guishing characters to climate, must be given up; that the same race inhabits the most different regions, preserving in all an uniformity of character; that different races are found in the same countries; and that those who have changed their native abodes for situations, in which, according to the hypothesis, they ought to have undergone a complete metamorphosis, still retain their original distinctions." p. 449.

He then enters upon a particular examination of the inhabitants of Europe and Asia, and of the opinions of Buffon and Smith, which he concludes with the following remark-" The foregoing statements authorize us in concluding, that in Asia, where we have countries with every variety of temperature, at every distance from the equator, mountains, valleys, plains, islands, and continents, no effect of climate can be traced on the color, or any other characters of the human race." p. 457.

He now examines the inhabitants of Africa, Madagascar, and the two continents of America, stretching from near the North pole, to 55 degrees S., and concludes with the following queries:

"How does it happen, that the same sun, which makes the African black, tinges the American of a copper color? and that the dark hue, which might possibly be contracted by heat, in the equatorial regions, should be found also in the cold and inhospitable regions of Terra del Fuego, and the most northern part of the continent? The absence of white races can surely not be ascribed to the want of sufficiently cold climates. Bougainville found the thermometer, in the middle of summer, fifty-four and

a half degrees in latitude fifty-two degrees S.; and Messrs. Banks and Solander, and their attendants, had nearly perished altogether from the cold, in an excursion in Terra del Fuego, in the middle of summer. Two of the servants were actually lost." p. 462.

He next enumerates, and examines migrating nations, which have located in different climates, and arrives at the following conclusion:

"The foregoing facts sufficiently prove, that native differences in general, and particularly that of color, do not depend on extraneous causes: I have an observation or two to make on other points. That the curled state of the hair in the African is not produced by heat, appears from its being found in situations not remarkable for high temperature, as in the Moluccas, New Guinea, Mallicollo, Borneo, New Holland, and even in the cold regions of Van Dieman's land; as well as from the hot regions of Asia and America being inhabited by long haired races. The woolly appearance of the negro hair is just opposite to that which hot climates have been said to produce in the covering of sheep, in which, it is represented, that hair is produced, instead of wool." p. 468.

We have made a free use of the labor of Mr. Lawrence, because his facts and arguments are unanswerable. We have only given his conclusions, because the geographical and historical facts upon which they are based must be familiar to readers, and our work promises to be larger than we designed.

Were it not that he was embarrassed by animal analogies, the force of the facts contained in this 9th Chapter of Mr. Lawrence, would have compelled him to admit distinctions of species in the human family. His concluding paragraph is more than half a confession to this effect, and seems to imply a doubt in his mind about the just application of such analogies.

If," says he, p. 470, “in investigating this subject, we are satisfied with comparing the existing races of men to those of domestic animals, and with bringing together the characteristic marks, on which the distinctions are grounded in the two cases, as I have done in several preceding chapters, we shall have no difficulty in arriving at the fifth conclusion. If, however, we should carry ourselves back, in imagination, to a supposed period when mankind consisted of one race only, and endeavor to show how the numerous varieties, which now occupy the different parts of the earth, have arisen out of the common stock, and have become so distinct from each other, as we find them at present,-we cannot arrive at so satisfactory a decision: and we experience further embarrassments from the fact, that the races of men have been as distinctly marked, and as completely separated from the earliest periods, to which historical evidence ascends, as they now are. The same remarks, in great measure, are true, concerning animals; so that, on this ground, no difficulty prevents us from recognising the unity of the human species, which is not equally applicable to them."

His strong mind saw that animal analogies would

scarcely satisfy all hearers and readers. They are evidently not satisfactory to himself, and probably were used because others had used them, without an examination of their application to the subject, or a question as to their propriety.

CHAPTER VII.

WHAT CONSTITUTES A DISTINCT SPECIES.

MUCH controversy has prevailed among the learned, in regard to the proper definition of the word species. A part of the difficulty has arisen from the metaphorical, instead of the literal sense, in which the word is now used; but a more important part of the difficulty arises from the want of accurate knowledge of the things to be classed. When classification depended more upon external form, than upon anatomy and physiology, it was, comparatively, an easy operation to arrange forms under their specific heads. Then the definition of species, as a "combination of individuals alike in all their parts" was of easy application. In the progress of science it was soon found not to answer the purpose, and species was then defined to be "a collection of individuals which will breed together, and produce fertile offspring." Hybridity thus became a test of species; and if it could be applied to all cases, it might have answered the purpose. This is impos. sible. Even in cases which came more immediately under our eyes, and were more immediately under our control, than a vast majority of cases could be in natural history, a rigorous application of the rule of absolute sterility of progeny, would have to be abandoned. The horse and the ass furnish a