--There are frequent inundations made in mari-, only son of Abraham and Sarah; the progenitor of -time countries by the irruption of the fea. Burnet. the Edomites by his eldest fon, and of the Ifrael A full and fudden irruption of thick melancholic ites by his youngeft. His hiftory, with the strong blood into the heart puts a ftop to its pulfation. proof he gave of filial obedience, is recorded in Harvey. 2. Inroad; burft of invaders into any Gep. xxi.-xxx. He died A. A. C. 1716, aged 180. place. Notwithstanding the irruptions of the bar- ISABAD, a town of Perfia, in Irak Agemi. barous nations, one can fcarce imagine how. fo (1.) ISABELLA, Queen of Spain, daughter of plentiful a foil should become fo miserably unpeo- John II. K. of Caftile, and wife of Ferdinand V. pled. Addifon. was a woman of great qualities, to whom the modern world is indebted, in a great degree, for the discovery of America. See AMERICA, 4; CoLUMBUS, N° 1; FERDINAND V.; and SPAIN, 'S 21. She died A. D. 1504.

(1.) ISATIS, in botany, woAD, a genus of the in broad-caft after the common method; but it filiquofa order, belonging to the tetradynamia will be proper to fteep the feeds one night in waclafs of plants; and in the natural method rank- ter before they are fown, which will prepare ing under the 39th order, the Siliquofa. The fili- them for vegetation: if the feeds are fown in drills, qua is lanceolated, unilocalar, monofpermous, bi- they will be covered with an inftrument fixed to valved, and deciduous; the valves navicular or the plough for that purpose, but those which are canoe-shaped. There are 4 fpecies; but the only fown broad-caft in the common way must be well one worthy of notice is harrowed in. If the feeds are good, and the seafon favourable, the plants will appear in a fortnight, and in 4 or 5 weeks will be fit to hoe; for the fooner this is performed when the plants are diftinguishable, the better they will thrive, and the weeds being then young will be foon destroyed. The method of hoeing these plants is the fame as for turnips, with this difference only, that these plants need not be thinned so much; for at the firft hoeing, if they are separated 4 inches, and at the laft 6 inches, it will be space enough for growth; and if this be carefully performed, in dry weather, most of the weeds will be deftroyed: but as fome of them may escape in this operation, the ground fhould be a fecond time hoed in the beginning of October, in dry weather; at this fecond operation, the plants should be fingled out to the distance they are to remain. After this, the ground will be clean from weeds till fpring, when young weeds will come up: therefore about the middle of March hoe the ground again; for while the weeds are young, it may be performed in lefs than half the time it would require if the weeds were permitted to grow large, and the fun and wind will much fooner kill them: this hoeing will also stir the furface of the ground, and greatly promote the growth of the plants; if performed in dry weather, the ground will be clean till the firft crop of woad is gathered, after which it must be again well cleaned; if this is carefully repeated after the gathering each crop, the land will always lie clean, and the plants will thrive better. The expense of the first hoeing will be about 6s. per acre, and for the after hoeings half that price will be fufficient. If the land, in which this feed is fown, should have been in culture before for other crops, fo not in good heart, it will require dreffing before it is fown, in which cafe rotten ftable-dung is preferable to any other; but this should not be laid on till the laft ploughing, juft before the feeds are fown, and not spread till the land is ploughed, that the fun may not exhale the goodness of it, which in fummer is foon loft when spread on the ground. The quantity should not be less than 20 loads to each acre, which will keep the ground in heart till the crop of woad is entirely spent. The time for gathering the crop is according to the season; but it fhould be performed as foon as the leaves are fully grown, while they are perfectly green; for when they begin to grow pale, great part of their goodness is over, for the quantity will be lefs, and the quality greatly diminish. ed. If the land is good, and the crop well hufbanded, it will produce 3 or 4 gatherings; but the two firft are the beft. Thefe are commonly mixed together in the manufacturing: but the after crops are always kept feparate; for if thefe are mixed with the other, the whole will be of little value. The two firft crops fell at from 251. to sol. a ton; but the latter will not bring more

ISATIS TINCTORIA, or common woad, which is cultivated in feveral parts of Britain for dyeing; being used as a foundation for many of the dark colours. See COLOUR-MAKING, Index; and WOAD, 3. The plant is biennial; the lower leaves are of an oblong oval figure, and pretty thick confiftence, ending in obtufe roundifh points; they are entire on their edges, and of a lucid green. The stalks rife 4 feet high, dividing into feveral branches, garnished with arrow-fhaped leaves fitting clofe to the ftalks: the branches are terminated by fmall yellow flowers, in very close clufters, compofed of 4 fmall petals, in form of a crofs, which are fucceeded by pods fhaped like a bird's tongue, which, when ripe, turn black, and open with two valves, having one cell, in which is fituated a fingle feed. This fort is fown upon fresh land in good heart, for which the cultivators pay a large rent. They generally have their lands fituated near great towns, where there is plenty of dreffing; but they never ftay long on the fame fpot: for the beft ground will not admit of being fown with woad more than twice; if oftener repeated, the crop feldom pays the charges. Those who cultivate this commodity have gangs of people who have been bred to the employment; fo that whole families travel about from place to place wherever their employer fixes on land for the purpose. As the goodness of woad confifts in the fize and fatnefs or thickness of the leaves, the only method to obtain this, is by fowing the feed upon ground at a proper feafon; allowing the plants proper room to grow; and keeping them clean from weeds, which, if permitted to grow, rob the plants of their nourishment. After having chofen a proper spot of land, which fhould not be too light and fandy, nor over stiff and moift, but rather a gentle hazel loam, whofe parts easily separate, plough this up juft before winter, laying it in narrow high ridges, that the froft may penetrate through the ridges to mellow and foften the clods; then in fpring plough it again croffwife, laying it in narrow ridges. After it has lain for fome time, and the weeds begin to grow, it should be well harrowed to deftroy them: this fhould be repeated twice while the weeds are young; and, if there are any roots of large perennial weeds, they must be harrowed out, and carried off the ground. In June the ground fhould be ploughed a third time, when the furrows fhould be narrow, and the ground ftirred as deep as the plough will go, that the parts may be as well feparated as poffible; and when the weeds appear again, the ground fhould be well harrowed to deftroy them. Toward the end of July, or the beginning of Auguft, it should be ploughed the laft time, when the land fhould be laid fmooth; and when there is a prospect of showers, the ground muft be harrowed to receive the feeds, which should be fown in rows with the drill-plough, or

than L. or L.8. An acre of land will produce a ton of woad, and in good feasons near a ton and a half. When the planters intend to fave the feeds, they cut three crops of the leaves, and then let the plants ftand till the next year for feed; but if only one crop is cut, and that only of the outer leaves, letting all the middle leaves ftand to nourish the ftalks, the plants will grow tronger, and produce a much greater quantity of feeds. Thefe feeds are often kept two years, but it is beft to fow new feeds when they can be obtained. The feeds ripen in Auguft; and when the pods turn to a dark colour, the feeds fhould be gathered. It is beft done by reaping the stalks in the fame manner as wheat, fpreading them in rows upon the ground: in 4 or 5 days the feeds will be fit to thresh out, if the weather is dry; for if it lies long, the pods will open and let out the feeds. Some planters feed down the leaves in winter with fheep; which is a very bad method; for no plants which are to remain for a future crop should be eaten by cattle, as it greatly weakens them.

(2.) ISATIS, in zoology. See CANIS, fx. N° 1. ISAURA, or ISAURUS, in ancient geography, a ftrong city at mount Taurus, in Ifauria, twice demolished; firft by Perdiccas, or rather by the inhabitants, who, through despair, burned the city and themselves, rather than fall into the hands of the enemy; again Servilius, who thence took the furname Ifauricus. Strabo fays there were two lauræ, the old and the new, but fo near that other writers took them but for one.

ISAURIA, a country bordering on Pamphylia and Cilicia on the north, and rugged and mountainous, fituated almoft in mount Taurus, and taking its name from Ifaura; according to fome, extending to the Mediterranean by a narrow flip. Stephanus, Ptolemy, and Zofimus, make no mention of places on the fea; though Pliny does, as allo Strabo; but doubtful, whether they are places in Ifauria Proper, or in Pamphylia, or in Cilicia.

ISAURICA, a part of Lycaonia, bordering on mount Taurus.

ISBARTEH, a town of Turkey, in Natolia. ISBELIBURG, a town of Egypt, on the feacoaft, 4 miles N. of Damietta.

(1.) ISCA DUMNIORUM, an ancient town of Britain, now named EXETER, capital of Devonhire; and called Caer-Ifk in British, by Cambden. Lon. 3. 40. W. Lat. 5. 44. N.

(a) ISCA SILUR UM, the ftation of the Legio II. Augufta, in Britain, now called CAERLEON, a town of Monmouthshire.

ISCALIS, or ISCHALIS, a town of the Belge in Britain; now called ILCHESTER.

ISCHÆMUM, in botany; a genus of the moDacia order, belonging to the polygamia clafs of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 4th order, Gramina. The calyx of the hermaphrodite is a biflorous glume; the corolla bivalved; there are 3 ftamina, 2 ftyles, and one feed. The calyx and corolla of the male as in the former with 3 ftaminą.

(1.) ISCHIA, an island of Naples, 13 miles in circumference, and 3 from the coat of Terra di VOL. XII. PART II

Lavoro; full of agreeable valleys and mountains, which produce excellent fruits and vines; and abounding with fountains, rivulets, and fine gardens. This ifland was taken by the British troops under Sir John Stuart in 1809, but foon after evacuated.

(2.) ISCHIA, the capital of the above ifland, with a bishop's fee and a ftrong fort. Both the city and fort ftand upon a rock, which is joined to the island by a ftrong bridge; the rock is about 7 furlongs in circumference. The city is like a pyramid of houfes piled upon one another, which makes a very fingular and ftriking appearance. At the end of the bridge next the city are iron grates, which open into a fubterraneous paffage, through which they enter the city. They are always guarded by foldiers who are natives of the island. Lon. 13. 55. E. Lat. 40. 50. N.

* ISCHIADICK. adj. [10x19, 10 x1adıxos; ischiadique, Fr.] In anatomy, an epithet to the crural vein; in pathology, the ischiadick paffion is the cut in the hip, or the fciatica.

ISCHIUM, in anatomy, one of the bones of the pelvis. See ANATOMY, § 145. ISCHORA, a river of Ingria, which runs into the Nieva; fee next article.

ISCHORKI, or) The inhabitants of the flat ISCHORTZI, country of INGRIA, fo named from the ISCHORA. When Peter the Great wrefted Ingria from the Swedes, which was confirmed to him by the treaty of Nystadt in 1721, the inhabitants were a Finnish people, but little different from the Fins of Carelia as to their language and manners. They were not allowed to retain their ancient Swedish privileges: Peter made a prefent of part of the Ifchortzi to certain Ruflian nobles; who, on their fide, were obliged to people the lefs cultivated cantons of Ingria with colonies of Ruffians from their eftates; and thence we often fee a village of Ruffians furrounded by villages of Fins. The Ifchortzi have long followed agriculture. Their economy is an ill chofen mean between that of the Ruffians and that of the Fins. They affemble in fmall villages, of 5 or 10 farms each; and live miferably in fmall dirty huts. Their household furniture indicates the greateft penury; and their manner of living is difgufting. Notwithstanding the land that each family occupies is of tolerable extent, their agriculture and cattle are equally poor. Their inclination to idlenefs and drinking leads them often to feil their stock, and even the corn they have faved for fowing the fields. The money thus obtained they foon fquander, and are thus reduced to the moft deplorable indigence. In this ftate they behold their cattle die of hunger and cold with indifferSome of them, however, imitate the Ruf fiau villagers, who being better managers, are in better circumftances. The Ingrians are a ftupid, fufpicious, thievifh race, and dangerous from their pilfering habits. Thofe who live along the road to Riga, refemble the gypfies, wander about like them, calculate nativities, and tell fortunes. The drefs of the men is like that of the Fin boors; but that of the women betrays a vanity, which, confidering their poverty, and the tyranny which their husbands and fathers exercife over them,

ence.

may pass for luxury. The lower part of their till morning, finging and dancing round a great dress resembles that of the Fin country women. fire; concluding their orgies with burning a white Their Mhifts reach down to their knees, and close cock, and making the most absurd gefticulations wristbands, both pinked. The sleeves are large, and grimaces. and whimsically made. The body of the Mift is ISCHURETICK. n. f. (ifchuretique, Fr. from large, and puffed with numberless plaits; and the ischury.] Such medicines as force urine when fupmaking of it is usually four weeks work. Instead pressed. of a petticoat, the Ingrian women tie on each side ISCHURIA, (18 xwera, from 1oxw, I ftop, and spre a linen apron without gathers. These aprons are urine,” in physic, a disease consisting in an ensometimes of cloth, and fometimes of linen, tire suppreffion of urine. See MEDICINE, Index. wrought with different colours. Those behind It is occafioned by any thing which may obstruct come over one another, but before they are at the passages of the reins, ureters, or the neck of fome distance: the open part of the petticoat the bladder, as fand, stone, mucus, &c. It may then left is concealed by a smaller apron adorned also arise from an obstruction of the nerves which with glass beads and little shells. Several strings pass to the reins or bladder, as it does in a palsy of these beads are worn round the neck, and fall of the parts below the diapbragm. The too great upon the breasts. They carry, rather than wear, diftenfion of the bladder may also produce the heavy ear-rings, with the addition generally of fame effect; for the fibres being much lengthened, strings of beads. The girls wear their bair loose and consequently condensed, the spirits necessary and uncovered; the married women conceal their for their contraction cannot get admittance; hair with a piece of linen 41 yards in length, fold- whence it is that persons who have retained their ed into a kind of cap, while its extremities fall on urine for a long time, find great difficulty in dif. the back, and are supported by the girdle, so that charging it. the whole makes a kind of spread fail over the * ISCHIURY, n.). [10 xupia, lo xe and spor, urine; Moulders. When they dress to go to town, they ischurie, Fr. ischuria, Latin.) A stoppage of urine, put on the Russ cap, ornamented with a peak in whether by gravel or other cause. front, lined with fur, and laced round the edges : ISELASTICS, a kind of games, or combats, with this they wear a long gown, made of coarse celebrated in Greece and Afia, in the time of the stuff, apd faftened down the breast with buttons. Roman emperors. The victor had very confider. Before the Russians conquered this country, the able privileges conferred on him, after the ex. Ingrians had Lutheran ministers in every can. ample of Auguftus, and the Athenians, who did ton; but numbers of them have been since con- the like to conquerors at the Olympic, Pythian, verted to the Greek faith. They have many ab- and lfhmian games. They were crowned on the surd notions and Pagan superstitions, which they spot immediately after their vi&ory, had penfions mix with the ceremonials of Christianity. They allowed them, were furnished with provisions at consider the figures of saints as idols to be adored. the public coft, and were carried in triumph to They carry them into the woods in procession, their country. and pay them a formal worship. When a man is (1.) ISEŃ, a river of Bavaria, which runs into inclined to marry, he buys a girl, and celebrates the Inn, oppofite New Oettingen. his nuptials. All the way to the church they are (2.) Isen, a town of Bavaria, 15 miles ESE. of accompanied by two women in veils, who sing a freisingen, and 24 ENE. of Munich. senseless kind of ballad. No sooner is the mar- ISENBURG, a large town of Germany, late riage ceremony performed, than the husband be- capital of the ci-devant county of the fame name, gins to treat his wife with severity, and thence. with a handsome castle, seated on the Seine, forforward keeps her under ftriæ discipline. The merly belonging to the elector of Treves; but now dead are buried by the priest of the profession annexed to France, and included in the dep. of to which they belong; but these superstitious the Sarre. Lon. 7. 14. E. Lat. 50. 28. N. people, it is said, return to the grave, under co- ISENGHEIN, a town of France, in the dep. ver of the night; and, having taken up the fod, of Escaut, and late prov. of the Auftrian Netherdeposit eatables for their departed friend, which lands, feated on the Mandera. Lon. 3. 18. E. Lat. they renew every fortnight or three weeks. Dogs 50. 44. N. and other animals scratch up these viduals and ISENHAGEN, a town of Lunenburg, 24 miles devour them, while the simple people believe they ENE. of Zell. were consumed by the deceased. They think that (1.) ISEO, a lake of Italy, in the dep. of the they continue to live in the subterranean world as Mella, and late prov. of Bresciano, anciently callthey did on the earth, and that the grave is little ed SEBINUS. more than a change of habitation: they therefore (2.) Iseo, a district on the E. bank of the above bury their money for their use in the other world. lake, comprehending 1 town, 13 villages, and 7000 They speak to their deceased friends, and go citizens, in 1797. to their graves for that purpose; but, at the (3.) Iseo, a populous town of Italy, on the fame time, are much afraid of them. Among above lake, surrounded with walls. their holy places there is one on the road from ISER, a river of Germany, in the Tirolese, St Petersburgh to Riga. It is formed by a large which ruus into the Danube, 2 miles below Declime tree, whose branches are interwoven with kendorf. those of the forest nearest to it, and form a delight. ISERAN, a mountain of France, in the dep. of ful bower. On the festival of St John, at night, Mont Blanc (ci-devant Savoy), 19 miles from the lschortzi assemble round this tree, and remain Cenis.

(1.) ISERE,

a