperor, now himself was led captive to Benevento, which the fwore to hold them from the pope; and hence Normans were now mafters of, and which Henry arose the pope's claim of fovereignty over the kinghad granted to the pope in exchange for the fief doms of Naples and Sicily. Thus was the power of Bamberg in Germany; and the apoftolic fee is of the German emperors in Italy greatly diminishto this day in poffeffion of Benevento, by virtue ed, and that of the popes proportionally exalted; of of that donation. The Normans, however, who which Henry foon had fufficient evidence. For had a right to the city by a prior grant, reftored having affumed the government into his own hands it, in the mean time, to the princes of Lombardy; in 1072, being then 22 years of age, he was fumand Leo was treated with so much respect by the moned by Alexander II. to appear before the triconquerors, that he revoked the fentence of excom- bunal of the holy fee, on account of his loofe life, munication, and joined his fanction to the impe- and to answer the charge of having expofed the rial inveftiture for the lands which they held in inveftiture of the bishops to fale; at the fame time Apulia and Calabria. Leo died foon after his re- that the pope excited his German subjects to releafe; and the emperor about the fame time cau- bel against him. The rebels, however, were defed his infant fon, afterwards the famous Henry feated, and peace was reftored to Germany: but IV. to be declared king of the Romans, a title still foon after, Hildebrand himself being elected to the in ufe for the acknowledged heir of the empire. pontificate, under the name of Gregory VII. he Gebehard, a German bishop, was elected pope, openly affumed the fuperiority over every earthly under the name of Victor II. and confirmed by the monarch. address of Hildebrand, who waited on the emperor in perfon for that purpose, though he difdained to confult him beforehand. Perhaps Hildebrand would not have found his task so easy, had not Henry been involved in a war with the Hungarians, who pressed him hard, but whom he obliged at laft to pay a large tribute, and furnish him annually with a certain number of fighting men. As foon as the emperor had finished this war and others to which it gave rife, he marched into Ita ly to inspect the conduct of his fifter Beatrice, widow of Boniface marquis of Mantua, and made her prisoner. She had married Gozelo, duke of Lorrain, without the emperor's confent; and contracted Matilda, her daughter by the marquis, to Godfrey duke of Spoleto and Tuscany, Gozelo's fon by a former marriage. This formidable alliance juftly alarmed Henry; he therefore attempt ed to diffolve it, by carrying his fifter into Germany where he died foon after his return in the 39th year of his age, and the 16th of his reign. This emperor, in his laft journey to Italy, concluded an alliance with Contarini, doge of Venice. That republic was already rich and powerful, though it had only been enfranchised in 998, from the tribute of a mantle of cloth of gold, which it formerly paid, as a mark of subjection to the emperors of Conftantinople. Genoa was the rival of Venice in power and in commerce, and was already in poffeffion of the island of Corfica, which the Genoefe had taken from the Saracens. These two cities engroffed at this time almoft all the trade of Europe. Henry IV. was only 5 years old at his father's death. The popes made ufe of the refpite

(21.) ITALY, HISTORY OF, TILL THE HUMI LIATING SUBMISSION OF HENRY IV. TO THE POPE. Gregory began with excommunicating every ecclefiaftic who fhould receive a benefice from the hands of a layman, and every layman who fhould take upon him to confer fuch a bene fice. Henry, inftead of resenting this infolence, fubmitted, and wrote a penitential letter to the pope; who, upon this, condescended to take him into favour, after having feverely reprimanded him for his loofe life; of which the emperor now confeffed himself guilty. The quarrel between the church and the emperor was, however, foon brought to a crifis by the following accident. So. lomon, king of Hungary, being depofed by his brother Geyfa, had fled to Henry for protection, and renewed the homage of Hungary to the empire. Gregory, who favoured Geyfa, exclaimed against this act of fubmiffion; and said in a letter to Solomon, " You ought to know that the kingdom of Hungary belongs to the Roman church; and learn that you will incur the indignation of the holy fee, if you do not acknowledge that you hold your dominions of the pope and not of the emperor." Henry, though highly provoked at this declaration, thought proper to treat it with neglect; upon which Gregory refumed the dispute about inveftitures. The predeceffors of Henry had always enjoyed the right of nominating bifhops and abbots, and of giving them inveftiture by the cross and the ring. This right they had in common with almoft all princes. The predeceffors of Gregory VII. had been accustomed, on their part, to fend legates to the emperors, in order to

intreat

mentioned. At the gates of this place the empe ror presented himself as an humble penitent. He alone was admitted without the outer court; where, being ftripped of his robes, and wrapped in fackcloth, he was obliged to remain three days in the month of January, bare-footed and fafting, before he was permitted to kiss the feet of his holinefs; who was all that time fhut up with the devout Matilda, whose spiritual director he had long been, and, as fome say, her gallant. Be that as it may, her attachment to Gregory, and her hatred to the Germans, was fo great, that she made over all her estates to the apoflolic fee; and this donation is the cause of all the wars which fince that period have raged between the emperors and the popes. She poffeffed in her own right great part of Tuscany, Mantua, Parma, Reggio, Placentia, Ferrara, Modena, Verona, and almoft the whole of what was called the Patrimony of St Peter, from Viterbo to Orvieto; together with part of Umbria, Spoleto, and the Marche of Ancona. The emperor was at length permitted to throw himself at the pontiff's feet, who condefcended to grant him abfolution, after he had fworn obedience to him in all things, and promised to submit to his folemn decifion at Augsburg: fo that Henry got nothing but difgrace by his jour ney; while Gregory, elated by his triumph, and now looking upon himself (not altogether without reafon) as the lord and mafter of all the crowned heads in Chriftendom, faid in several of his letters that "it was his duty to pull down the pride of kings."

intreat their affistance, to obtain their confirmation, to defire them to come and receive the papal fanc. tion, but for no other purpose. Gregory, however, fent two legates to fummon Henry to appear before him as a delinquent, because he ftill continued to bestow inveftitures, notwithstanding the apoftolic decree to the contrary; adding, that if he should fail to yield obedience to the church, he muft expect to be excommunicated and dethroned. Incensed at this arrogant meffage from one whom he considered as his vassal, Henry difmiffed the legates with very little ceremony, and in 1706 convoked an affembly of all the princes and dignified ecclefiaftics at Worms; where, after mature deliberation, they concluded, that Gregory, having ufurped the chair of St Peter by indirect means, infected the church of God with many novelties and abuses, and deviated from his duty to his fovereign in feveral fcandalous attempts, the emperor, by that fupreme authority derived from his predeceffors ought to diveft him of his dig nity, and appoint another in his place. In confequence of this determination, Henryfentan ambaffa dor to Rome, with a formal deprivation of Gregory; who, in his turn, convoked a council, at which were prefent 110 bifhops, who unanimoufly agreed, that the pope had juft caufe to depofe Henry, to diffolve the oath of allegiance which the princes and states had taken in his favour, and to prohibit them from holding any correfpondence with him, on pain of excommunication; which was immediately fulminated againft the emperor and his adherents." In the name of Almighty God, and by our authority (faid Gregory), I prohibit Henry, the son of our emperor Henry, from governing the Teutonic kingdom and Italy: I releafe all Chriftians from their oath of allegiance to him; and ftrictly forbid all perfons from ferving or attending him as king!" The circular letters written by this pontiff breathe the fame fpirit with his fentence of depofition. He there repeats feveral times, that "bishops are fuperior to kings, and made to judge them!" expreffions alike artful and presumptuous, and calculated for bringing in all the churchmen to his ftandard. Gregory knew well what confequences would follow the thunder of the church. The German bishops came immediately over to his party, with many of the nobles: the flame of civil war ftill lay fmothering, and a bull properly directed was fufficient to let it in a blaze. The Saxons, Henry's old enemies, made ufe of the papal displeasure for rebelling againft him. Even Guelph, to whom the emperor had given the du chy of Bavaria, fupported the malecontents with that power which he owed to his fovereign's bounty; nay, thofe very princes and prelates who had affifted in depofing Gregory, gave up their momarch to be tried by the pope; and his holiness was folicited to come to Augsburg for that purpofe. Willing to prevent this odious trial at Augsburg, Henry took the unaccountable refolution of fuddenly paffing the Alps at Tirol, accompanied only by a few domeftics, to ask ablution of Pope Gregory his oppreffor, who was then in Canoza, on the Appennine mountains, a fortrefs belonging to the countefs or duchefs Matilda above

(22.) ITALY, HISTORY OF, TO THE DEATH OF GREGORY VII. AND HENRY IV. This extraordinary accommodation gave much difguft to the princes of Italy. They never could forgive the infolence of the pope, nor the abject humility of the emperor. Happily, however, for Henry, their indignation at Gregory's arrogance overbalanced their deteftation of his meannefs. He took advantage of this temper; and by a change of fortune, hitherto unknown to the German emperors, he found a strong party in Italy, when abandoned in Germany. All Lombardy took up arms against the pope, while he was raifing all Germany against the emperor. Gregory, on the other hand, made ufe of every art to get another emperor elected in Germany; and Henry, on his part, left nothing undone to perfuade the Italians to elect another pope. The Germans chofe Rodolph, duke of Suabia, who was folemnly crowned at Mentz; and Gregory, hefitating on this occafion, behaved truly like the fupreme judge of kings. He had depofed Henry, but ftill it was in his power to pardon him: he therefore affected to be difpleased that Rodolph was confecrated without his order; and declared, that he would acknowledge as emperor and king of Germany, him of the two competitors who should be moft fubmiffive to the holy fee. Henry, however, trusting more to the valour of his troops than to the generofity of the pope, fet out immediately for Germany, where he defeated his enemies in feveral engagements; and Gregory, feeing no hopes of fubmiffion, thundered out a fecond excommunication against him, confirming at the fame time the election of

Rodolph

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