the applying, was unsuccessful. The disgraceful literature commenced. He studied the Hebrew riots this year in London (see ENGLANDI 101.) with ease and success ; and many of the most led him to publish An Inquiry concerning the legal learned Afiatics avow, that his knowledge of Ara. Mode of suppreffing Riots, with a Constitutional bic and Perfian was as accurate and extenfive as Plan of Future Defence ; 8vo. and in 1981, An their own. He was also conversant in the TurkEffay on the Law of. Bailments ; a masterly trea. ish idiom, and the Chinese had even attracted his tile. About this time Mr Jones became a zealous notice so far as to learn the radical characters of member of the Constitutional Society, as he did that language. It was to be expected, after his not approve of the measures then carrying on by arrival in India, that he would make himself malthe ministry. In 1982, he published The Maho- ter of the Sanscrit; and the most enlightened promedan Law of Succesion to the Property of Intes fessors of the doctrines of Brahma confess with tates, in Arabic, with a verbal Translation ond pride, delight, and surprise, that his knowledge explanatory Notes, 4to. On the 4th March 1783, of their facred dialect was most critically correct he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court and profound. The Pandits, who were in the ha. of Bengal, and was knighted on the 20th. On bit of attending him, could not, after his death, the 8th April he married Miss Shipley, eldest suppress their tears for his loss, nor find terms to daughter of the Bp. of St Afaph, and soon after express their admiration at the wonderful proembarked for India ; but previously published gress he had made in their sciences. But Sir WilThe Moallakat ; or Seven Arabian Poems, wbicb liam was too discerning to consider language in were fufpended on the Temple at Mecca, with a. any other light than as the key of science. Knowtransation and arguments, 4to. He left with his ledge and truth were the obje&ts of all his studies, brother-in-law, the Dean of St Asaph, a small and his ambition was to be useful to mankind tract in MS. entitled The Principles of Government, Such were the motives that induced him to prosa a Dialogue between a Scholar and a Peasant; pose to the government of India, what he juftly which being afterwards published by the Dean, and denominated a work of national utility and imwidely circulated by the Society for conftitutional portance, the compilation of a copious digest of Information, the dean was prosecuted for a libel; Hindu and Mabomedan law, from Sanscrit and Araand, according to Dr. Gleig, was found guilty. bic originals; with an offer of his services to su (Enc. Brit. Supp. II. 36.) Sir W. during his voyage, perintend the compilation, and with a promise to formed the plan of the Afiatic Society, afterwards translate it, His experience, after a short refidence established at Calcutta ; (fee Society, Part II. in India, confirmed what his sagacity had antici. 82. II. VIII.) of which he became the active presi- pated, that without principles to refer to, in a dent, and of whose tranfaétions several volumes language fanțiliar to the judges of the courts, adhave fince been published, replete with much use- judications among the natives must too often be ful information. His conduct as a judge was most subject to an uncertain and erroneous exposition, exemplary, and while bis literary researches con- or wilful misrepresentation of their laws.-Du tinued indefatigable, his integrity remained unim- ring the course of this compilation, and as auxi- peachable. There were few sciences in which he liary to it, he was led to study the works of Me had not made great proficiency ; in mok of them nu, reputed by the Hindus the oldest and holiest his knowledge was deep. Botany was his favour- of legislators; and finding them to comprise a fylite study, and the theories of music, chemistry, tem of laws, so comprehensive and minutely ex. and even anatomy, were familiar to him. But the act, that it might be considered as the Institutes unremitted ardour of his literary exertions, joined of Hindu Law, he presented a translation of them to the conscientious discharge of the duties of his to the government of Bengal. During the same office, and the fatal effects of a torrid climate, period he gave the public an English version of combined to impair his health, and forten his the Sirajiyah, or Mabomedan Law of Inheritance, useful life. After residing 15 years in India, he with a Commentary.--The latter was published at was preparing to return to his native country, his own expense, and sold for the benefit of insolwhen he died April 27th, 1794, in the 48th year vent debtors;" as well as a former work on the of his age. “ It is to the shame of fcepticism, (says same subject in London. Sir William had many one of his biographers), to the encouragement of other important works in contemplation, of which hope, and to the honour of genius, that this great Lord Teignmouth has preserved a lift. Sir Wilman was a fincere believer in the doctrines of liam, like those great mathematicians, Sir Isaac Christianity, and that he was found in his closet, Newton and Dr Barrow, not only openly professed in the attitude of addresling his prayer to God.” bis faith in the Christian religion, but esteemed it Sir John Shore, Bart. (now Lord Teignmouth), no small" advantage, that his researches had cordelivered an elegant funeral oration on this orna. roborated the multiplied evidence of revelation, by ment of science and virtue, at a meeting of the confirming the Mofaic account of the primitive Alatie Society, on the 22d May 1794, from which, world."-In his 8th anniversary discourse to the as room permits not to insert the whole, we shall Asiatic Society he said :-" Theological inquiries only quote a few sentences :-“ His capacity for are no part of my prelent subject ; but I cannot the acquisition of languages has never been ex. refrain from adding, that the collection of tracts celled." In Greek and Roman literature his early which we call, from their excellence, the SCRIPproficiency' was the subject of admiration.—The TURES, contain, independently of a divine origin, French, the Spanish, and Italian, he spoke and more true sublimity, more exquisite beauty, purer wrote with fluency and precision ; and the Ger- morality, more important biftory, and finer strains man and Portuguese were familiar to him. At both of poetry and eloquence, than could be cole an early period of life his application to Oriental lested within the same compala from all other book -booka that ever were composed in any age or any ed, firm and Heshy, tapering towards the bele, idiom. The two parts of which the Scriptures and there impervious; border four-parted; divi. confift, are connected by a chain of compofitions, fron spreading, fuborbicular ; margins lightly which bear no resemblance, in form or flybe, to woolly, one-third the length of the tube: Nidar, any that can be produced from the stores of Gre- à ftaminiferous and pifiliferous ring crowns the cian, lodian, Persian, or even Arabian learning; mouth of the tube: Stamens, filaments generally the antiquity of thefe compofitions no man dou'sts, 7, viz. 3 on each fide, and one below, above a vaand the unstrained application of them to events cancy, and occupied on its inside by the piftil; long tubsequent to their publication, is a fotid they are equal; distinct, afcending, from 3 to 4 ground of belief, that they were gemine predio. times longer than the border of the corol: Astions, and consequently inspired.” After such fen- ibers uniform, small, incumbent: Pistil, germ ob. timents expressed by a man of fuch extensive ery- tong, pediceled; pledieet inferted into the inside of dition, how contemptible muft the filly quibbles the nectary, immediately below the vacant space; of the illiterate Thomas Paine appear t-Nor was Style nearly as long as the ftamens, declining; figma Sir William's faith in the Christian fyftem unpro- fimple: Pericarp, legume seimitar-formed, tusductive of a suitable moral conduct. In point of gid, outside reticulated; otherwife pretty Imooth; frict integrity, humanity, probity, benevolence, from 6 to 10 inches long; about 2 broad: Sauds geaffability, and the other focial and Chriftian vir- nerally from 4 to 8, smooth, grey, fize of a large tues, he has left few equals, no superior. chefour."--The Jonefia flowers at the beginning (6.) Jones, in geography, a county of N. Ca of the hot season, and its seeds ripen during the rolina, in Newbern, bounded on the Ni by Craven, sains. The plants and feeds were brought to Cal. E. by Carteret, S. by Onslow, and NW. by Le cutta from the interior parts of the country, noire counties ; containing 3141 citizens, and 1681 where it is indigenous. In Plate CXCm. fg. 13 Naves in 1795. It is watered by the Trent, and A represents a branch of the natural fize ; Ba the chief town is. Trenton. fingle flower, a little magnified; C-a fection of 17.) JONES, a town of N. Carolina, on the N it, exhibiting 4 of the stamens, and the pistil; D side of the Roanoke, opposite Halifax. a fimilar fečtion of an abortive flower; E a ripe (8.) JONES, an island in Hudson's Bay. legume, of its natural fize, opening near the bate; (1.) JONESBOROUGH, a town of N. Caro Fone of the feeds of the natural fize; G the base lina, in Edentown district, capital of Camden of the common petiole, with its ftipule; a, a, the county. petioles of the lower pair of leaflets. (2.) JONESBOROUGH, a town of Tennessee, the JONESTOWN, a town of Pennfylvania, in capital of Washington diftrid, 26 miles from Gren- Dauphine county; 89 miles NW. of Philadelphia, ville, and 627 from Philadelphia. · JONG See Hami, No ju JONESIA, a handforae middle-sized famous JONGOMA, a kingdom of Asia, N. of Sian. tree, found in gardens at Calcutta, so named by IONIA, a country of Asia minor, bounded on the Afiatic Society, in honour of Sir W. Jones. the N. by Æolia, on the W. by the Ægean and In Bengal it is called Russuck, and in the Sanforit, Icarian seas, on the S. by Caria, and on the E, by Afoon. Dr Roxburgh, a member of the fociety, Lydia and part of Caria. It was founded by ca thus describes it: “ Calyx two-leaved, corol one- lonies from Greece, and particularly Attica, by petalled, pistil-bearing ; base of the tube impervie subjects of lon." Ionia was divided into 12 fmall ous, ftarens long, afcending, inserted into the fates, which formed a celebrated confederacy oftmargin of a glandulous nectarial ring; which en mentioned by the ancients. These 12 fates crowns the mouth of the tube, the uppermost two were Priene, Miletus, Colophon, Clazomenz, of which more diftant; style declining : Legume Ephesus, Lebedos, Teos, Phocæa, Erythrz, turgiu: Trunk erect, though not straight : Bark Smyrna, and the capitals of Samos and Chios. dark brown, pretty Imooth : Branches numerous, The inhabitants of lonia built a temple which they Spreading in every direction, so as to form a most called Pan Ionium, (ie. all Jonias) from the cotielegant fhady head: Leaves alternate, abruptly course of people that Pocked there from every feathered, leilile, more than a foot long, when part of lonia. "After they had enjoyed for some young pendulous and coloured: Leaflets oppo- time their freedom and independence, they were Site, from 4 to 6 pair, the lowermoft broad lan- made tributary to the power of Lydia by Crælus. ced, the upper lanced ; smooth, fhining, firm, a The Athenians affifted them to take off the flahttle waved, from 4. to. 8 inches long : Petiolê very of the Aliatic monarchs; but they foon for common, round and linooth : Stipule axillary, fo- got their duty and relation to their mother-coun litary, a process from the base of the petiole: Um- try, and joined Xerxes when he invaded Greece bels terminal and axillary ;. between the itipule They were delivered from the Perfian yoke by and branchlet, globular, crowded, lubleffle, erect : Alexander; and restored to their original indepenBraes, a finall-hearted one under each division dence. They were reduced by the Romans un of the umbel: Peduncle and pediclesy smooth, co- der the dictator Sylla. Jonia has been always cele loured: Flowers, very oumerous, pretty large ; breted for the falubrity of the climate, the fruitwhen they firft expand they are of a beautiful fulness of the soil, and the genius of its inhabitants. orange colour, gradually changing to red, forming (1.) IONIC. adj. Of or from IONIA. a variety of lovely inades; fragrant during night: (2.) Ionic DIALECT, in Greek grammar, a Calyx perianth, below two-leaved, leaflets fmally manner of speaking peculiar to the people of lonia. nearly opposite, coloured hearted, bract-like, (3.) Ionic ORDER. See ARCHITECTURE, Inés marking the termination of the pedicle : Corch 4.) The Ionic SecT was the first of the ancient one-petalled, funnel-form; tube Nightly-incurvat- fects of philosophers, the others were the kalic a ها : and and Eleatic. The founder of this feet was Thales, who, being a native of Miletus in lonia, occafioned his followers to affume the appellation of Jonie: Thales was fucceeded by Anaximander, and he by Anaximenes, both of Miletus; Anaxagoras Clazomenius fucceeded them, and removed his fchool from Afia to Athens, where Socrates was his fcholar. It was the diftinguishing tenet of this fect, that water was the principle of all: natural things. JONIN, Gilbert, a Jefuit and poet of fome merit, born in 1596. He wrote Greek and Latin odes with elegance. His works were printed at Lyons, in 6 vols. 8vo. He died in 1638. IONIUM MARE, a part of the Mediterranean fea, at the bottom of the Adriatic. It lies between Sicily and Greece. That part of the gean fea which lies on the coafts of Ionia in Afia, is called the Sea of lonia, and not the Ionian Sea. According to fome authors, the Ionian fea receives its name from lo, who fwam acrofs it, after her metamorphofis. See Io. JONKIOPING, a town of Sweden, capital of the prov. of Smaland; with 2 fuburbs, 3 churches, an arfenal, and 3000 inhabitants. The houses are chiefly of wood covered with turf, and many of them produce herbs which are cut for cattle. Some are ornamented with flowers. It is feated on the S. fide of Lake Weter, 50 miles NW. of Calmar and 156 SW. of Stockholm. Lon. 14. 7. E. Lat. 57. 48. N. JONK, or in naval affairs, a kind of small JONQUE, hip, very common in the Eaft ladies. Thefe veffels are about the bignefs of our @y-boats; and differ in form of their building, ac cording to the different methods of naval architec tore uled by the nations to which they belong. Their fails are frequently made of mats, and their anchors are made of wood. JONQUIERES, a town of France in the dep. of the Mouths of the Rhone; 44 miles ESE. of Orange. (1.) JONQUILLE. n. f. jonquille, Fr.] A fpecies of daffodil. The flowers of this plant are greatly efteemed for their frong fweet fcent. Miller Nor gradual bloom is wanting, Nor hyacinths of pureft virgin white, Low bent and blufhing inward; nor jonquilles Of potent fragrance. Thomfoni (2.) JONQUILLE. See NARCISSUS, No 4. JONSAC, a town of France, in the dep. of the Lower Charente, 9 miles SSE. of Pons, and 13 NNW. of Montlieu. JONSBERG, a town of E. Gothland. JONSIUS, John, a learned author of the rith century, born at Holftein, and educated at Frank fort on the Maine, where he died young in 16592 He wrote a work, entitled De Scriptoribus Hiftoriæ Philofophie, which is esteemed. JONSON, Benjamin, one of the most confiderable dramatic poets of the 17th century, whe ther we confider the number or the merit of his productions. He was born at Weftminffer in 1874, and educated at the public school under the great Camden. He was defcended from a Scotfith family; and his father, who loft his eftate under Q. Mary, dying before he was born, and his mother marrying a brick-layer, Ben was taken from school to work at his step-father's trade. Not being fond of this employment, he went into the Low Countries, and diftinguished himself in a military capacity. On his return to England, he entered at St John's college, Cambridge; and hawing killed a perfon in a duel, was condemned, and narrowly escaped execution. After this he turned actor; and Shakespeare is faid to have first introduced him to the world, by recommend. ing a play of his to the ftage, after it had been rejected. His Alchymist gained him fuch reputation, that in 1819 he was, at the death of Mr Daniel, made poot laureat to King James I. and M. A. at Oxford. But being no œconomist, we find him after this petitioning King Charles I. on his acceffion, to enlarge his father's allowance of 100 merks into pounds; and quickly after very poor and fick, lodging in an obfcure alley: on which occafion Charles fent him ter guineas; which Ben receiving, faid, "His majefty has fent me ten guineas, because I am poor and live in an alley; go and tell him, that his foul lives in an alley." He died in August 1637, aged 63, and was buried in Westminster abbey.-The most complete edition of his works was printed in 1756, in 7 vols. 8vo. JONSTON, John, a learned Polish naturalist and phyfician, born in 1603. He travelled all over Europe, and procured efteem everywhere by his knowledge; afterward he bought the estate of Ziebendorf, in the duchy of Lignitz in Silefia, where he spent the remainder of his days. He wrote a natural hiftory of birds, fish, quadrupeds, infects, ferpents, and dragons, in folio; a piece upon the Hebrew and Greek feftivals; thaumato graphy, and fome poems. He died in 1675.12 JONVILLE, a town of France, in the dep. of Upper Saone, on the Saone; 7 miles and a half N. of Juffey JOODPOUR, a town of Hindoftan, capital of a circar in Agimere, 75 miles WSW. of Agimere and 85 NW. of Cheitore. Lon. 73. 48. E. Lati 26. 7. N. JOOSTLAND, ST, an island of Holland, in the dep. of the Meufe, and late province of Zea land, near Walcheren. It has but one village. In 1517 it was totally overflowed, and its dikes were not completely repaired till 1631. JOOTSI-SÍMA, a small flat island, feparated from Cape Nota in Japan, by a channel 15 miles broad. Its circumference is about 6 miles. Peys roufe, who failed round it, describes it as popus lous, full of wood, and of an agreeable appears ance. He obferved confiderable edifices between the houses, and near a caftle at the SW point fome gibbets. The coaft is furrounded with break ers. He places it in Lon. 19. 20. E. of Paris. Lat. 37. 51. N. (1.) JOPPA, a fea-port town of Palestine, lying S. of Cefarea; and anciently the only port to Jes rufalem, whence all the materials fent from Tyre towards the building of Solomon's temple werd brought hitber and landed. (2 Chr. ii. 16.) It is faid to have been built by Japhet, and from him to have taken its name Japho, afterwards mould. ed into Joppa; and even the heathen geographers fpeak of it as built before the flood. It is now called Jaffa, fomewhat nearer to its first appellas tion. See JAFFA. On the 30th Sept. 1800, the foundation-stone of a new fort was laid by the Gond vizier, affifted by feveral British engineers; on which occafion 5 fheep were facrificed, and the blood fprinkled on the ftone." (2.) JOPPA, a town of Maryland, in Harford county: 20 miles E. by N. of Baltimore, and 82 SW. of Philadelphia. JOPSUS, a river of European Turkey, which runs into the Mariza, 10 miles WNW. of Affarli, -in Romania.. JOR, the Hebrew for a river, which, joined with DAN, Concurs to form the name JORDAN. (1.) JORAM, or JEHORAM, [on, Heb. i. e. the height of the Lord.] king of Judah, the fon of Jehoshaphat, and fon-in-law of Ahab. His barbarous murder of his 6 brethren, his idolatry and other crimes, with the judgments that followed, and his fhocking death, about A. M. 3117, are récorded in 2 Kings viii. and 2 Chron. xxi. (2.) JORAM, or JEHORAM, king of Ifrael, the beft monarch of Ahab's bloody houfe. His abolition of the worship of Baal, (though he still adhered to the political idolatry of Jeroboam I.) his alliance with Jehoshaphat, his conferences with Elisha and Gehazi, and other tranfactions, are re corded in 2 Kings ii-x. He was killed by Jehu, A. M. 3120. JORDAN, (1757, Heb. i. e. the river of judgement, or, as others tranflate it, the river of Dan.] a river of Judæa, fo named from the people where it has its fource, which is a lake called Phiala, from its round figure, to the N, of its apparent rifing from the mountain PANIUM or Paneum, as was discovered by Philip, tetrarch of Trachonitis; for on throwing light bodies into the Phiala, he found them emerge again at Paneum. (Joephus. From Paneum it runs in a direct courfe to a lake called SAMACHONITES; as far as which it is called Jordan the Lefs; and thence to the lake of Gennefareth, or of Tiberias, where it comes increased by the lake Samachonites and its fprings, and is called the Greater Jordan; continuing its direct course southwards, till it falls into the Af phaltites...... JORDANO, Luca, or Luke GIORDANO, an eminent Italian painter, born at Naples in 1632. He became very early a disciple of Jofeph Ribera; but going afterwards to Rome, he adopted the manner of Pietro de Cortona, whom he affifted in his great works. Some of his pictures being seen by Charles II. king of Spain, he engaged him ia painting the Efcurial; in which task be acquitted himself as a great painter. The king fhewed him a picture of Bassani, expreffing a concern that he had not a companion: Luca painted one fo exactly in Baflani's manner, that it was taken for a performance of that master. For this service he was knighted, and rewarded with feveral honourable employments. The great works he executed in Spain, gave him ftill greater reputation when be returned to Naples; fo that though he was a very quick workman, he could not supply the eager demands of the citizens. No one ever paint ed fo much as Jordano; and he generously prefented altar-pieces to churches that were not able to purchase them. He left great riches to his family, when he died, in 8795- JORDANS, James, one of the moft eminent painters of the Flemish school, was born at Antwerp in 1593. He learned the principles of his art from Adam Van Ort, whose daughter he mar ried; which connection hindered him from visiting Italy. He improved most under Rubens; for whom he worked, and from whom he drew his best principles: his tafte directed him to large pieces; and his manner was ftrong, true, and Tweet. A great number of altar-pieces painted by him are preferved in the churches in the Netherlands, which maintain the reputation of this artist. He died in 1678. * JORDEŃ. n. f. [gor, Sax. ftercus and den. receptaculum.] A pot.-They will allow us ne'er a jorden, and then we leak in your chimney; and your chamberlye breeds fleas like a loach. Shak. This China jorden let the chief o'ercome Replenish, not ingloriously at home. Pope. -The copper pot can boil milk, heat porridge, hold fmall beer, or, in case of neceffity, serve for a jorden. Swift. JORTIN, John, D. D. a very learned English clergyman, born in the parish of St Giles, Middlesex, Oct. 23, 1698. His father Renatus Jortin was a native of Bretagne, and came to England in 1685, upon the revocation of the edict of Nantes. He was gentleman of the bed-chamber to K. William III. in 1691, and afterwards secretary to Adm. Ruffel, Sir G. Rooke, and Sir Cloudefley Shovel; but was fhipwrecked with the latter, Oct. 22, 1707. His mother was a daughter of the Rev. Dan, Rogers of Haversham, Bucks. Young Jortin completed his education at Cambridge; and affifted Pope in his tranflation of the Iliad, in his 18th year. Having fome private fortune of his own, and being of a difpofition that would not folicit promotion, he remained long without preferment. In 1738, Lord Winchefter gave him the living of Eaftwell in Kent; but the place not agreeing with his health, he foon refigned it. Abp. Herring, about 1751, prefented him to the rectory of St Dunftan's in the Eaft; and bishop Ofbaldifton in 1762 gave him that of Kenfington, with a prebend in St Paul's cathedral, and made him archdeacon of London. His temper, as well as his aspect, was rather morofe and faturnine; but in company that he liked, he was at all times facetious, yet ftill with a mixture of fal cenfura fuperiorum. His fermons were fenfible and argumentative; and would have made more impreffion on his hearers, had he been more attentive to the advantages flowing from a good delivery: but he appeared to greater advantage as a writer. His remarks on ecclefiaftical hiftory, his fix differtations, his life of Eraf mus, and his fermons, were extremely well recei ved by the public, and have undergone several editions. He died in 1770. (1.) JOSEPH, [, Heb. i. e. Increase.] the eldeft fon of Jacob by Rachael, the best character among the 12 patriarchs, and indeed one of the beft on record. The very affecting narrative of his life, of his father's partiality for him, his bre thren's envy, his prophetic dreams, his faithful fervices when fold for a flave, his extraordinary chastity, his unjuft impriforment, his promotion to be prime minifter of Egypt, and his prefervation of the people, as well as of his father's family, from Pamine, with all the other affecting circumftances that accompanied thefe events, are recorded in Gen. xxxvii.-xlvii.; and afford a decifive evidence, that the most pathetic narrative may be written in the moft fimple and unadorned language. Confidered merely as a piece of human compofition, the hiftory of Jofeph is without a parallel; and may be held forth as a standard of perfection in the pathetic, as another paffage in the fame book (Gen. i, 2.) was long ago quoted by that eminent pagan critic, Longinus, as a ftriking example of the fublime. Jofeph died A. A. C. 1635, aged 110. (1, 3.) Jostrн, Iand II. emperors of Germany. See GERMANY, 20, and 24. *JOT. n. f. [iord. A point; atittle; the least quantity affignable. As fuperflous flesh did rot, Go, Eros, fend his treasure after, do it ; Shak. -Let me not ftay a jot from dinner; go, get it ready. Shak. This nor hurts him nor profits you a jot; Forbear it therefore; give your cause to Heav'n. 'Shak. JOSEPH'S FLOWERS. n.. A plant. Ainf JOSEPHUS, the celebrated hiftorian of the Jews; was of noble birth, by his father Mattathi25, defcended from the high priests, and by his mother of the blood royal of the Maccabees: He was born A. D. 37, under Caligula, and lived under Domitian. At 16 years of age he joined the fect of the Effenes, and then the Pharifees; and having been successful in a journey to Rome, upon his return to Judæa he was made captain general of the Galilæans. Being taken prifoner by Vefpafian, he foretold his coming to the empire, and his own deliverance by his means. He accompanied Titus at the fiege of Jerufalem, and wrote his Wars of the Jews, which Titus ordered to be put in the public library. He afterwards ̈ JOTAPATA, in ancient geography, a town of lived at Rome, where he enjoyed the privileges of the Lower Galilee, distant 40 stadia from Gabara; a a Roman citizen, and where the emperors loaded very strong place, fituated on a rock, walled round, him with favours, and granted him large penfions, and encompaffed on all hands with mountains, so Befides the above work, he wrote, 1. Twenty as not to be seen but by those who came very near. books of Jewish antiquities, which he finished un- It was with great difficulty taken by Vefpafian, der Domitian. 2. Two books against Appian. being defended by Jofephus, who commanded in it; 3. An elegant difcourfe on the martyrdom of the when taken, it was ordered to be razed. Maccabees. 4. His own life. These works are excellently written in Greek. This bond doth give thee here no jot of blood; Against Heav'n's hand, or will; nor bate one jot You might, with every jot, as much justice, hang me up becaufe I'm old, as beat me because I'm impotent. L'Etrange.-A man may read the difcourfes of a very rational author, and yet ac quire not one jot of knowledge. Locke.-The final event will not be one jot lefs the confequence of our ow choice and actions, for God's having from all eternity foreseen and determined what that event fhall be. Rogers. JOSES. See BARNABAS. (1.) JOSHUA, [or, Heb. i. e. a Saviour.] the renowned general of the Jews, who conducted them through the wilderness, &c. died in 1424) B. C. aged 11o. With regard to the extraordinary miracle that attended Joshua's victory in the val. key of Ajalon, fee AJALON. (2.) JOSHUA, a canonical book of the Old Teftament, containing a history of the wars and tranf: actions of the perfon whofe name it bears. This book may be divided into three parts: The firft na hiftory of the conqueft of the land of Canaan; the fecond, which begins at the 12th chapter, is a defcription of that country, and the divifion of it among the trites; and the third, comprised in the two laft chapters, contains the renewal of the corenant he caufed the Ifraelites to make, and the death of their victorious leader and governor. The whole comprehends a term of 17, or, according to others, of 27 years. JOUBERT, Lawrence, counsellor and physician to the king of France, chancellor and judge of the univerfity of Montpelier, was born at Valance in Dauphiny in 15 30. He became the difciple of Rondelet at Montpelier; and at his death fucceeded to the regius profefforship of that univerfity, where he had given abundant proofs of his merit, and ftrengthened his reputation by the lectures he read in that capacity, as well as by the works he pub lifhed. Henry III. who paffionately wifhed to have children, fent for him to Paris, in hopes, by his affiftance, to render his marriage fruitful; but he was disappointed, without any lofs of repute to Joubert. Much offence was taken at a piece he published under the title of Vulgar Errors, in which he treated of virginity and generation more plainly than had ever before been done in the French language. But, though he had promised fomething more on the fame fubject, he was fo piqued at the clamour raised againft it, that the public faw no more, of fix parts promifed, than the firft, and part of the second, though they were greatly called for. He died in 1582; and his fon Ifaac tranflated fome of his Latin paradoxes into French. JOSIAH, [from w and mm, Heb. i. e. the fire of the Lord,] king of Judah; the deftroyer of idolatry, and the restorer of the true worship, an excellent monarch, and a valiant general, was flain. in battle, 609, BC. JOSSU. See Ijo. *JOVIAL. adj. [jovial, Fr. jovialis, Latin. Under the influence of Jupiter.-The fixed ftars are aftrologically differenced by the planets, and are esteemed martial or jovial, according to the To JOSTLE. v. a. [jouter, Fr To jufle; colours whereby they answer thefe planets. Brown. to rush against. 2. Gay; airy; merry. My |