SWERED. 1. “It is not lawful." In answer to to decline the practice of inoculation, even when this, the Scriptures alk, Is it lawful to save life, or they allow the theory to be reasonable. They to deftroy it? Luke vi. 9. As it is a difficulty with hope to escape the distemper in the natural way, many serious people, whether to admit of this and they have fears of dying in the artificial. But practice or not, this objection should be consider they should consider what grounds they have for, ed in a religious view. We should remember, either, and examine the different degrees of prothat as the fall of man brought the danger of dif- bability that attend their hopes and fears in the use eases into the world, fo to evade, oppose, or des or neglect of inoculation. If inoculation be a prostroy it, is not only his right, but duty, if in his bable and lawful means of preserving life in a time power. And if events imply the cause, a long run of danger, it is a duty to comply with it; and of uninterrupted fuccess implies an efficacious re- should death ensue, what more peaceful reflection medy. Though some die under this management, than to die in the way of duty? V.“ Inoculait is sufficient to prove the lawfulness of a remedy, tion does not exempt from future infection.” that it is proper for, and bas by experience been observation alone determined the opinion, that found in most cases effectual to the end for which the natural small-pox does not attack a ad time: it was used. When danger surrounds us, no con. the same stands good in favour of the artificial disduct is more proper than to enquire into and puré ease. Numberless attempts have been made, to fue the means of escape. Inoculation is the reinfect those in whom the small-pox had taken means of saving life in many instances, and of mo- place by inoculation; but have proved fruitless. derating affliction in more. Wilfully then to ne. VI. “ Other diseases are communicated with the glect the means of saving life, is to be guilty of matter of the small-pox, by inoculating it.” Cure. murder. II.“ It is bringing a distemper on our: lessness or wilfulness in the operator may in some felves, and so usurping the sacred prerogative of instances give reason for this objellion; but that God.” If by diftempers are meant sickness and by the matter of a variolus pustule, any other dispain, that is practised daily in other instances, in case has been conveyed, cannot be provede As concurrence with the scripture dictate, viz. of the confluent and mulignant small. 1. pox have not two evils choose the least. But the supposition in yet been observed to produce their own degree this instance is not altogether true. For by ino. and mode of this distemper, when infused by inoculation a disease is not properly communicated. culation, it is scarcely conceivable that they should It only excites and frees us from one, which, transmit another disease ellentially different. The though latent, is already in us; or (which in ef. venereal disease is known to be as communicable fed is the fame) inoculation, by an advantageous as any; yet several have been inoculated from paa mode of infecting, &c. frees the patient in all in- tients labouring under that disease, and no ill conftances from the usual difficulties of the disease : fequences ever yet were known to follow, none saves the life of most who submit to it; and with even to give the least suspicion. But this is one the natural small-pox it destroys that dispolition great advantage of inoculation, that we can choose in the body, without which the disease cannot a healthy person to take the infection from. VII. take place. It is owned that some hazard at. “ Perhaps the discafe may never attack in the na. tends it: it is sometimes mortal; but it is gene- tural way;". Those who make the objection rally successful; that encourages us to proceed: it Mould he informed, that this distemper cannot be sometimes, though rarely fails; hence we are cau. given to one who never would have it; for those tious, and led to act with a dependence on him to alone who are susceptible of it can take it by inowhom belong the issues from death. As to the fup. culation, as is evident from numerous experiments. posed offence against God, a reliance on Providence Besides, so very few are exempted from it, that does not imply that we are not to prevent the they can hardly be considered as an excepevils which we foresee, and which we have in our tion to the general law. It is therefore worth poper to guard against. Would these objectors while to inoculate, firit, to ascertain the safety of refuse the means of lessening the malignancy and the individual from the disease; and, 2dly, on ac. danger of other diseases. The practice of inocu- count of the general advantages of this practice, lation is no more. Let these fcrupulous persons in case he should be susceptible of the infection. Dr say, whether, when God permits the discovery of Jurin inserted an ingenious paper in the Philof. preserving ourselves from an impending evil, he Tranf. in which he observes, that it is difficult to forbids our availing ourselves of that discovery: ascertain the exact number who die without have f he offers us a remedy, it is offending him to re- ing the small-pox; but that, of all the children ject it. III.“ The decrees of God have fixed the who are born, there will some time or other die commission of every disease, and our precautions of the small.pox one in 14; and that of persons of canot prevent what he hath determined.” Though all ages taken ill of the small-pox, there will die it is true that our days are determined, yet it is thereby two in eleven. From a table of burials it God's revealed will, and not his secret purposes, appears, that in Edinburgh and St Cuthbert's pawhich we are to regard as the rule of duty. God rish, during ten years, about one-tenth died of the has required of us to have a tender regard to our small-pox, As it cannot be known that any inlives; and those who disobey him herein are guilty dividual is exempted from it, his hazard of dying of a degree of self-murder. Besides, God, who of that diftemper, being made up of the hazard has ordained the end, has also determined the of having it, and the hazard of dying of it if he means leading to it. See Acts xxvii. 31. IV. has it, wil be exactly the same, viz. that of one " The patient may die ; and then his last moments in 8 or 9. Upon an investigation of the number of are diftrefled, aod the future reflections of his persons afflicted with the natural small-pox, in fe. friends arę grievous.” This objection leads many reral towns, during one year, it appeared that orar : near one in five died; whereas of 82-perfons who were inoculated in thefe places in the fame year, not one died. VIII." It endangers others." As very few now escape the fmall-pox, it must fooner or later come to every place; therefore, if a much greater number lofe their lives by the natural than by the artificial infection, it is of more fervice to introduce the small-pox in a favourable way and feason, than paffively to allow it to deftroy multitudes. As to fpreading the difeafe by introducing inoculation, it is of little confequence; for inoculating where the difeafe does not already exift, is differently circumftanced from this practice, where it already prevails in the natural way; the quantity of the circumambient contagion is lefs, or the fame extent of atmosphere is lefs impregnated with the infectious principles from Inoculated patients, than when it naturally prevails, or the fame num ber of people received it in the natural way. The moft plaufible objector on this account is Dr Raft, of Lyons, in France. From his review of the bills of mortality in and about London, he obferves, "that more have died by the fmall pox in London, fince the introduction of inoculation, than in the fame time preceding that period, in confequence of the difeafe, thereby being more univerfally extended and propagated." But to this, Dr Lettfom most fatisfactorily replies, "that the late increase of burials cannot depend upon the practice of inoculation, under which, though it is a rare thing to hear of a fatal cafe, but rather upon the innovation introduced in the treatment of the natural small-pox of expofing the patients to the open air, and a lefs referved intercourse among the community. Add to this the improvements in medicine in various inftances, the police of the city, &c. which by preferving many lives occafion more fubjects for the fmall-pox, and confequently à proportional increase of deaths by this difeafe, many of thefe who are preferved by thefe improvements not being favoured with the advantage of inoculation. Befides the care taken in and about London to prevent inconvenience from inoculation, &c. it should be remembered, that the increasing acceffion of young perfons to the capital from the country, easily accounts for the increase of 19 deaths in 1000, more than for merly happened." See a Defence of Inoculation, in Dr Lettfom's Medical Memoirs. (7.) INOCULATION, SUPERIOR ADVANTAGES OF, TO THE NATURAL INFECTION. Though no difeafe, after it is formed, baffles the powers of medicine more than the small-pox yet more may be done before-hand to render this disease favourable than in any other we know. The artificial method of producing the fmall-pox, has almoft ftripped it of its terrors; in general, has rendered its afpect mild, its progrefs uniforin, and nearly without hazard to the patient. Mr Mudge, in his Differtation on the inoculated Small-pox, enumerates the following fources of danger from this disease, viz. 1. The patient's conftitution. 2. The propensity of the patient to be infected. 3. The manner or mode of the infection being communicated. 4. The conftitution of the air at the time of infection. And it is the advantage of inocula tion, if prudently conducted, almost totally to exempt its fubjects from the disadvantages attendant on all thefe fources. I.“ Refpecting the habit of body, or ftate of the patient's conftitution at the time of infection." Conftitutional or habitual diseases, in general, do not interfere with the course of the fmall-pox, whether in its natural or its artificial progrefs; such as scorbutic eruptions on the fkin, ftrumous complaints, itch, fcabby eruptions, excoriated ears, &c. The variolous matter is therefore a poifon fui generis, noway af fected by thefe taints of the juices, or what is ufually called a bad habit of body; or at leaft fo inconfiderably, as not to deprive fuch patients of any of the advantages of inoculation. But the cafe is much reverfed with respect to fome accidental difeafes. E. gr. If on the attack of the fmall-pox, the habit or its attending circumftances tend to inflammation, or, on the contrary, to a putrid acrimony, the eruptive fever in thefe aggravated states will load the body with variolous matter, or produce puftules of a very unfavourable kind; in either of these cafes (not to enumerate more) the patient will moft probably be feverely affected. But inoculated fubjects may be infected when the constitution is in the beft condition to combat with the difeafe; if either of thofe indifpofitions are attendant, or any other which usually endangers, they may foon be reftrained or removed. II. "The different degrees of propenfity in the patient, at different times, to be infected." That different quantities of matter are produced in different perfons in the process of the disease, we find true in fact; and there is the ftrongeft reafon to believe, that, previous to infection, the quantity of the variolous matter, or rather that principle in the conftitution, which eventually produces it, ebbs and flows, is more or lefs vigorous at different times in the fame fubject, under various combinations of circumftances. There are inftances, where the patient who hath withstood at one time all the ordinary means of infection, nay, who has induftriously, but ineffectually, fought it; yet at another has had a small-pox fo malignant in appearance and effect, that the whole body has been converted into an offenfive vario lous putrefcence. If the degree of propenfity to receive infection was always the fame, it would be inconceivable that any one could pafs unaffected when the fmall-pox became epidemic. From whatever caufes, however, this propenfity may arife, it is moft reasonable to affert, that the increafe or decrease of this principle takes place ac cording as the small-pox is epidemic or not. During the continuance of any contagious epidemic difeafe, we always find that thofe conftitutions which are moft congenial with that character, are peculiarly obnoxious to the correfponding diftem per. And we may conclude, that when the con ftitution of a perfon not past the small-pox, is most faturated with the variolous principle, he is then particularly fubject to infection. Again, it is not only undoubted, that the variolous principle fubfifts in the conftitutions of perfons not paft the fmall-pox, but it is more than probable that a part of this principle is produced by the eruptive fever and the reft of the variolous procefs. We find that during the epidemic tendency, those who have not paffed the disease, are more open to con tagion than in other conftitutions of air, when the fmall fmall-pox is not epidemic, and is confequently a contagious fomes, yet there is, by the agency of the former, fuch an alteration made, and propenfity brought on the animal juices, as is effentially neceffary to continue the existence of the disease. Variolous contagion produces its effects by the actual application of its poifon, either externally, through the medium of the fkin; or internally, to the gullet, ftomach, and guts, in the act of de glutition: or laftly, to the lungs, in the act of refpiration. Though there may be a poffible ad miffion of the poisonous miafmata into the confti tution through the fkin, from the principle of abforption; yet the poifon very feldom, if ever, exerts its influence upon the habit in this manner: poffibly by a local actual application of the grofs matter lodged in the clothes, or otherwise, con, veyed, the diftemper may fometimes be produced by a kind of inoculation, and then the diforder will probably be favourable. But when the pois fon, in a more dilute state, only floats in or impreg nates the air, it feldom enters the pores of the fkin and poifons by way of abforption; for the degrees of activity in which this power is exerted, are moft probably in proportion to the aids the conftitution may stand in need of from it. How ever, it is more than probable that the ordinary mode of infection is by the lungs, which, from their structure, they are well calculated to receive, to entangle, and to retain. When either the lungs or the ftomach are firft infected by the infectious effluvia, it is most reasonable to believe, that these noble parts, together with the fauces, glottis, wind-pipe, and gullet, will frequently labour un der a greater load of puftules than the external furface of the body: for it is obferved, that when the patient is infected artificially, the parts to which the poifon is applied fuffer in a greater degree than the more diftant; and that the cir cumjacent skin, to some extent, is filled with puf tules. From this particular application of the morbid matter to the fauces, &c. it is probable, that the large difcharge of faliva, &c. arifes, which characterizes the confluent fmall-pox in adults; and as children swallow this faliva, it excites a diarrhoea, which insthem answers to the spitting in thofe more aged. When the internal parts are oppreffed with puftules, there is no interval between the eruptive and the fubfequent symptomatic fever; and the suffering which the patient labours under from a generally inflamed skin,, heightened by the difeafed condition of the nobler parts, perpetuates the firft fever. This informs us, that all is not fo well within, as otherwise the external appearances might have induced us to believe; but that the nobler parts are rendered un fit for the purposes of life, at leaft are labouring and lagging behind in the procefs, for that, they have not kept pace with the apparent ftate of the difeafe on the furface of the body: this fome have fuppofed to be the true general caufe of the fecondary fever, under which the patient, if he finks, dies peripneumonic. These consequences frequently attend the infection received in the natural way; and, if fuperadded to thefe, the unhappy fituation of thofe defcribed under the firft and fecond fources of danger attends the patient, the diforder will be proportionably aggravated, and the chance of life leffened. But here again inoculation orders fubfequent to the natural are very rarely obferved after the artificial small-pox. 6. It effectually removes all juft grounds of fear; a paffion very injurious in this disease. 7. Soldiers, failors, and all who would appear abroad, or in public offices, are freed from every anxiety and hazard attendant on the natural small-pox. 8. Servants; women with children at their breafts, pregnant women, magiftrates, phyficians, &c. are all freed from the most diftreffing embarraffment, by conformity to inoculation. See MEDICINE. (8.) INOCULATION, VACCINE, or a new INOCULATION WITH THE COW-POX, fpecies of inoculation, recently difcovered by Dr Jenner, and thence called also the JENNERIAN INOCULATION, (See that article), whereby the small-pox, with all its direful confequences, is prevented, not by introducing the variolous matter into the fyftem in a mild form, as described above, but by introducing matter into the system of quite a different kind, taken from the puftules which appear upon the udders of cows, and which ferves as a perpetual antidote against that fatal disease. See MEDICINE, $96. * INOCULATOR. n.. [from inoculate.] 1! One that practises the inoculation of trees. 2. One who propagates the fmall-pox by inoculation. Had John a Gaddefden been now living, he would have been at the head of the inoculators. Friend's Hiftory of Phyfick. *INODORATE. adj. [in and odoratus, Lat.] Having no scent.-Whites are more inodorate than flowers of the fame kind coloured. Bacon's Natu ral Hiftory." Inoculation relieves; for by this mode the virus is applied to the external furface of the body, fo that the whole conftitution (excepting the part immediately furrounding the wound) being affet ted uniformly, the process of the disease is regu larly carried on; and the nobler parts not being particularly affected by a partial application of the variolous fomes to their furface, have no diftrefs to proclaim by a fecondary fever, which therefore is fcarcely ever feen in inoculated patients. IV. "The conftitution of the air at the time of infection." A powerful fource of difficulty and danger in the natural small-pox is, the malignant influence of the air at fome feasons, and particular. ly if it happens at the time of receiving the infection. If this concurs with one or more of the other fources, how dreadful the devaftation! Whether this constitution of the air produces its deleterious effects by heightening the natural malignity of the infecting poifon, or acts on the conftitution itself, fo as to render the effects of conta gion more peculiarly fatal, the confequence of this state of the air is the fame. The general characters of a morbid ftate of the air are the inflammatory and putrid; and it is uniformly observed, that whenever a perfon is attacked with a fever under either of these prevailing difpofitions, it never fails to imprefs its character upon the difeafe. But here also inoculation affords the most benign influence. The judicious practitioner does not expofe his patient to the pernicious effects of an air that can ftamp its baneful character op the fmall-pox, but choofes the feafon beft calculated for the safety and welfare of his patient; and hence we rarely fee the influence of this evil fource attendant on the artificial difeafe. Having feen, that from the influence of one or more of these four fources of difficulty and danger, but efpeci ally from their union, will refult a natural small pox, complicated with horrors not lefs to be dreaded than the plague; how ineftimable inuft appear that favour of Providence, inoculation, by which we are freed from the formidable attend ants of this disease, and by which the diforder is rendered mild, and in general lefs hazardous than a common cold! From attention to the above fources of ill in the natural fmall-pox, we perceive with fufficient satisfaction, the many inftances of relief and fecurity which generally we avail our felves of by inoculation. 1. It faves the lives of most who are its fubjects. From a general calcu⚫ lation, it appears, that in the hospitals for smallpox and inoculation, 72 die out of 400 patients, in the natural way, and only one out of this number when inoculated. 2. It leffens the affliction from both the degree and the number of ill fymp. toms, even when it proves fatal. It leffens the number of puftules; and, by moderating the virulence of the disease, the marks on the face are not fo deep. 3. It is extremely rare that the se. condary fever attends it; a fymptom productive of much suffering, if the patient is happy enough to escape with life. 4. It produces the disease under the feweft difadvantages, and favours with forefight to prevent many ills not to be guarded againft in the natural fmall-pox. 5. Inftead of communicating other disorders with it, many dif ༤༽ INODORATION, n. f. deprivation of scent. See INOCULATION, S. * INODOROUS. adj. [inodorus, Lat.] Wanting fcent; not affecting the nofe.-The white of an egg is a viscous, unactive, infipid, inodorous liquor. Arbuthnot on Aliments. INOFFENSIVE. adj. [in and offenfive.] 1. Giving no fcandal; giving no provocation.-A ftranger, inoffenfive, unprovoking. Fleetwood— However offenfive we may be in other parts of our conduct, if we are found wanting in this trial of our love, we shall be difowned by God as trai tors. Rogers. 2. Giving no uneasiness; causing ho terror. Should infants have taken offence at any thing, mixing pleasant and agreeable vappearances with it, muft be used, 'till it be grown inoffenfive to them. Locke. 3. Harmless; hurtlefs; inno cent.→ For drink the grape She crushes, inoffenfive most. Milton. With whate'er gall thou fet'ft thyself to write, Thy inoffenfive fatires never bite. Dryden. Hark, how the cannon, inoffenfive now, Gives figns of gratulation. Phillips. 4. Unembarraffed without stop or obstruction. A Latin mode of speech.— From hence a paffage broad, Smooth, eafy, inoffenfive, down to hell. Milton. INOFFENSIVELY. adv. [from insffenfive.] Without appearance of harm. * INOFFENSIVENESS: n. f. [from inoffen five.] Harmleffnefs; freedom from appearance of harm. • INOPINATE. adj. [inopinatus, Lat. inapine, Fr.] Not expected. INOPPORTUNE. adj. [inopportunus, Lat.] Unfeafonable; inconvenient. INOR, a town of France, in the dept. of the Meufe; 24 miles W. of Montmedy, and 3 N. of Stenay. INOFFICIOUS. adj. [in and officious. Not (1.) INQUEST. n. f. [enquefte, French; incivil; not attentive to the accommodation of quifitio, Latin.] 1. Judicial inquiry or examiothers. nation. What confufion of face fhall we be under, when that grand inqueft begins; when an account of our opportunities of doing good, and a particular of our ufe or mifufe of them, is given in? Atterbury. 2. [In law.] The inquest of jurors, or by jury, is the most usual trial of all caufes, both civil and crimmal: for in civil causes, after proof is made on either fide, fo much as each part thinks good for himself, if the doubt be in the fact, it is referred to the difcretion of twelve in different men, impanelled by the theriff; and as they bring in their verdict, fo judgment paf fes: for the judge faith, the jury finds the fact thus; then is the law thus, and fo we judge. Cowel. 3. Inquiry; fearch; ftudy. This is the laborious and vexatious inqueft that the foul muft make after science. South. INORDINACY. n. f. [from inordinate.] Irregularity; diforder. It is fafer to use inordination-They become very finful by the excefs, which were not fo in their nature: that inordina9 fets them in oppofition to God's defignation. Government of the Tongue. (1.) INORDINATE. adj. [in and ordinatus, Lat.] Irregular; diforderly; deviating from right. Thefe people were wifely brought to allegiance; but being straight left unto their own inordinate fe, they forgot what before they were taught. Spenfer on Ireland. Thence raife At laft diftemper'd, difcontented thoughts; Vain hopes, vain arms, inordinate defires, Blown up with high conceits engend'ring pride. Milton. -From inordinate love and vain fear comes all unpetnefs of spirit. Taylor's Guide to Devotion. (1)INORDINATE PROPORTION. See PROPOR TION. *INORDINATELY. adv. [from inordinate.] imegularly; not rightly.-As foon as a man defires any thing inordinately, he is presently disquicted in himself. Taylor. INORDINATENESS. n. f. [from inordinate.] Want of regularity; intemperance of any kind. INORDINATION. n. f. [from inordinate.] Irregularity; deviation from right.-Schoolmen and cafuifts, having too much philofophy to clear Alie from that intrinfic inordination and deviabon from right reafon, inherent in the nature of held that a lie was abfolutely and univerfally Spful South. INORGANICAL. adj. [in and organical.] Toid of organs or inftrumental parts.-We come the loweft and the moft inorganical parts of matter. TINOSCULATE. v. n. [in and ofculum To unite by appofition or contact.-This Ich conjugation of nerves is branched by inofculawith nerves. Derham's Phyfico-Theology. (1) INOSCULATION. n. . [from inofcuUnion by conjunction of the extremities.The almoft infinite ramifications and inofculations all the feveral forts of veffels may easily be deed by glaffes. Ray: 1)INOSCULATION. See ANASTOMOSIS. INOWLADISLAW, JUNGENLESLAW, a NOWOCZA, or town of Poland, in he Palatinate of Uladinlaw, 26 miles W. of Ula-. INOWLODZ, a town of Poland, in Lenczizc. INOWSLADISLOW, a ftrong town of Poland, pital of Cujavia, with a fort and a palace where the bishop of Cujavia refides. It is 39 miles NE. of Gnefna, and go W. of Warfaw. Lon. 18. 50. E Lat. $2. 58. N. VOL. XII. PART I. (2.) INQUEST. See CORONER. INQUIETI. See ACADEMY, XIII. No 4. * INQUIETUDE. n.f. [inquietude, Fr. inquietudo, inquietus, Lat.] Difturbed ftate; want of quiet; attack on the quiet.-Having had fuch experience of his fidelity and obfervance abroad, he found himself engaged in honour to fupport him at home from any farther inquietude. Wotton.Iron, that has ftood long in a window, being thence taken, and by a cork balanced in water, where it may have a free mobility, will bewray a kind of inquietude and discontentment 'till it attain the former pofition. Wotton. The youthful hero, with returning light, Rofe anxious from th' inquietudes of night. Pope: * TO INQUINATE. v. a. [inquino, Lat.] To pollute; to corrupt.-An old opinion it was, that the ibis feeding upon ferpents, that venomous food fo inquinated their oval conceptions, that they fometimes came forth in ferpentine shapes. Brown. * INQUINATION. n. f. [inquinatio, Latin, from inquinate.] Corruption; pollution.-Their caufes and axioms are fo full of imagination, and fo infected with the old received theories, as they are mere inquinations of experience, and concoct it not. Bacon.-The middle action, which produceth fuch imperfect bodies, is fitly called by fome of the ancients inquination, or inconcoction, which is a kind of putrefaction. Bacon. * INQUIRABLE. adj. [from inquire.] That of which inquifition or inqueft may be made. (1.) * To INQUIRE. v. a. [enquirer, French; inquiro, Lat.] 1. To afk about; to feek out: as, he inquired the way. 2. To call; to name. Obfolete. Canute had his portion from the reft, 3. It is now more commonly written enquire. You have oft inquir'd After the shepherd that complain'd of love. Shak. We will call the damfel, and inquire at her mouth. Gen. Herod inquired of them diligently. Matt. They began to inquire among themfelves," Bb which |