3172. Joafh reigned 16 years.
3188. Jeroboam II. 41 years.
3229. Zachariah, fix months.
3229. Shallum reigned one month.
3229. Menahem, 10 years.
3239. Pekahiah, two years.

3241. Pekah, 20 years, from 3241 to 3261.
3261. Hofhea reigned 9 years, from 3261 to 3270
(II.) ISRAEL, Manaffeh BEN, a learned Jewish
phyfician of the 17th century, who vifited England
in the time of Cromwell, and offered him 200,000!
on condition that the Jews fhould be naturalized
and have St Paul's for a fynagogue; but the pro

Ammonites, which lafted 18 years.

2833. The death of Jair.

2833, Jephthah, chosen head of the Ifraelites, defeats the Ammonites, and governs 6 years. 2839. Jephthah dies.

2839. Ibzan of Bethelem, by the Rabbis reckoned the fame with Boaz, governs 7 years.

2846, Elon governs 10 years. 2856. Abdon judges Ifrael 8 years. 2864. The 6th fervitude, under the Philistines, began, which lafted 49 years.

2864. Eli the high prieft governed 24 years, during the time of the fervitude under the Philiftines.

2867. Samfon defends and judges Ifrael 20 years. 2887. The death of Samfon, who judged Ifrael during the judicature of Eli the high-prieft, according to fome; but Alftedius and others make Eli the fucceffor of Samfon. 2888. The death of Eli, and beginning of Samuel's government.

2909. Saul elected king.

(4.) ISRAEL, CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE KINGS OF.

2909. SAUL, the firft king of the Ifraelites, reigned 40 years.

2949. Ifhbolheth, his fon, fucceeded, and reigned 7 years over part of Ifrael.

2934. David was anointed king by Samuel, but did not enjoy the regal power till the death of Saul in 1949, and was not acknowledged king of all Ifrael till after the death of Ifhbofheth, in 2956.

2990. David died, aged 70.

2990. Solomon fucceeded. He had received the royal unction in 2989.

3029. Solomon died, after reigning 40 years. After his death, the kingdom was divided; and the tentribes having chofen Jeroboam for their king, Rehoboam reigned only over the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. See JUDAH. 3051. Jeroboam I. died, after reigning 22 years. 3951. Nadab reigned two years. 3053. Baafia, 24 years.

3077. Elah, two years.

Zimri, feven days.

309. Omri reigned 12 years. He had a competitor, Tibni, whom he defeated and killed. 3091. Ahab reigned 22 years.

3113. Ahaziah, his fon, two years. 3115. Jehoram fucceeded his brother, reigned 12 years, and was killed in 3127.

3127. Jehu reigned 28 years. 3155. Jehoahaz reigned 17 years.

time, at last refufed. Ifrael wrote feveral books in defence of the Jews.

ISRAELITES, the defcendants of Ifrael, who were at firft called HEBREWS, from HEBER, one of their ancestors, (fee HEBER), or from Abraham, who came from the other fide of the Euphrates; afterwards Ifraelites, from Ifrael the patriarch and lastly Jews, after their return from the cap fivity of Babylon, because the tribe of JUDAH was then much ftronger and more numerous than the other tribes. See JEWS and ISRAEL, N° 1.

ISSA, a village of Maritime Auftria, in Dalmatia, in the ifle of Lissa ; anciently much celebrated. (1.) ISSACHAR, [from ¬w, Heb. i. e. he hired, or wages.] the 5th fon of Jacob by Leah, and the progenitor of the tribe fo named from him. Tolah, one of the Judges, and Baafha, one of the kings of Ifrael, were of this tribe.

(2.) ISSACHAR, one of the divifions of Palestine by tribes, lying S. of Zabulon, so as by a narrow flip to reach the Jordan, between Zabulon and Manaffeh, Jofh. xix. But whether it reached to the fea, is a queftion; fome holding that it did: an affertion not eafy to be proved, as Jothua makes no mention of the fea in this tribe, nor does Jofephus extend it farther than to Mount Carmel; and in Josh. xvii. 10. Afher is faid to touch Manaffeh on the N. which could not be if Iffachar extended to the fea.

ISSE, a cape of Denmark, at the N. extremity of the isle of Samfoe.

ISSEL, or YSSEL, 3 rivers, and a department of Holland. See YSSEL.

ISSELBACH, a town of Germany, in Weftphalia, 4 miles NW. of Holzapfel.

ISSELBURG. See YSSELBURG. ISSELMOND. See YSSELMOND. ISSENGEAUX. See YSSENGEAUX. (1.) ISSEQUIBO, or ESSEQUIBO, a river of S America, in Dutch Guiana.

(2.) ISSEQUIBO, or ESSEQUIBO, a flourishing fettlement of the Dutch, on the above river contiguous to that of Demerara, and 9 miles W of Surinam. See DEMERARA, N° 1. Its chie productions are fugar, coffee, and cotton. I was taken by the British in 1781, retaken by the French, and reftored to the Dutch in 1783. was again taken by the British under Gen. Aber crombie, on May 2, 1796; restored at the peace and retaken this war.

ISSERKELLY, a town of Ireland, in the coun ty of Galway, and province of Connaught. ISSESUCAR, a town in the ille of Java. ISSI, a mountain of Arabia, in Yemen.

ISSIGEAC

fuit; fomet mes for profits of lands or tenements; fometimes for that point of matter depending in fuit, whereupon the parties join and put their cause to the trial of the jury. Iffue is either general or fpecial; general iffue feemeth to be that whereby it is referred to the jury to bring in their verdict, whether the defendant have done any fuch thing as the plaintiff layeth to his charge. The fpecial fue then muft be, that where special matter being alleged by the defendant for his defence, both the parties join thereupon, and fo grow rather to a demurrer, if it be queftio juris, or to trial by the jury, if it be quæftio facti. Cowel.

(2.) ISSUE, in common law. See § 1, def. 9. In all the occafions above mentioned, itlue has but one fignification, which is, an effect of a caufe preceding; as the children are the effect of the marriage between the parents; the profits growing to the king or lord, from the punishment of any man's offence, are the effect of his tranfgreffion; the point referred to the trial of 12 men, is the effect of pleading, or procefs. See PLEA.

(3.) ISSUES, in furgery, (1, def. 6.) are little ulcers made defignedly by the furgeon in various parts of the body, and kept open by the patient, for the prefervation and recovery of his health.

*

(1.) To ISSUE, v. a. 1. To fend out; fto fend forth.-A weak degree of heat is not able either to digeft the parts or to Jue the fpirits. Bacon.-The commiffioners fhould iffue money to no other ufe. Temple. 2. To send out judicially or authoritatively. This is the more frequent fenfe. It is commonly followed by a particle, out or forth. If the council fued out any order against them, or if the king fent a proclamation for their repair to their houses, some noblemen published a proteftation. Clarendon.

Here he gives audience, iffuing out decrees To rivers, his dependent deities. Dryden. In vain the mafter iffue's out commands. Dryd. They conftantly wait in court to make a due return of what they have done, and to receive fuch other commands as the judge fhall issue forth. Ayliffe.

(2.) *To ISSUE. v. n. [from the noun; issue, Fr. ufcire, Ital.] 1. To come out; to pafs out of any place. Waters ified out from under the threshold of the house. Ezekiel.-From the utmoft end of the head branches there iffueth out a gummy juice. Raleigh

Waters iffu'd from a cave.

Milton.

Ere Pallas iffu'd from the thunderer's head, Dulness o'er all poffefs'd her ancient right. Pope. 2. To make an eruption; to break out.—Three of mafter Ford's brothers watch the door with piftols, that none fhould iffue out, otherwise you might flip away. Skak.

See that none hence iffue forth a fay. Milton. Hafte, arm your Ardeans, issue to the plain. Dryden. At length there iffu'd, from the grove behind, A fair affembly of the female kind. Dryden. A buzzing noise of bees his ears alarms; Straight iffue thro' the fides affembling fwarms. Dryden.

Full for the port the Ithacenfians ftand, And furl their fails, and issue on the land. Pope, 3. To proceed as an offspring. Of thy fons that Азаг fhall

fhall ife from thee, which thou shalt beget, fhall they take away. 2 Kings XX. 18. 4. To be produced by any fund.-Thefe altarages ifued out of the offerings made to the altar, and were payable to the priesthood. Ayliffe. 5. To run out in lines. Pipes, made with a belly towards the lower end, and then iuing into a straight concave again. Bac. *ISSUELESS. adj. [from iue.] Having no off fpring; wanting defcendants.-Carew, by virtue of this entail, fucceeded to Hugh's portion, as dy. ing iffuelefs. Carew's Survey

The Heav'ns, taking angry note, Have left me iffueless.

Shak.

IS SUR TILLE, a town of France, in the dept. of Cote D'Or, on the Tille; 4 miles N. of Dijon, and 7 W. of Gray.

ISSUS, a town of Cilicia in Natolia, now called AJAZZO; with a harbour on the Levant Sea, a little N. of Scanderoon. Lon. 36. 25. E. Lát. 36. 55. N. Near this place, in a difficult pafs between the mountains and the fea, Alexander the Great fought his 2d battle with Darius. One great cause of the defeat which the Perfians received here was the bad conduct of their monarch, who led his numerous forces into a narrow place, where they had not room to act. Alexander was fo much furprised when he first received the news that Darius was behind him, that he could fcarce believe it to be true; but when he was thoroughly fatisfied of the fact, and that Darius had again paffed the river Pinarus, he called a council of war, wherein he told them, that he hoped they would remember their former actions; and that they, who were always conquerors, were about to fight people who were always beat. He further obferved, that Darius feemed to be infatuated, fince he had with fuch expedition quitted an open and champaign country, where his numbers might have acted with advantage, to fight in a place in clofed, where the Macedonian phalanx might be well drawn up, and where his numbers could only incommode him. He then made the neceffary difpofitions for repaffing the mountains, pofted guards where he found them neceffary, and then commanded his troops to refresh themfelves, and to take their reft till morning. At break of day he began to repafs the mountains, obliging his forces to move in clofe order where the road was narrow, and to extend themselves as they had more room; the right wing keeping always clofe to the mountain, and the left to the fea-fhore. On the right there was a battalion of heavy-armed troops, befides the targeteers under the command of Nicanor the "fon, of Parmenio. Next thefe, extending to the phalanx, were the corps of Conus and Perdiccas; and on the left, the refpective bodies commanded by Amyntas, Ptolemy, and Meleager. The foot appointed to fupport them were commanded by Craterus; but the whole left wing was committed to Parmenio, with ftrict orders not to decline from the fea-fhore, left the Perfians fhould furround them. Darius ordered 20,000 foot and 30,000 horfe to retire, fading that he already wanted room to draw up the relt. His firft line confifted of 30,000 Greek mercenaries, having on their right and left 60,000 heavy-armed troops, being the utmoft the ground would allow. On the left, towards the mountain,

he pofted 20,000 men, which, from the hollow f. tuation of the place, were brought quite behind Alexander's right wing. The reft of his troops were formed into close and useless lines bebind the Greek mercenaries, to the number in all of 600,000 men. When this was done, he suddenly recalled the horse who had retired, fending part of them to take poft on his right againft the Macedonians commanded by Parmenio; and the reft he ordered to the left towards the mountain: but, finding them unferviceable there, he fent the greateft part of them to the right; and then took upon himself, according to the cuftom of the Perfian kings, the command of the main body. As foon as Alexander perceived that the weight of the Perfian horfe was difpofed against his left wing, he difpatched the Theffalian cavalry thither, and fupplied their place on the right by fome brigades of horfe from the van and light-armed troops. He alfo made fuch difpofitions, that, notwithstanding the advantage of the hollow mountain, the Perfians could not surround him. But, as these precautions had confiderably weakened the centre of his army, he ordered thofe advanced posts on the enemy's left, of which he was most apprehenfive, to be attacked at the very beginning of the fight; and, when they were eafily driven from them, he recalled as many troops as were neceffary to ftrengthen his centre. When all things were in order, Alexander gave strict com. mand, that his army fhould march very flowly. A for Darius, he kept his troops fixed in their posts, and in fome places threw up ramparts; whence the Macedonians rightly obferved, that he thought himself already a prifoner. Alexander, at the head of the right wing, engaged first, and without any difficulty broke and defeated the left wing of Darius. But, endeavouring to pass the Pinarus after them, his troops in fome measure lofing their order, the Greek mercenaries fell upon them in flank, and Ptolemy the son of Seleucus, with 110 Macedonians of fome rank, were killed on the fpot. But the foot next to Alexander's right wing coming in feasonably to its relief, fell upon the mercenaries in flank, amongst whom a dreadful carnage was made; they being in a manner furrounded by the horfe and light-armed troops, which at firft pursued the left wing, and the foot that now paffed the river. The Perfian horfe on the right till fought gallantly; but when they were thoroughly informed of the rout of their left wing and of the deftruction of the Greek mercenaries, and that Darius himfelf had fled, they be gan to break, and betake themselves to flight alfo. The Theffalian cavalry pursued them clofe at the heels; and the narrow craggy roads incommoding them exceedingly, vaft numbers perished. Darius fled, foon after the left wing was broken, in a chariot with a few of his favourites; but, the road becoming rocky and narrow, he quitted it, and mounting a horfe, rode all night: his chariot, in which were his cloak and his bow, fell into the hands of Alexander, who carried them back to his camp. Diodorus informs us, that Alexander looked everywhere about for Darius; and, as foon as he discovered him, with his handful of guards attacked him and the flower of the Perfian army which was about him; being as de

*

the Roman general, at which time the care of them was transferred to the Sicyonians, but was restored again to the Corinthians when their city was rebuilt. (1.) ISTHMUS. n. f. [ifthmus, Lat.] A neck of land joining the peninfula to the continent.There is a caftle ftrongly feated on a high rock, which joineth by an ifthmus to the land, and is impregnably fortified. Sandys's Travels.-The Affyrian empire ftretched northward to that ifthmus between the Euxine and the Cafpian feas. Brerewood on Languages.—

O life, thou nothing's younger brother! Thou weak built ifthmus, that doft proudly rise Up betwixt two eternities. Cowley. -Our church of England stands at Corinth between two feas, and there are fome busy in cutting the isthmus, to let in both at once upon it. Stilling fleet.-Cleomenes thinking it more adviseable to fortify, not the isthmus, but the mountains, put his defign in execution. Greech.

Pope.

Plac'd on this ifthmus of a middle state, A being darkly wife, and rudely great. (2.) An ISTHMUS is a narrow neck, which joins two continents, or separates two leas. See PENINSULA. The most celebrated ifthmufes are, that of Panama or Darien, which joins N. and S. America; that of Suez, which connects Afia and Africa; that of Corinth, or Peloponnefus, in the Morea; that of Crim Tartary, otherwife called Taurica Cherfonefus; that of the peninfula Ro mania, and Eriffo, or the ifthmus of the Thracian Cherfonefus, 12 furlongs broad, being that which Xerxes undertook to cut through. The ancients had feveral defigus of cutting the ifthmus of Corinth, which is a rocky hillock, about ten miles over; but they were all in vain, the invention of Quices being not then known. There have been attempts too for cutting the isthmus of Suez, tó make a communication between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean: but these alfo failed; and in one of them, a king of Egypt is faid to have lost

120,000 men.

ISTIB, and donia; the former 72 miles N. of

two towns of Turkey, in Mace

ISTILLAR,

Saloniki; the latter 56 S. of it.

ISTRAD, a river of Wales, in Denbighshire. ISTRES, a town of France, in the dep. of the Mouths of the Rhone, 18 miles SE. of Arles.

(1.) ISTRIA, a peninfula of Italy, in the late territory of Venice, lying in the N. part of the Adriatic. It is bounded by Carniola on the N; and on the S. E. and W. by the fea. The air is unwholesome, efpecially near the coaft; but the foil produces plenty of wine, oil, and grass; there are alfo quarries of fine marble. CABO D'ISTRIA is the capital. It was formerly divided between the House of Auftria and the late republic of Venice, but now. belongs entirely to France. The ci-devant Venetian Iftria contains 18 towns, 200 villages, and 100,000 inhabitants, who manufacture filk, leather, &c. But its enormous forefts are its chief riches.