boxes, and fome rotten wood in the corners; be caufe, when the caterpillars change into the pupa or chryfalis ftate, fome go into the earth, and continue under ground for many months before they come out into the moth state; and fome cover themselves with a hard fhell, made up of fmall pieces of rotten wood. IV. The 4th clafs (neuroptera) may be killed with fpirit of wine, oil of turpentine, or the fumes of fulphur. V. Thofe of the 5th clafs (hymenoptera) may be killed in the fame manner. A pin may be run through one of their wing fhells and body. VI. Infects of the 6th clafs (diptera) may likewife be killed by fpirit, or by fumes of fulphur. VII. Thofe of the laft divifion (aptera) are in general fubjects which may be kept in fpirits. When in search of infects, a box fhould be carried in the pocket, lined with cork at the botom and top to flick them upon, until they are brought home. If this box be ftrongly impregnated with camphor, the infects foon become ftupified, and are thereby prevented from fluttering and injuring their plumage. Befides a small forceps, the collector fhould have a large mufqueto gauze net, and a pin cushion with 3 or 4 different fizes of pins to fuit the different fizes of infects. In hot climates infects of every kind, but particularly the larger, are liable to be eaten by ants and other fmall infects, especially before they are perfectly dry. To avoid this, the piece of cork on which the infects are stuck to be dried, should be fufpended from the cieling of a room, by a thread, befmeared with bird-limé, or fome adhesive fubftance, to intercept the rapacious vermin of thofe climes in their paffage along the thread. After the infects are properly dried, they may be placed in the cabinet or boxes where they are to remain: thefe boxes fhould be kept dry; and alfo made to fhut very close, to prevent fmall infects from deftroying them; the bottoms of the boxes fhould be covered with pitch, or green wax, over which paper may be laid; or, which is better, lined with cork, well impregnat ed with a folution of corrofive fublimate mercury, in a saturated folution of crude fal ammoniac in water, an ounce of which will diffolve 20 fcruples of the fublimate. The finest collections have been ruined by fmall infects, and it is therefore impoffible to have the cabinet too fecure. Such infects as are thus attacked may be fumigated with fulphur, in the manner defcribed for killing moths; or they may be immerfed in fpirit of wine, with out much injuring their fine plumage or colours; afterwards let them be sprinkled about their bodies and infertions of the wings with the folution above mentioned. But baking the infects in an oven, in the manner defcribed for birds, (See BIRD, 24.) is the moft effectual method of extirpating thefe enemies; however, the utmoft caution is requifite in this process in regulating the heat of the oven. All kinds of infects, having no wings, may be preferved in fpirits, brandy, of rum; except crabs, lobfters, and the like, which may conveniently be preferved dry.

(8.) INSECTS, NOXIOUS, MEANS OF DESTROY. ING, or PREVENTING THEIR INCREASE. The following methods are proposed in the Gent. Mag. for Oct. 1790. Of thofe fubftances which have been observed to be efficacious in driving away, or in

destroying infects, mercury, and its various pre parations, are the moft generally useful. Sulphu is alfo ufeful. Oils of all kinds have been ofte and defervedly recommended. Tobacco isnot lef remarkable for its utility. I. Mercury is knowi to kill or drive away lice from the human body and it may probably be of equal efficacy in ridding other animals of their infects. For inftance, theep having a fmall quantity of mercurial ointment rub bed on their skins, on the fides, between the forelegs and the body, it may kill or drive away the infect peculiar to them. Sulphur is recommend ed to be added to the mercurial ointment. Thui not only the infect peculiar to them, but also the fcab, may be cured: See the Tranfactions of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Lond. Vol VII. VIII. p. 90. In the fame work, Vol. V. VI p. 59, Mr Ailway directed that, in the winter, the walls, frames, &c. of his green and hot houfes fhould be well washed with the following mixture: Take of corrofive fublimate mercury 4 oz. and diffolve it in two gallons of water. Thefe houfes had been greatly infefted with red fpiders and ants. After having been washed with the above mixture, neither were to be feen next fummer This wash may be used on old garden walls, and on the roots of fruit trees infefted with infects, i made weaker. It may deftroy the tender leaves o plants, though not the roots. This wash will ef fectually deftroy that disagreeable infect the bug and all other infects of a tender cuticle; and i will not in the leaft hurt the colour of bed furni ture or hangings. Care must be taken, that the wafh be applied into every crevice or folding of the furniture with a painter's brush. It will fome times be neceffary to repeat the wash, as fome of the ova of bugs may remain concealed, notwith ftanding the utmoft care. Some of the Weft India iflands were much infefted with large ants, which greatly hurt the fugár-canes. The remedy was to diffolve corrofive fublimate in rum, in the proportion of two drams to a pint of fpirits. This folution was poured on dry powdered fugar; and when the fugar was dried, it was laid in the path of the ants. They ate it, and were deftroyed. Sugar thus prepared may be laid on paper or pieces of thin boards near the root of fruit trees infected by infects, especially when the fruit is ripening. The papers or boards may be taken in during the night, or when it rains. The fuga fhould be coloured with indigo, or other fub ftance, to mark it as a fubftance to be avoided by curious idlers. II. A perfon in Philadelphia em ployed brimftone in the following manner. Ha ving cleared all round the roots of trees infefted with caterpillars or other infects, he ftrewed fome flour of brimstone round the roots, and covered it with a thin fprinkling of fine mould, that it might not be blown away by the wind, yet so that the fun might operate through, and caufe the brim ftone to fumigate. Thus he deftroyed the cater pillars. One pound he found fufficient for 200 trees. In that hot climate the fun may perhaps have that effect: but it scarcely will in this. H alfo employed fulphur in the following manner to drive infects from tall trees. He fplit the end of a pole, and put in the flit fome matches, fe them on fire, and held them under the parts of

the

the trees chiefly affected. A pole thus armed, he above, which grew fo luxuriantly, as to produce found, would anfwer for 3 or 4 trees. Brimftone, rough leaves feveral days prior to the most flourishthus mixed with damp ftraw, and fet on fire in ing of any of his other experiments, and were the hop-ground infested with the fly, might be of ufe better enabled to withstand the fly's attack. The to drive away the fly. The itch proceeds from a leaves of these turnips were of a darker green, and very fmall infect, which neftles under the fkin. appeared twice as thick in bulk and luxuriancy Brimftone made into an ointment with hog's lard than the other turnips, and were a confiderable is a fare remedy. Sheep are liable to an eruption deal larger. The feed was drilled an inch and a on the fkin, called the feab. The brimftone, half deep, and at a foot diftance in the rows, when added to the mercurial ointment recom- Train oil is apt to kill the leaves of plants which mended for that diforder in the Society's Tranf- have been injured by infects; but lintfeed oil has actions, above mentioned, Vol. II. p. 90, might not that effect, though equally deftructive to the perhaps render the application more efficacious infects. The train oil feems to act both as an and lefs dangerous. III. The natives of hot coun-oil, and by its difagreeable fmell it prevents infects tries are taught by experience, that an unctuous covering on their bodies prevents the bites of mufquitoes and all gnats. The white inhabitants in fach countries are not fufficiently careful in preventing ftagnant water near their dwellings, in which the musquitoes are bred; even in the wafte water thrown out they are produced. Dr Franklin, by attending to this, guarded his family in Philadelphia from fuch infects. One day feeing a tumber of mufquitoes in his library, he found on inquiry, that one of his fervants had taken the cover off a tube placed near his window for receiving rain water. On fuch occafions the remedy is rafy, viz. fhutting the room up for the day, fo that the mufquitoes cannot come at any water, in which time they die. Oils being known to be not efficacious in deftroying infects, the ufe of it might be extended to the deftruction of worms the bowels of horses. If the horse was for fome te kept fafting, and a large quantity of oil, fuppole a pint, was given, if worms are the caufe, the oil may in that cafe kill them. Caterpillars plants might alfo be deftroyed by oils, which clafe the lateral pores by which they breathe. For this purpofe, on the approach of fpring, a cloth dipped in train oil fhould be laid on fuch parts of the tree n which there is the leaft appearance of them. It is mentiond in the Memoirs of the Soty of Agriculture at Paris, that oil of turpentine, applied to animals which were covered with inets, deftroyed the infects without hurting the animals. The author tried it on feveral trees, mixed with fine earth fo as to incorporate them well, then adding water, ftill ftirring them carefully till the whole was brought to fome degree of Buidity. In this mixture, he dipped branches of fruit-trees on which there were infects, and there. by deftroyed not only the eggs but also the infects, thout hurting the leaves. This compofition ay be got off by washing, or the first heavy hower. From thefe experiments, the author thanks, that oil of turpentinemay with equalefficacy be employed for killing various kinds of lice on domeftic animals. In Vol. V. p. 45. of the Socity's Tranfactions above quoted, we are told, that Mr Winter fteeped turnip feed 24 hours in a ficient quantity of train oil. He then drained the ail from the feed, which he mixed with a quantity of fine fifted earth, and immediately fowed it in drills. When the plants began to appear on the farface, the ground was fpread with foot. He found that feed fteeped in lintfeed oil anfwered equally well. The turnips the leaft injured by the fly were thofe that grew from feed fteeped as Vol. XII. PART I.

approaching it. In this refpect it may be fuccefsfully ufed to prevent field-mice or other vermin preying on acorns, chefnuts, or other feeds steeped in it before they are fown. For deftroying the fly on turnips, a late experiment fhould be mentioned, by the difclofing of which a perfon gained a confiderable reward. His fecret was, running a roller over the ground early in the morning, while, the dew remained on the ground, on the first appearance of the fly. The dew entangled the flies fo much, that they could not make their escape, and were therefore crushed to death. As the roller may leave the furface of the earth too hard, fome very properly advise to fix fome boughs of elder in a gate or hurdle, to be drawn over the field; and if the boughs had been before fumigated with the smoke of tobacco, or tincture of afafoetida, the fuccefs would be the furer. The moft certain method of preventing the hurt done by the fly is to raise the plants in a nursery, and at a proper age to transplant them, being carried to the ground in a wheel-barrow filled with manure foftened with water fo as to admit the plants. This method will fecure their more speedy growth. In the nursery, the attack of the fly may be prevented by fprinkling foot or quicklime on the ground. The utility of transplanting the turnips is evident by the practice of transplanting the turnip-rooted cabbage. They who are difcou raged from this practice by the expense attending it, do not reflect that the hoeing is prevented, and the plants grow the better, being fet in fresh earth. IV. Before proceeding to the last means mentioned, viz. tobacco, for deftroying infects in turnips, we shall mention an experiment made by Mr Green, of her majefty's flower-garden at Kew. He contrived a pair of bellows, fimilar to that employed in recovering people feemingly drowned. It has a cavity in the nozzle, in which fome tobacco is put, with a live coal over it. The bellows being then worked, the tobacco is fet on fire, and the fmoke is directed to any particular fpot. A lady was fond of having the mosk-rofe in her dreffing room, but was prevented on account of the green infects which conftantly adhere to that plant. To remedy this inconvenience, Mr Green had a box made large enough to contain a pot in which a plant of the molk-rofe grew. In one end of the box was a hole, to admit the nozzle of the bellows; the bellows was worked, and the fmoke was received into the box. When the tobacco was confumed, the nozzle was withdrawn; and a cork being put into the hole, the box. thus remained till morning, when the in

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Lects were all found dead on the earth. Being the alleys cross one another, to admit of setting swept off, the plant was in a state fit for a dresling damp straw, or other materials mixed with brim. room. Many plants thus infetted with infects tone, loot, &c. on fire. Smoke itself is said to may be too large, or otherwise fo placed as not prevent the fly; and if so, it will till act or.ore to be put into a box. In this case it occurred to powerfully when mixed with such materials. It the writer of these observations, that being sprink. has been observed in Sweden, that the hops grow led with an infufion of tobacco in water might in naturally among heaps of tones or fragments of - fome degree anfwer the same purpose. On trial rucks. They therefore advise to cover the ground i he found it aniwer, and he thus freed other plants round their roots with stones, which will prevent of their infects. He also used it on trees of eafy the insects laying their eggs near the roots in the access with advantage. Train oil is so inimical ground, where they lay them to be protected duto tender plants or leaves, that it defroys them ring the winter. The stones will also preserve if insects have in the least hurt them; whereas the moisture at the roots during the summer. A rope infufion, ioftead of killing the leaves, promoted a cannot be drawn across a plantation of hops, as fresh vegetation. Fruit trees often become the it can across a field of corn, in case of mildew. prey of infects. Those against a wall, or in espa- liere water, to walh off the clammy juice that enliers, being easily come at, much of the mischief tices and feeds infects, feems to be the only rememay be prevented by cutting off the leaves fo foon, dy: The plantation being well ventilated, may as they are observed to be curled, for then fresh" at least prevent the frequency of it. The forcing eggs are laid or them, probably by butterflies. pump will most effectually wash off this exudation. If sprinkled with the infulion of tobacco, it will (9.) INSECTS, RECENTLY DISCOVERED. Seveprevent their coming to life. After the fruit is ral non-defcript little animals were discovered by formed, the infufion must not be used, left the La Martinjere the naturalist, when he accompanied taste and smell should remain. The scifars are the colebrated Peyrouse, in his voyage of difcothen the proper remedies, which ladies rnay em- very. These he ranked among infects, and to fome ploy as amusement, and may thereby prefent fruit of them gave particular names, but without arto their friends of their own preserving. A ley ranging them agreeable to the Linnæan fyftem of of the ash of plants sprinkled on the leaves may zoology., Hc defcribes them as follows:- The have a good effe&t, as altu on other pot-herbs, infect,"' (represented on Plate CXCII. Fig. 2: which are often the prey of caterpillars. As ma-. "inhabits a small prismatic triangular cell, pointed ny ivfects, besides those bred on the leaves or in at the two extremities, of the consistence and cothe walls, may destroy the fruit, the Sugar with lour of clear brittle ice; the body of the infect is the corrosive sublimate may be laid in the way of of a green colour, spotted with small bluish points, other infects, to all which it will prove a speedy among which are some of a golden tinge; it is fixdeath. Diligent inspection into their retreats is ed by a ligament to the lower part of its small hathe most certain means of preventing the loss fuf- bitation ; its neck is terminated by a small black. tained by foails. Ants are prevented riling up the ith head composed of three converging scales, in frees, by laying round the roots powdered chalk, the form of a bat, and enclosed between three or any other substance, which by entangling their fins, two of them large and channelled in the upfeet prevents their crosling it. Care should be ta. per part (A), and one small, semicircular (B). ken to destroy their nests every where near the When it is difturbed, it immediately withdraws garden. · Hops are now becoine an article of so its fins and its head into its cell, and gradually great consequence, that they deserve our particu- finks into the water, by its own specific gravity. lar attention. Early in the growth, when the Fig. 8. represents the under side of the prism, thew. vines begin to ascend the poles, a black fly preysing in what manner it is channelled, in order to on the leaves, frequently in such numbers, as, by allow free passage to the animal when it wishes to destroying the leaves, to interrupt the vegetation, thut itself up in it. Fig. 9. represents the profile much of the food of plants being absorbed by the of the fame. The movement carried on by the leaves. The infusion of tobacco destroys them, two larger fins, which are of a softish cartilaginous or at least drives them away so effectually, that a substance, may be compued to that which would plant almoft totally stripped of its leaves has put be produced by the two hands joined together in out freth leaves after the use of it. If care be not the state of pronation, and forming, alternately, taken, they will again fall on the fresh leaves. As two inclined planes and one horizontal plaze: it is the flies lodge on the lower side of the leaves, they by means of this motion that it supports itself are protected from storms of rain, and therefore on the top of the water, where it probably feeds the infufion must be driven upwards by a forcing on fat and oily substances on the surface of the pump. If the expense of tobacco be too great, fea.” Our author found it near Nootka, on the perhaps lime-water, or even water by itself, driven north-west coast of America, during a calm. Itrongly against the leaves, mnight drive them away. Fig. 10. represents a collection of infects, as our The labour attending fuch experiments in a large author calls them, confifting only of oval bodies, plantation discourages others, without reflecting similar to a soap bubble, arranged in parties of that, if such means are used early, the flies may three, five, six, and nine: among them are also more easily be got rid of. Free ventilation is un- some solitary ones. These collections of globules, doubtedly beneficial to all plants; and hence pera : being put into a glass filled with sea-water, derhaps the particular advantages of drilling corn in cribed a rapid circle round the glass by a common Tows a little diftant. If alleys somewhat larger movement, to which each individual contributed than common were made in the plantations of by fimple comprellion of the sides of its body, hops, there might be sufficient spaces left, where probably the effect of the re-action of the air with

which they were filled. It is not, however, easy times is even extended over its head. When these to conceive how these distinct animals (for they productions have for some time been preserved in may be readily separated without deranging their spirits, the plant and animal may be separated economy) are capable of concurring in a common from each other without hurting either. Small motion. “ These coosiderations (says our author), grooves, formed by the rings of the animal, may together with the form of the animal, recalled to be observed running cross the roots of the plant : my mind, with much satisfaction, the ingenious but no vestige can be found of the root's having system of M. de Buffon ; and I endeavoured to any where penetrated the body of the infect, persuade myself, that I was about to be witness These plants produce fibres differing in length to one of the mot wonderful phenomena of Na. and number. The fibres are terminated by tuture, supposing that these molecules, which were bercles, which, before the plant arrives at matunow employed in increasing or diminishing their rity, are solid ; but, after that period, they are number, or performing their revolutions in the fouod punctured, probably by worms which have glass

, would soon assume the form of a new ani- suffered a metamorphosis upon escaping from mal, of which they were the living materials. My them. According to Fourgeroux, plants grow, impatience led me to dętach two from the most not only on the chrysalis of the çıcada, but upnumerous group, imagining that this number on the cicada itself.' He saw one of this kind upmight perhaps be more favourable to the expected on a cicada brought from Cayenne. The plant, metamorphosis. I was, however, mistaken. These in this case, differed from the clavaria. It was a I examined with more attention than the rest; species of fucus, composed of long, white, filky and the following account is of their proceedings fibres, covering the body of the infect, and exalone. Like two strong and active wrestlers, they tending from seven to eight lines above and below immediately rushed together, and attacked each its belly. The author has found the clavaria growother side by lide: fometimes one would dive, lea- ing upon worms.

He has found it chiefly upon ving its adversary at the surface of the water; one worms which, suffering a metamorphosis, be. would describe a circular movement, while the come afterwards a small species of May-bug. other remained at rest in the centre; their mo: This chrysalis is very different from that of the tions at length became so rapid as no longer to cicada, and, even in its worm ftate, may easily allow me to distinguish one from the other. Ha- be distinguished from it. After describing these ving quitted them for a short time, on my return . different species of animal plants, the author next I found them reunited as before, and amicably proceeds to offer his opinion upon this subject. moving round the edge of the glass by their com- He first considers what had been said by Dr Watmon exertions.” Fig. 11. represents a singular ani- son, in the Philos. Trans.concerning the vegetating mal, which has a considerable resemblance to a Ay of the Caribbee islands. See Fly, No 9. Dr little lizard; its body is of a firm, gelatinous con- Watson's account of these flies is, that they bury lifence; its head is furnished on each side with themselves in May, and begin to be metamorphos. two small gelatinous horns, of which the two hin- ed in June; and that the little plant which grows dermost are fituate the furthest inward : its body is upon them resembles a branch of coral, is about provided with four open fan-like paws, and some three inches in height, and carries small protuappendages near the insertion of the tail, and ter, berances, where worms are generated, which are minates like that of a lizard; the ridge of the again converted into flies. The aụthor imagines, back is divided the whole way down by a band of that in this account, Dr Watson has been deceive a deep blue; the rest of the body, as well as the ed by the worms, which he has already observed inside of its paws, is of a bright silvery white. It will eat into the clavaria, and undergo a change appears to be very Nuggish in its motions; aud in the holes which they have there made. Mr when disturbed by the finger, merely turned its Pourgeroux is rather inclined to adopt the opinion belly upwards, soon afterwards resuming its for- of Dr Hill, founded upon observations made at mer po&tion. Fig. 12. represents it reversed. Mar. Martinico. There the cicadæ are very frequent; tiniere caught it during a calm at the landing place and, during their chrysalis ftate, bury themselves on the Bashee Illands.” Encyc. Brit. Sup. II. 9. among dead leaves, to wait their metamorphosis.

(10.) INSECTS, THAT GIVE ROOT TO PLANTS, Dr Hill imagines, that the seeds of the clavaria are described by Mr Fourgeroux, in the Memoirs are then attached to them, and are afterwards deof the Academy of Sciences for 1769. The plants, veloped, much in the same manner as the fungus he says, are perfectly the reverse of the worm- ex pede equino grows upon the hoofs, of dead plant of China, described by Mr Reaumur in 1726. borses. It may appear astonishing, that the cla. For, in that case, a worm fixes its snout into the varia should attach itself so constantly to the extremity of the plant, and derives nourishment nymphæ of the cicadæ in America, as it is not from it. But the plants, of which an account is observed to do so in other countries. For this bere given, derive their nourishment from the Mr Fourgeroux attempts to account, from viewanimals. The greatest part of the animal plants ing the clavaria as a parasite peculiar to this spewhich he has seen, grow on the chrysalis of a spe- cies of insed; from the great number of the cies of cicada. The plant growing on these in- ' nymphie which abound in America; and from sects has got the generic name of CLAVARIA, be- the circumstances of the climate and coil, which cause its staļks, and branches, when it has any, may render this phenomenon very common there, are terminated by tubercles, which give the ap- although it be not observed in Europe. pearance of little clubs. The root of this plant, * INSECTATOR. n. 1. (from injedor, Latin.) in general, covers the body of the insect, and tome. One that perfecutes or harasses with pursuit. Dit

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* INSECTILE.

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