King's ordinary court, and sometimes to the court chriftian, to stay proceeding. Cowell. (2.) INJUNCTION, in law, a writ generally grounded upon an interlocutory order or decree out of the court of chancery or exchequer, fome. times to give poffeffion to the plaintiff, for want of the defendant's appearance; fometimes to the king's ordinary court, and fometimes to the court chriftian, to stop proceedings in a caufe, upon fuggeftion made, that the rigour of the law, if it take place, is againft equity and confcience in that cafe, that the complainant is not able to make his defence in these courts, for want of witneffes, &c. or that they act erroneously, denying him fome juft advantage. The writ of injunction is directed not only to the party himself, but to his counfellors, attorneys, and folicitors; and if any attorney, after having been ferved with an injunction, proceeds contrary to it, the court of chancery will commit him to the Fleet for contempt. But if an injunction be granted by the court of chancery in a criminal matter, the court of king's bench may break it, and protect any that proceed in contempt of it. To INJURE. v. a. [injurer, Fr. injuria, Lat.] 1. To hurt unjustly; to mifchief undefervedly; to wrong.-They injure by chance in a crowd, and without a defign; then hate always whom they have once injured. Temple. Forgiveness to the injur'd does belong; But they ne'er pardon who commit the wrong. Dryden. 1. To annoy; to affect with any inconvenience.Left heat should injure us, his timely care Hath unbefought provided. INJURER. n. f. [from injure.] He that hurts another unjustly; one who wrongs another. Ill deeds are well turn'd back upon their authors; Milton. And 'gainst an injurer, the revenge is juft. Ben fonfon. -The upright judge will countenance right, and discountenance wrong, whoever be the injurer or the fufferer. Atterb. * INJURIOUS. adj. [from injury; injurius, Lat. injurieux, Fr.] 1. Unjuft; invafive of another's rights. Till the injurious Roman did extort 1. Guilty of wrong or injury. Dryden. Yet beauty, though injurious, bath ftrange power, After offence returning, to regain Milton. 3. Mifchievous; unjustly hurtful.-Our repentance is not real, because we have not done what we can to undo our fault, or at least to hinder the injurious confequences of it from proceeding. Tillotson. 4. Detractory; contumelious; reproachful; wrongful.-A prifon, indeed injurious, becaufe a prifon, but elfe well teftifying affection, because in all refpects as commodious as a prifon can be. Sidney. It is natural for a man, by directing his prayers to an image, to fuppofe the being he prays to be reprefented by that image; which how injurious, how contumelious, muft it be to the glorious nature of God! South.-If injurious appellations were of any advantage to a caufe, what appellations would thofe deferve who endeavour to fow the feeds of fedition? Savift. * INJURIOUSLY. adv. [from injurious.] Wrongfully; hurtfully with injuftice, with contumely.-Nor ought he to neglect the vindication of his character, when it is injuriously attacked, Pope. * INJURIOUSNESS. . . [from injurious.] Quality of being injurious. Some miscarriages might efcape, rather through fudden neceffities of ftate, than any propenfity either to injuriousness or oppreffion. King Charles. (1.) INJURY. n. f. [injuria, Lat. injure, Fr.] 1. Hurt without juftice. The places were acquir. ed by just title of victory; and therefore in keep. ing of them no injury was offered. Hayward.Riot afcends above their loftieft tow'rs, And injury and outrage. Milton. 2. Mifchief; detriment. Many times we do injury to a caufe by dwelling upon trifling arguments. Watts. 3. Annoyance.— Great injuries mice and rats do in the fields. Mortimer. 4. Contumelious language; reproachful appellation. A French mode of fpeech, not now in ufe.-Cafting off the refpects fit to be continued between great kings, he fell to bitter invectives against the French king; and fpake all the injuries he could devife of Charles. Bacon. (2.) INJURY, in law, any wrong done to a man's perfon, reputation, or goods. See ASSAULT, $ 1 and 2. * INJUSTICE. n. f. [injustice, Fr. injuftitia, Lat.] Iniquity; wrong.-Cunning men can be guilty of a thousand injuftices without being dif covered, or at least without being punished. Swift. (r.) * INK. n. f. lenere, Fr. inchiostro, Italian.] 1. The black liquor with which men write. Mourn boldly, my ink; for while she looks upon you, your blacknefs will fhine. Sidney.O! fhe's fallen Into a pit of ink, that the wide fea Shak, Intending to have try'd Waller In ink the fhining point I dy'd, And drench'd it in the fable wave, -Vitriol is the active or chief ingredient in ink, and no other falt will strike the colour with galls. Brown. I have found pens blacked almoft all over when I had a while carried them about me in a filver ink cafe. Bogle.-The fecretary poured the ink box all over the writings, and fo defaced them. Howel.-He that would live clear of envy muft lay his finger upon his mouth, and keep his hand out of the ink pot. L'Etrange.-I could hardly reftrain them from throwing the ink bottle at one another's heads. Arbuthnot. 2. Ink is ufed for any liquor with which they write: as, red ink; green ink. (2.) INK, (§ 1. def. 1.) is generally made of an infufion of galls, vitriolated iron or copperas, and gum-arabic. The properties which ink ought to to have are, 1. To flow freely from the pen, and fink a little into the paper, that the writing be not eafily discharged. 2. A very deep, black colour, which thould be as deep at firft as at any time afterwards. 3. Durability, fo that the writing may not be fubject to decay by age. 4. Ink fhould be deftitute of any corrofive quality, that it may not deftroy the paper, or go through it in fuch a manner as to render the writing illegible. No kind of ink, however, has yet appeared which is poffeffed of all thefe qualities. The ink ufed by the ancients was poffeffed of the 2d, 3d, and 4th of thefe qualities, but wanted the firft. Dr Lewis difcovered its compofition from fome paffages in ancient authors. Pliny and Vitruvius (fays he) exprefsly mention the preparation of foot, or what we now call lamp-black, and the compofition of writing ink from lamp-black and gum. Diofcorides is more particular, setting down the proportions of the two ingredients, viz. 3 oz. of the foot to one of the gum. It feems the hixture was formed into cakes or rolls; which being dried in the fun, were occafionally tempered with water, as the cakes of Indian ink are among us for painting." thinking that the ancient inks were compofed of foot or ivory black, instead of the galls, copperas, and gums, which form the compofition of ours. Befides their black, inks, however, the ancients ufed various other colours, as red, gold and filver, purple, &c. Green ink was frequently used in Latin M8S. efpecially in the latter ages; and it was frequently employed in fignatures by the guardians of the Greek emperors, till their wards were of age. Blue or yellow ink was feldom used except in MSS.; " but (fays Mr Aftle) the yellow has not been much in ufe, as far as we can learn, thefe 600 years." Some kinds of characters, particularly the metallic, were burnished. Wax was ufed by the Latins and Greeks as a varnish, but especially by the former, and particularly in the 9th century. It continued a long time in vogue. A Treatise upon Inks was published by Peter Caniparius, profeffor of medicine at Venice; of which an edition was printed at London in 1660. It is divided into fix parts. The firft treats of inks made from pyrites, ftones, and metals; the 2d of fuch as are made from metals and catces; the 3d from foots and vitriols; the 4th of the different kinds of inks used by the librarii or (3) INK, DELAVAL'S METHOD OF MAKING. In book-writers, by printers, and engravers; likeMr Delaval's Treatife on Colours, p. 37. he acquaints wife of ftaining or writing upon marble, fucco, us, that with an infufion of galls and iron filings, or fcaliolia, and of encauftic modes of writing; alhe had not only made an exceedingly black and fo of liquids for painting or colouring leather, and durable ink, but by its means, without the ad- linen or woollen cloths; reftoring inks decayed dition of any acid, dyed filk and woollen cloth by time; together with many methods of effaof a good and lafting black. This kind of ink, cing writing, reftoring decayed paper, and different however, though the colour is far fuperior to that modes of fecret writing. The sth treats of writof any other, is very eafily discharged, either by the ing inks made in different countries from gums, imalleft quantity of any acid, or even by fimple woods, the juices of plants, &c. as well of difwater; because it doth not penetrate the paper ferent kinds of varnishes. The 6th treats of the fuch a manner as is neceffary to preferve it different methods of extracting vitriol, and the from the inftantaneous action of the acid or of the chemical ufes of it. Weckerus, in his treatise De water. During the action of the infufion of galls Secretis, printed at Bafil in 1612, mentions a numpon the iron in making this kind of ink, a very ber of curious particulars concerning ink. He confiderable effervefcence takes place, and a quan- gives alfo receipts for making gold and filver inks, tity of air is discharged, the nature of which hath compofed both with thefe metals and without not yet been examined. them; directions for making inks for secret writing, and for defacing them; though in this last part there are many particulars bordering too much on the marvellous. (4) INK, DIFFERENT KINDS AND COLOURS 07 ANCIENT. Since the invention of printing, much less attention than formerly has been paid to the making of ink, so that now the art seems to be in a great meafure loft. This appears from comparison of fome ancient MSS. with the writ ngs of modern times. It being of the utmost importance, however, that public records, wills, and other valuable papers, which cannot admit of beprinted, should be written with ink of a durable quality, this inattention feems to have been very culpable, and a restoration of the method of making writing ink a very valuable acquifition. The neceffity (fays Mr Aftle, in his Origin of Alphabetical Writing) of paying greater attention to this matter may readily be feen, by comparing the rolls and records that have been written from the 15th century to the end of the 17th, with the writings we have remaining of various writings from the 5th to the 12th centuries. Notwithfading the fuperior antiquity of the latter, they are in excellent prefervation; but we frequently find the former, though of more modern date, fo much defaced that they are fcarcely legible. This author agrees with Dr Lewis in (5.) INK, DR BLACK'S RECEIPT FOR MAKING. The following method is recommended by Dr Black in his lectures: "Take powdered galls, 3 ounces; logwood shavings and vitriolated iron, of each one ounce; water from two to three pints, according to the degree of ftrength required for the ink. Before the boiling is finished, throw in half an ounce of gum arabic, and when it is dif folved ftrain the liquor." As a means of preferving the ink from mould, Dr Black directs about a quarter of an ounce of spirit of wine to be added, and likewife a little powdered cloves ground in a mortar with a little of the ink. (6.) INK, DR LEWIS'S EXPERIMENTS ON THE COMPOSITION AND DURABILITY OF. The durability of ink is a property of fuch importance, that Dr Lewis thought the fubject worthy of his attention. From various experiments he infers, that the decay of inks is chiefly owing to a defi ciency of galls; that the galls are the most perishable ingredient, the quantity of thefe, which gives the greateft blacknefs at firft, and which is about equal equal parts with the vitriol, being infofficient to maintam the colour; that, for a durable ick, the quantity of galls cannot be much lefs than three times that of the vitriol; that it cannot be much greater without leffening the blacknefs of the ink; that by diminishing the quantity of water, the ink is rendered blacker and more durable; that diftilled water, rain water, and hard spring water, have the fame effects; that white wine produces a deeper black colour than water; that the colour produced by vinegar is deeper than that by wine; that proof spirit extracts only a reddish brown tinge; that the laft mentioned tincture finks into, and fpreads upon, the paper; and hence the impropriety of adding spirit of wine to ink, as is frequently directed, to prevent mouldinefs or freezing; that other aftringents, as oak bark, biftort, floe bark, &c. are not fo effectual as galls, nor give fo good a black, the colour produced by most of thefe, excepting oak bark, being greenish; that the juice of floes does not produce a black colour with martial vitriol; but that nevertheless, the writing made with it becomes black, and is found to be more durable than common ink; that inks made with faturated folutions of iron in nitrous, marine, or acetous acids, in tartar, or in lemon juice, were much inferior to the ink made with martial vitriol; that the colour of ink is depraved by adding quicklime, which is done with an intention of deftroying any fuper. abundant acid, which may be fuppofed to be the caufe of the lofs of the colour of the ink; that the beft method of preventing the effects of this fuperabundant acid, is probably by adding pieces of iron to engage it; and that this conjecture is confirmed by an inftance the author had ⚫ heard, of the great durability of the colour of an ink in which pieces of iron had been long immerfed; and lastly, that a decoction of logwood ufed inftead of water, fenfibly improves both the beauty and deepnefs of the black, without difpofing it to fade. He adds that the addition of gum arabic is not only useful, by keeping the colour ing matter fufpended in the fluid, but also by preventing the ink from fpreading, by which means a greater quantity of it is collected on each stroke of the pen. Sugar, which is fometimes added to ink, is found to be much less effectual than gums, and to have the inconvenience of preventing the drying of the ink. The colour of ink is greatly injured by keeping the ink in veffels made of copper or lead, and probably of any other metal, excepting iron, which the vitriolic acid can diffolve. The foregoing experiments point out the beft proportions of the ingredients for ink. One part of green vitriol, one part of powdered logwood, and three parts of powdered galls. The beft menftruum appears to be vinegar or white wine, though for common ufe water is fufficient. If the ink be required to be of a full colour, a quart, or at moft three pints, of liquor, may be allowed to 3 oz. of galls, and to one ounce of each of the other two ingredients. Half an ounce of gum may be added to each pint of the liquor. The ingredients may be all put together at once in a convenient veffel, and well fhaken 4 or 5 times each day. In 10 or 12 days the ink will be fit for ufe, though it will improve by remaining longer on the ingredients. Or it may be made more expeditiously, by adding the gum and vi triol to a decoction of galls and logwood in the menftruum. To the ink, after it has been feparated from the feculencies, fome coarfe powder of galls, from which the fine duft has been fifted, together with one or two pieces of iron, may be added, by which its durability will be fecured. In fome attempts made by the Doctor to endow writing ink with the great durability of that of the ancients, as well as the properties which it has at prefent; he firft thought of ufing animal glues, and then of oily matters. "I mixed both lamp black (fays he) and ivory black with folution of gum arabic, made of fuch confiftence as juft to flow fufficiently from the pen. The lquors wrote of a fine black colour; but when dry, part of the colour could be rubbed off, efpecially in moift weather, and a pencil dipped in water washed it away entirely. I tried folutions of the animal glues with the fame event. Hinglass or fith glue being the moft difficultly diffoluble of thefe kinds of bodies, I made a decoction of it in water, of fuch ftrength that the liquot concreted into a jelly before it was quite cold: with this jelly, kept fluid by fufficient heat, I mixed fome ivory black: characters drawn with this mixture on paper bore rubbing much better than the others, but were discharged without much difficulty by a wet pencil. It was now fufpected, that the colour could not be fufficiently fixed on paper without an oily cement. As oils themselves are made mifcible with watery fluids by the intervention of gum, I mixed fome of the fofter painters varnifh, after mentioned, with about half its weight of a thick mucilage of gum arabic, working them well together in a mortar till they united into a fmooth uniform mafs: this was beaten with lamp black, and fome water added by little and little, the rubbing being continued till the mixture was diluted to a due confiftence for writ ing. It wrote freely, and of a full brownish black colour: the characters could not be discharged by rubbing, but water washed them out, though not near fo readily as any of the foregoing. Inftead of the painters varnish or boiled oil, I mixed raw linfeed oil in the fame manner with mucilage and lamp black; and on diluting the mixture with water, obtained an ink not greatly different from the other. Though thefe oily mixtures anfwered better than thofe with fimple gums or glues, it was apprehended that their being difchargeable by water would render them unfit for the pur pofes intended. The only way of obviating this imperfection appeared to be, by, ufing a paper which fhould admit the black liquid to fink a little into its fubftance. Accordingly I took fome of the more finking kinds of paper, and common paper made damp as for printing; and had the fatisfaction to find, that neither the oily nor the fimple gummy mixture fpread upon them to much as might have been expected, and that the characters were as fixed as could be defired, for they could not be washed out without rubbing c part of the fubftapce of the paper itfelf. But a further improvement may yet be made, namely. that of uniting the ancient and moderu inks toge ther; or ufing the common vitriolic ink inftead of water; water, for tempering the ancient mixture of gum and lamp black. By this method it should feem that the writings would have all the durability of thole of former times, with all the advantage that refults from the vitriolic ink fixing itself in the paper. Even where the common vitriolic mixture is depended on for the ink, it may in many cafes be improved by a small addition of the ancient compofition, or of the common Indian ink which anfwers the fame purpose: when the vitriolic ink is dilute, and flows fo pale from the pen, that the fine ftrokes, on firft writing, are fcarcely viable, the addition of a little Indian ink is the teadieft means of giving it the blue darkness. By this admixture it may be prefumed also that the vitriolic ink will be made more durable, the Indian ink in fome measure covering it, and defend. ing it from the action of the air. In all cafes, where Indian ink or other fimilar compofitions are employed, cotton fhould be ufed in the inktand, as already mentioned, to prevent the fet tling of the black powder.” (7.) INK, INDIAN. See INDIAN INK.' (8.) INK, METHOD OF RESTORING, WHEN DECAYED. In the Philof. Tranf. for 1787, Dr Blagden gives fome account of a method of reftoring decayed ink fo as to render it legible. His experiments originated from a converfation with Mr Afle, on the queftion, whether the inks made 8 orto centuries ago, and which are found to have preferved their colour very well, were made of the fame materials now employed or not? To decide the queftion, Mr Aftle furnished the Doctor with feveral MSS. on parchment and vellum from the gth to the 15th centuries inclufively. Some of thofe were ftill very black; others of different hades, from a deep yellowish brown to a very pale yellow in fome parts fo faint that it could Icarcely be feen. This was tried with fimple and phlogiticated alkalies, the mineral acids, and infusion of galls. From thefe experiments it appeared, that the ink anciently employed was of the fame nature as at prefent: the letters turned of a mddifh or yellowish brown with alkalies, became pale, and were at length obliterated by the dilute mineral acids. The drop of acid liquor, which had been put upon a letter, changed to a deep blue or green on the addition of phlogifticated alkali; with an infufion of galls, in fome cafes the letters acquired a deep tinge, in others a flight e. Hence (fays the Doctor) it is evident that e of the ingredients was iron, which there is no afon to doubt was joined with the vitriolic acid; ad the colour of the more perfect MSS. which fome was a deep black, and in others a purplish black, together with the reftitution of that colour thofe which had loft it by the infufion of galls, ficiently proved that another of the ingredients wa aftringent matter, which from hiftory appears to have been that of galls. No trace of a black pient of any fort was difcovered; the drop of aid, which had completely extracted a letter, apang of an uniform pale and ferruginous colour, without an atom of black powder, or other extreous matter floating in it." As this account en very materially from that of Mr Aftle, (fee 4) fo the reafon given for the continuance of VOL. XII. PARTI. the colours differs no lefs. This, fays Dr Blagden, "feems to depend very much on a better preparation of the material upon which the writing was made, namely the parchment or vellum; the blackeft letters being generally thofe which had funk into it the deepest. Some degree of effervefcence was commonly to be perceived when acids were in contact with the furface of thefe old vellams. I was led, however, to suspect that the ancient inks contained rather a lefs proportion of iron than the more modern; for, in general, the tinge of colour produced by the phlogifticated alkali in the acid laid upon them, seemed lefs deep; which, however, might depend in part upon the length of time they had been kept: and perhaps more gum was ufed in them, or they were washed over with fome kind of varnish, though not fuch as gave any glofs." Among the fpecimens with which our author was favoured by Mr Aftle, there was one which differed very materially from the reft. It was faid to be a MS. of the 15th century: the letters were of a full engrossing hand, angular, without any fine ftrokes, broad, and very black. None of the chemical folvents above mentioned feemed to produce any effect. Most of them feemed rather to make the letters blacker, probably by cleaning the surface; and the acids, after having been rubbed ftrongly upon the letters, did not ftrike any deeper tinge with the phlogifticated alkali. Nothing could obliterate these but what took off part of the vellum; when small rolls of a dirty matter were to be perceived. It is therefore unquestionable (fays the Doctor) that no iron was used in this ink; and, from its refiftance to the chemical folvents, as well as a certain clotted appearance in the letters when examined closely, and in fome places a flight degree of glofs, I have little doubt that they were formed of a footy or carbonaceous powder and oil, probably fomething like our prefent printer's ink; and am not without fufpicion that they were actually printed." On examining this MS. more fully, our author was convinced that it was really a part of a very ancient printed book. In confidering the methods of restoring the legibility of decayed writings, our author obferves, that perhaps one of the beft may be to join phlogifticated alkali with the calx of iron which remains; because the precipitate formed by thefe two fubftances greatly exceeds that of iron alone. On this fubject Dr Blagden difagrees with Mr Bergmann; but to bring the matter to a teft, the following experi ments were made: 1. The phlogifticated alkali was rubbed in different quantities upon the bare writing. This, in general, produced little effect; though, in a few inftances, it gave a bluish tinge to the letters, and increased their intenfity; "probably (fays the Doctor) where fomething of an acid nature had contributed to the diminution of their colour. 2. By adding, befides the alkali, a dilute mineral acid to the writing, our author found his expectations fully answered; the letters then changing quickly to a very deep and beautiful blue. It is but of little confequence whether the acid or phlogifticated alkali be first added; though upon farther confideration the Doctor inclined to begin with the alkali. The reafon is, 7 that which is a moft neceffary property, is effect obtained by fetting fire to the oil with which printing ink is made for a few moments, and extinguishing it by covering the veffel. It is to wash eafily off the types, by ufing foap: ingredient; and its working clean depends o having a proper degree of ftrength, which is a by a certain addition of rofin. A good deal, I ever, depends on the proportion of the ingred to each other; for if too much foap is added "ink will work very foul, and daub the types great degree. The fame thing will happen ufing too much black, at the fame time that the foap and black hinder the ink from dry while too much oil and rofin tear the paper, hinder it from washing off. The following rec has been found to make printing ink of a toler good quality. "Take a Scots pint of lintfeed and fet it over a pretty brifk fire in an iron or per veffel capable of holding three or four ti as much. When it boils ftrongly, and emi thick fmoke, kindle it with a piece of paper, immediately take the vellel off the fire. Let oil burn for about a minute; then extingui by covering the veffel; after it has grown pr cool, add 2 lb. of black rofin, and 1 lb. of t foap cut into thin flices. If the oil is very when the foap is added, almoft the whole mix will run over the veffel. The mixture is then again over the fire; and when the ingredients thoroughly melted, 1 lb. of lamp-black, previ ly put through a lawn-fieve, is to be stirred i it. The whole ought then to be ground o marble stone, or on a mill like the levigating mi Though the above receipt is greatly fuperior any hitherto publifhed, all of which are capit: deficient in not mentioning the neceflary ingre ents of rolin and foap; yet ink made in this m ner is inferior in point of colour, as well as m apt to daub the types and make an indiftinct i preflion, than fuch as is prepared by fome of th Who make the manufacture of this commod their employment; so that either a variation in t proportion of the ingredients, a nicety in the m ture, or fome additional ingredient, feems nec fary to bring it to the requifite perfection. that when the alkali is firft put on, the colour 'feems to spread lefs, and thus not to hurt the legibility of the writing fo much as would other wife be done. His method is to fpread the alkali thin over the writing with a feather, then to touch it as gently as poffible upon or nearly over the let ters with the diluted acid by means of a feather or bit of stick cut to a blunt point. The moment that the acid liquor is applied, the letters turn to a fine blue, beyond comparifon ftronger than the original trace of the letter; and by applying a bit of blotting paper to fuck up the fuperfluous liquid, we may in a great measure avoid the ftaining of the parchment: for it is this fuperfluous liquor which, absorbing part of the colouring matter from the letters, becomes a dye to what ever it touches. Care ought, however, to be taken not to allow the blotting paper to come in contact with the letters, becaufe the colouring matter may easily be rubbed off while foft and wet. Any one of the three mineral acids will answer the purpofe effectually: Dr Blagden commonly ufes the marine. But whichever of the three is ufed, it ought to be diluted fo far as not to be in danger of corroding the parchment; after which the degree of ftrength feems not to be a matter of great nicety. Another method of reftoring the legibility of old writings is by wetting them with an infufion of galls in white wine: but this is fubject to the fame inconvenience with the former, and is befides lefs efficacious. The Doctor is of opinion that the acid of the galls by itfelf would be better for the purpose than the infufion of the whole fubftance of them; and he thinks alfo that a preferable kind of phlogisticated alkali might be prepared, either by purifying the common kind from iron as much as poffible, or by making ufe of the volatile alkali inftead of the fixed. Mr Aftle mentions a method of reftoring the legibility of decayed writings; but fays that it ought not to be hazarded left a fufpicion of deceit fhould arife. (9.) INK, METHOD TO PREVENT FROM DECAYING. In the Monthy Review of this volume of the Philof. Tranf. for 1787, we find a method propofed, which feems very likely to anfwer this purpofe. It confifts in washing over the paper to be written upon with the colouring matter of Pruffian blue, which will not deprave it in colour, or any other refpect. By writing upon it with common ink afterwards, a ground of Pruffian blue is formed under every ftroke; and this remains strong after the black has been decayed by the weather, or destroyed by acids. Thus the ink will bear a larger proportion of vitriol at first, and will have the advantage of looking blacker when first written. (10.) INK, PRINTING, is totally different from that ufed in writing, as well as from Indian Ink. It is an oily compofition, of the confiftence of an ointment: the method of preparing it was long kept a fecret by thofe whofe employment it was to make it, and who were interested in concealing it; and even yet is but imperfectly known. The properties of good printing ink are, to work clean and eafily, without daubing the types, or tearing the paper; to have a fine black colour; to wash eafily off the types; to dry foon; and to preferve its colour, without turning brown. This laft, (11.) INK, PRITNING, FOR THE ROLLI PRESS, is made of lintfeed oil burnt in the far manner as that for common printing ink, and th mixed with Frankfort black, and finely groun There are no certain proportions which can determined in this kind of ink; every workm adding oil or black to his ink as he thinks prope in order to make it fuit his own tafte. Som however, 'mix a portion of common boiled o which has never been burnt: but this muft o ceffarily be a bad pratice, as fuch is apt to g through the paper; a fault very common in print efpecially if the paper is not very thick. No foa is added; because the ink is not cleared off fro the copperplates with alkaline ley, as in commo printing, but with a brush dipped in oil, (12.) INKS OF VARIOUS COLOURS, as red, bine green, yellow, &c. are also used in writing. Man different kinds of these inks may be prepared b the directions given under the article COLOUR MAKING. (13.) INKS, SYMPATHETIC, liquors with which a perfor |