An Investigation of the Theories of the Natural History of Man

of Men. Her day is passed. Public opinion and Conscience supply her place.
Philosophers and Theologians. Scepticism of philosophers not dangerous;
Corrected by the progress of Science. Many sciences corroborate Scripture.
Bible not given for scientific instruction. Philosophy not legitimately employ-
ed in opposing Scripture. Motives influencing authors in writing the History
of Man. President Smith, his motive. Danger of a false issue. Moses estab-
lishes a diversity of species. Scripture addressed to the understanding as well
as to faith. Rule for expounding Scripture. Moses' history short but compre-
hensive. Parts not easily reconcilable. Adam and Eve, whether the first and
only pair. The only human beings in Eden. Cain and Abel. Dr. Good on
the theory of Peyrere. Moses does not record two creations. The ante-diluvi-
ans not more prolific than the post-deluvians. If there were human beings before
Adam and Eve, why create them? Reply. Objections to this construction.
Days of Creation. Facts remain the same whatever may be thought of them.
Creation of Adam and Eve a remedial measure. Found nothing on this theory.
Introduced to show the latitude of inquiry. We admit all the human family
sprang from Adam through Noah. The sons of Noah had different destinies,
and required to be specifically distinct to accomplish them. Less than a physi-
cal change insufficient. Geographical separation, alone, insufficient. God

could modify by his word as well as create. Another view of the subject.
Zoology is not interested in the origin of animals, beyond the permanence of
generation. Conclusion,

CHAPTER III.

THE Classification of Man, and the proper names of the Species.

Cuvier's nomenclature. Blumenbach's. Dr. Prichard's. Division of the

Class Mammalia. Zoological character of Man. Reasons for new nomencla❤
ture. Harmony with kindred sciences. Josephus' distribution of patriarchs
opposed to our nomenclature. His reasons for locating patriarchs investigated.
Historical facts against Josephus. Influence of religion, law, and literature on
language. Examples from history. Acknowledged errors of Josephus. Jews
behind their age in geographic knowledge. "The Isles of the Gentiles" do not
necessarily signify those of the Mediterranean. Natural for the Jews to sup-
pose the Mediterranean to contain "the Isles." But the meaning must be look-
ed for at the time of the dispersion, 900 years before the Jews were a nation.
When dispersed, the inhabitants of Shinar knew nothing more of the Mediter-
ranean than of the Southern Ocean. Migrations not voluntary, but impulsive.
Not left to chance nor human desire. Earliest history proves migratory ar-
rangement by species in masses," after their families, after their tongues, after
their countries, and in their nations." All the yellow people in Eastern Asia;
the Red in Central Asia; the Black in Africa and Asiatic Ethiopia; and the
White in Western Asia and Europe. Species did not mingle in migrations.
Proofs. History our guide, not Josephus. Analogy of names his only au-
thority. Different patriarchs named children alike. Examples. The Hebrew
language of Josephus not the language of the patriarchs. Arabian geography
against Josephus. Grecian history. Pelasgians not originally savages. How
the name Ionia came to be applied to Greece. Not from Japheth, but from
Ion, the son of Xuthus, a Pelasgian. The first name of Greece was Pelasgia,
not Ionia. These views strengthened by circumstances. All nations around
Babylon stationary in civilization. Western migrations were only progressive.
Might have avoided this dispute, but preferred to encounter it, and why.

CHAPTER IV.

.. 120

THE distribution of Vegetables and Animals over the Earth is not analogous to

the distribution of the human species, and therefore such distribution will

not assist our investigations in relation to Man..

The importance of Vegetables. Habitats of Vegetables and Animals. Causes

which influence them. Vegetables possess the power of chemical assimila-

tion, which animals do not. Theories of distribution. One Centre. Several

Centres. Spontaneous productions. Plants in Europe, Asia, Africa, New

Holland, and America. America contains nearly one half of the phaneroga-

mous plants of the world. Of the two last theories unimportant to our sub-

ject which is adopted. The earth arrayed at once in perfection and beauty.

The agencies of vegetable distribution. Example in Buenos Ayres. Potato.

Canada thistle. Geographic distribution of Animals marked by strong lines.

Identity of species rare in different Continents. Examples. Field's descrip-

tion of New Holland. Peculiar Fauna which distinguish Asia, Africa, New

Holland, Europe, and America. Swainson on the Birds of Europe. Peculiar

physical arrangement of America. No Deserts. Magnificent display of Crea-

tive power. Humming Bird. Mocking Bird. Quadrupeds. Remarks. Dis-

tribution of Man from one Centre. Proofs. Vegetables and Animals are not

analogues of Man. Constitutional adaptation of Man for migration, different

from vegetables and animals. Omnivorous, naked, ingenious, courageous, and

migratory, Man alone accommodates himself to all circumstances. Extract from

Dr. Good. Conclusion.

CHAPTER V.

THE progressive improvement of Man, by increased moral and mental facul-
ties, is a law applicable to human nature, notwithstanding the stationary
condition of some, and the retrograde condition of another species. . 156
What is progress. The Shemites only possess the elements. The interests
of Man promoted by a correct knowledge of the natures of the respective races.
The method of investigating the subject of progress. By Geological, the Mo-
saic, and Profane History. Arbitrary division of Geological periods. The Ig-
neous Period. The Zoophytic. The Saurian. The Mammalian Periods. The
Revealed, or Adamic Period. Previous Creations destroyed. New Creation
headed by a Psychical, instead of an Instinctive Being. Climate of the Adamic
Period. Proofs. Noachian Period. No new Creation designed for it. Sin-
gular fact in the history of Man. Men live longer now in three-score years
and ten, than did Methuselah in forty-eight score years and nine. Diminished
duration of life in the Adamic and Noachian periods. No important geological
change since the Deluge. Fixation of Oxygen and other gases during the dif-
ferent periods. Creation out of nothing not a matter of as much surprise as
the living self-executing laws impressed on matter. Chemistry proves the
world to have been made out of nothing so nearly that but one step remains.
Quality produced out of nothing. Man alone organized for indefinite improve-
ment. Shemitic family succeeded to the inheritance of the Jews. Security
or liberty essential to progress. Tyranny can raise Pyramids, Liberty raises
Taste, Genius, Refinement, and Delicacy. Increased moral and mental powers
chiefly arise from exercise. Chronology of the Septuagint, and probable time
of the Flood. Ancient Civilization, what. Shinar, the centre of distribution.
Egypt. Canaan. Phoenica, or Syria. Assyria. Persia. India. China. No
important improvement from the Deluge until patriarchal civilization was en-
grafted on the Greeks. Causes of Progress among the Greeks. The Egyptians
built Pyramids, the Greeks intellectual structures. The Romans were stately
and grave, as the Greeks were gay and lively. They added little to the Greek
stock, but made it the currency of the world. Effects of their conquests.
Importance of the division of the Roman Empire. The Dark Age. The Ger-
mans. Consequences of their inroads. The Dark necessary for moral and
mental renovation. Roger Bacon, Dante, Petrarch, Wickliffe. Progress com-
menced before the social elements became homogeneous. The Mariner's Com-
pass, the Art of Printing, and Steam Power, their effects upon civilization.
Discovery of a New World. Constitutional capability for Progression increased.
Examples. Materials or elements of Knowledge always the same. Apples
fell from trees before one fell on Newton. Water boiled and steam generated
before the Marquis of Worcester. Elements the same, but capability increased.
Capability and experience must be equal. Generation transmits capability.
Comparison of the different Species in regard to capability. The Ante-Adamic
periods types of the Post-Adamic. Responsibility of the Shemitic Species
cannot be discharged by avowals of brotherhood. Asia surrounded by Shemites.
Probable consequences. Africa invested on three sides. Oceanica occupied.
Civilization actively in progress. Conclusion.

CHAPTER VI.

THE effect of Climate, mode of living, &c., to produce organic and functional
differences in men.
. . 216
How it came that climatic influences were supposed to be applicable to man.
Animal analogies. Animals have prescribed habitats. Isothermal lines not
equally habitats. Man has no habitat. Domestic animals not analogues for
Man. They are not analogues of each other. Wild types not known. Sheep
never known wild. Would become extinct without the protection of man.

The Horse probably the last domesticated quadruped. His wild type lost.
Change of color of Cattle and Sheep in Jacob's history. Tendency to change
in different animals. Mice and Rats have suffered no change. Sheep, Oxen,
and Horses, variable in a wild state. Assumptions by the advocates for the
unity of species. Food of men and animals, in which they are not analogous.
Color an important specific item. Importance of, to the animal economy.
Zoology not interested in the operations of climate, if they are invariable on
the same subjects. If climate can produce specific changes, the doctrine of
La Mark is proved. Specific differences of men the same, whether produced
by climate or direct creation. Individual examples prove nothing of a general
nature. Inductive and syllogistic logic. President Smith's method. Example.
Example from Lawrence. Dr. Smith's opinion of the Negroes of the U. S.
controverted. The wide dispersion of the Jews. Their original type pre-
served. All the races known for 3500 years. The same species in all climates
preserve specific character. Example from Lawrence.

CHAPTER VII.

WHAT constitutes a distinct species.

246

Different attempts at a definition of species. Hybridity. De Candole's,
Lawrence's, and Prichard's definitions examined. Not correct. Dr. Prichard
abandons his definition, and assumes an independent position, which is exam-
ined. Lawrence also abandons his definition. Descent how proved zoologi-
cally. Hybridity, what it is. Anatomy and Physiology indicate zoological
character. What they signify. Owen's Osteological comparison of the Orang,
Chimpanzee, and Man. What it proves on our subject. Psychical beings im-
portantly modified by slighter differences than Instinctive. Ogilby on the
value of a thunb. Zoological characters of Polypi and Infusoria. Definition
of Species, and critical examination of it. Supported by examples. De Kay's
New York Fauna, Class Mammalia. All animals governed by Instinct but Man.
Reason in Man the equivalent for instinct. General survey of the different
zoological families of Man. British compared with the Chinese. Secret of
British superiority actually three times the population. Capability of improve-
ment of all the races proves nothing but that they are all Psychical. Glance
at the psychical condition of all the races. Shemites colonize, other races do
not. Characteristics of species must be permanent. Nature of proof to estab-
lish it. Natural law applicable to it No permanent varieties. Probable pre-
sumption is the weakest proof. Violent presumption is often equivalent to
positive proof. What gives rise to it. Positive proof, what. Application of
these principles to our definition. Different specific organizations have pre-
vailed immemorially among men. All the races of men agree in generic cha-
racters. Physical characteristics unimportant compared with Psychical. Dif-
ferences of races in this respect. Conclusion.

CHAPTER VIII.

WHETHER the differences of physical organization, and of moral and intellec-
tual qualities which characterize the several races of men, are analogous
in kind and degree to those which distinguish the breeds of domestic ani-
mals, and must therefore be accounted for on the same principle. . 303
Statement of the question. Analogies used without reasons, which should
be explicitly stated, but which has not been attempted. Easy mode of philos-
ophizing. Analogy is not of indefinite meaning Resemblance is not analogy.
Analysis of definitions. In comparative Anatomy, what. Examples. Differ-
ence between scientific and strict analogy and speculative. Speculative should
be founded upon strict. Example. At best uncertain. Not a fit foundation
for Science. Natural History of Man founded on Speculative Analogy and

Resemblance. Analysis of the subject. Domestication and civilization not
synonymous. Meaning attached to them. Effects of domestication upon ani-
mals extremely difficult to be known. Dr. Prichard's statement. Wild types
restored in America supposititious. But granted, and all conclusions founded
on it, and what then? No physical change of men by civilization, proved..
What is man, and what an animal. Difficulties of definitions arise from what
cause. Infinite variety of organic life. Man is a psychical animal. Few in-
stincts compensated by mind. Animals inferior in what. Reason may violate
natural laws, instinct never. Superior to instinct, in what. To attribute
psychical power to animals an error. Lawrence's opinion. The Mule on the
Andes is no example. Impropriety of examples from single traits. The mind
of Man not a single trait, but a combination of many, all equally necessary.
What constitutes the mind not the question. Mind without brains. Lawrence
refuted. The mind to be judged, zoologically, by manifestations. The Ele-
phant, Fox, and Horse, compared with the Bee, the Ant, and the Spider.
Marvellous stories of animals. Strong instance of apparent reason in the Bee..
Definition and analysis of instinct. It is unimprovable. Altered by domesti-
cation, but returns to types when set at liberty. Its limits. Example. In-
stinct more perfect than abstract reason. Examples. Uniform, even in devi-
ations, under all similar circumstances. Reason defined. Improvable. Ex-
amples. Extension and expansion of. An additional sense, exclusively hu-
man. Spallanzani's experiments on Bats. Accounted for by Cuvier. Reason
produces different modes of action in men. Comparison of the mechanical
powers of men and animals. In what sense man is domestic, not explained by
authors. Animals are not domesticated, but enslaved. Improvements by do-
mestication are degenerations. Civilization produces improvement, not de-
generation. Why. Man and animals analogous, in what. In classification
the descending series give value to the ascending. Quotations from Lawrence.
Importance of siight anatomical and functional differences. Dr. Prichard's
Psychological Characteristics of animals. Materialists. Man a Psychical Be-
ing apart from eternity. Kings of Egypt returning to the living. Man the
type of all nature. His improvements voluntary. Conclusion.

CHAPTER IX.

THE Anatomical and Physiological structure and functions of the different
races of Men are sufficient to constitute distinct species.
. 360

The comparative importance of Anatomy in different departments of Natu-
ral History. Anatomy insufficient to class Man. Man is more than a mere
animal. His erect attitude is not a subject for boasting. The human mind is
not disclosed by the knife to the materialist. Division of the human head.
The Skull. The Face. The relation between them. The Forehead. The
Facial Angle. Of little value to compare different species. But an approxi-
mation to the truth in the same species. Size and proportional weight of the
Brain of Men and Animals. Ratio of the Brain to the Nerves. Lawrence's
opinion of these theories. Sandy matter in the Pineal gland an evidence of
virility. Universal rule sought, but not found. Method of Phrenologists.
Division of the Skull into moral, intellectual, and animal properties and pro-
pensities correct. The foundation of Craniology. Exceptions. Craniological
rules applicable to one species may not apply to another. Example. The
mass of brain is important, but not more than quality. Dr. Smith's opinion.
Operations of the Encephalos not understood. Order in complexity. Evidence
that mass of brain is not all-important Function, what. The cause of func-
tion is not the mind. The effect is. Childhood. Puberty. Manhood.
Temperaments of the different species. Strenuous. Passive. Callous. Slug-
gish. Insensibility of ail the dark races. The skin, different in the different
races Rete mucosum, what it is, and how it modifies sensibility. Cutis.
Conclusions from the facts. The matter which constitutes the Rete Mucosum

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