Q. How are Verbs derived from other Parts of Speech? A. Many Subftantives, and fometimes Adjectives; and fometimes the other Parts of Speech become Verbs, by prefixing the Sign to before them, or by adding the Termination en to the Adjective; as, from a Houfe comes to house; from warm, to warm; from hard, to harden.

Q. Do not Subftantives come fometimes from Verbs?

A. Yes; almoft every Verb has fome Subftantive coming from it; for by the Addition of er to the Ending of the Prefent Tenfe, comes a Subftantive fignifying the Agent or Doer, which is therefore called a Verbal Noun; as, from to hear, comes a Hearer; from to carry, a Carrier.

Q. Are not Adjectives fometimes formed from Subftantives? A. Yes; 1. By adding the Termination y, are formed Adjectives of Plenty or of Abounding; as, from Health comes bealthy; from Wealth, wealthy.

2. By adding the Termination en, are formed Adjectives that fignify the Matter out of which any Thing is made; as, from Ah comes Afhen; from Birch, birchen; from Oak, oaken, &c. as, An oaken Stick. A birchen Broom.

3. By adding the Termination ful, are formed Adjectives, denoting Fulnefs; as, from Joy, comes joyful; from Youth, youthful; from Sin, finful; alfo from to abah, bashful, &c.

4. By adding the Termination fome, are formed Adjectives, denoting much the fame; as, from Trouble comes troublesome, from Game, gamefome, &c. tho' sometimes the e is left out.

5. By adding the Termination lefs, are formed Adjectives, fignifying Want; as, from Worth comes worthless; from Help, helpless; from Tooth, toothless, &c.

Note, The Jame Thing is alfo fignified by un or in, prefixed to Adjectives; as, pleafant, unpleasant, &c.

6. By adding the Termination ly, are formed Adjectives, which denote Likeness; as, from Man comes manly; from Good, goodly; allo from to fit comes fitly; from certain, certainly, &c.

7. By adding the Termination if, are formed Adjectives, denoting the fame Thing; as, from Wolf comes wolfish; from Child, childish; Sheep, sheepish; &c. Alfo from Book comes bookif; and from to tickle comes ticklife.

Note, 1. From Adjectives, by adding the fame Termination, are formed Adjectives diminutive; as, from Green comes greenish; Soft, foftish; Hard, hardish, &c.

2. There are alfo fome National Names which end in ish ; as, English, Spanish, Danish, &c. and in ic; as, Britannic, Germanic, Italic.

Q. By

Q. By what other Means are Words derived from their Primitives?

A. By adding -fhip, -dom, -rick, -wick, nefs, head, -hood. 1. Words ending in -fhip, denote, Office, Employment, or Condition; as, Stewardship, Fellowship, Lordship, &c.

2. Words ending in -dom, fignify Office or Charge with Power and Dominion, or without them; as, Popedom, Kingdom. Alfo

They fignify the State, Condition, Quality, Propriety,. and Place in which a Perfon exercises his Power; as,. Freedom, Thraldom, Whoredom, Wisdom, Dukedom, &c.

3. Words ending in -rick and -wick, denote Office and Dominion; as, Bishoprick, Bailywick.

Note, ment and -age are purely French Terminations, and have the fame Meaning with us as with them; and Scarce ever occur but in Words derived from that Language; as, Commandment, Ufage.

4. Subftantives ending in -nefs, fignify the Effence of the Thing; and are formed from Adjectives; as, from white comes Whiteness; from hard, Hardness, &c.

Note, Thefe are called Abftract Nouns.

5. Nouns that end in -head and -hood, denote the State, Condition, and Quality of a Thing, or Perfon; as, Godhead, Manhood, Widowhood, Brotherhood, Livelihood, &c.

Note, There are also Subftantives (derived from Adjectives and Verbs) which are made by adding the ending th, with some small change; as, from long comes Length; ftrong, Strength; warm, Warmth; Moon, Month, &c. Alfo from to die, comes Death; from grow, Growth, &c.

Of Subftantives Diminutive.

Q. What is a Subftantive Diminutive ?

A. It is another Method of Derivation, by which a Noun is formed, to leffen the Senfe of its Primitive Word as, from Lamb comes Lambkin, which is a little Lamb.

CHAP

CHAP. XII.

Of the S Y N T A X,

QWHAT is Syntax?

A. It is the difpofing of Words in their right: Cafe, Gender, Number, Perfon, Mood, Tenfe and Place, in a Sentence.

Q. Give an Example.

A. Good Boys are not beaten; here the Words are placed according to Syntax: Whereas fhould I fay, Beaten not are Boys good, it would be unintelligible; because there is no Syntax in this Sentence.

Q. How many kinds of Sentences are there?

A. Two; Simple and Compound.

Q. What is a Simple Sentence?

A. It is that wherein there is but: one Verb, and one Nominative Word of the Subject, either exprefs'd or underflood; as, The Boy reads.

Q. What is a Compound Sentence?

A. It is two Simple Sentences joined together by a Con junction, or by a Relative; as, who, which, that; or by a Comparative Word; as, fo, as, fuch, so many, as many, more than as, I am diligent, and you are negligent. He is a naughty Boy, who deferves to be whipt

Q. What do you mean by a Nominative Word?

A. The Word that goes before the Verb, and answers to the Queftion who or what; as, Boys play. Where it may

be afked, Who do play? Anfwer, Boys.

Q. Does the Nominative Cafe or Word always go before the Verbi?

A. Yes; except when a Queftion is afk'd, and then the Nominative Cafe follows the Verb, or more commonly the Sign of the Verb; as, Did John go to London? Do I neglect my Business?

Q. What is the Conftruction of the Verb with the Nominative Word?

A. The Verb must be of the fame Number and Perfon. with the Nominative Word; as, Iftand; thou ftandeft; he flandeth: Not I ftandeft; thou ftandeth; he ftand.

Q: Is the Nominative Cafe to the Verb always A Subftantive ?:

A. No

A. No: Sometimes the Infinitive Mood ftands for the Nominative Word; as, To lie is fhameful: And sometimes a whole Claufe aforegoing; as, To rife betimes in the Morning, is the most whelfom Thing in the World.

Q. If two, or more Subftantives Singular come together, how muft the Verb be put ?

A. In the Plural Number; as, Peter and John Fight. Q. What Number is the Verb put in, when it follows a Noun of Multitude?

A. It may be put in the Plural, when Circumftances abfolutely determine the Cafe to be more than one; but it is moft commonly of the fingular Number; as, The Multitude is very noify. The Heap is removed.

Q. Of what Cafe must thofe Nouns be, which follow Verbs, and are governed by them?

A. Sometimes the Genitive; as, Take Pity of me: Sometimes the Dative; as, I gave a Book to the Master: And fometimes the Accufative; as, I love my Mafter.

Q. What is the Conftruction of the Vocative ?

A. The Vocative is no Part of the Sentence, but only the Perfon to whom the Sentence is address'd; and is always of the Second Perfon Singular or Plural; as, John, where have you been, that you have ftaid fo long?

Q. Of what is the Ablative Cafe govern'd?

A. The Ablative is always governed of fome Prepofition, expreffed or understood; fuch as, in, with, through, for, from, by, and than; as, He took it from me.

He went

with you.

CHAP. XIII.

Of TRANSPOSITION.

Q. WHAT

THAT is Tranfpofition?

A. It is the placing of Words out of their natural Order, to render the Sound of them more agreeable to the Ear.

EXAMPLE.

It cannot be avoided, but that Scandals will arife, and Differences will grow in the Church of God, fo long as there is Wickedness on Earth, or Malice in Hell.

TRANS

TRANS POSE D.

It cannot be avoided, fo long as there is Wickedness on Earth, or Malice in Hell, but that Scandals will arise, and Differences will grow in the Church of God.

Note, Where the natural order of Words is smooth and grateful to the Ear, they ought not to be tranfpofed, unlefs in Poetry, and there only, when the Neceffity of the Verfe requires it.

W

CHAP. XIV.

Of the ELLIPSIS.

HAT is an Ellipfis ?

A. The leaving out of Words in a Sentence. QUpon what Account may Words be left out?

A. 1. When a Word has been mentioned juft before, and may be fuppofed to be kept in Mind. Therefore in a Relative Sentence, the Antecedent, or foregoing Word, is feldom repeated; as, I bought the Books, which [Books] I read.

2. When any Word is to be immediately mentioned, if it can be well understood, it ought to be left out in the former Part; as, Drink ye Red [Wine] or White Wine.

3. When the Thought is expreffed by fome other Means; as pointing to a Man, you need not fay, Who is that Man? but, Who is that?

4. Thofe Words, which, upon the mentioning of others, muft needs be fuppofed to be meant, may be left out; as, When you come to St. Paul's [Church] then turn to the left [Hand].

5. Thing and At, are frequently left out when they may be understood; as, It is hard, [i. e. a hard Thing] to travel through the Snow. It is eafy, i. e. an cafy Thing or Aa] to do so.

6. The Conjunction that, is often left out in a Compound Sentence; as, I defire [that] you would write for me.

7. The Relatives, that, which, who, whom, may be left Out; as, There goes the Man [that or whom] I beat Yesterday. Is this the Man ye spoke of? i. e. of whom ye Spoke?

8. Sometimes a whole Sentence is left out; as, It is our Duty to pay a Refpect and Deference, as to all those that are Virtuous and Couragious; fo [it is our Duty to pay a Refpect and Deference] to thofe also, who bear any Office or Command in the State.

CHAP