field is open to apiculture in that country. It is to be hoped that better acquaintance with improved methods will be made among the rural population, and that apiculture will yet become more prevalent. The Government is endeavoring to promote this industry by organizing practical lectures and by issuing publications.

Great Britain had but one exhibit of apiculture, that of Mr. Thomas B. Blow, of Welwyn, who showed frame hives, comb

FIG. 191.-Modified Langstroth hive, exhibited by T. B. Blow, Welwyn, Eng.

foundation, extractors, bee-smokers, and other accessories, together with honey and wax. Mr. Blow's factory is said to be one of the largest of the kind in Europe.

FIG. 192.-Modified Quinby bee-smoker, exhibited by T. B. Blow, Welwyn, Eng.

The hives were all upon the Langstroth movable-comb system and of two patterns, first, those in which the frames run at right angles. to the entrance, which are most to be recommended, and, second, those in which the frames are parallel to the entrance. All floor boards were movable and all the hives made of well-seasoned wood. A sample hive is shown at Fig. 191. It has movable combs, double

walls, and two bodies, and is adapted to the system of storifying to obtain extracted honey, or to the tiering system to obtain comb honey in American sections. A bee-smoker, of the Quinby type, which will remain lighted as long as any fuel is left was also shown. (Fig. 192).

Greece was represented by 20 exhibitors, each of whom showed honey and nothing else, and all without a single word of explanation or even mention of locality. The honey appeared to be of fine quality.

Luxemburg has an apicultural society, which exhibited hives containing swarms of bees; these hives were upon the most improved modern plan, with movable combs. A fine show of honey and wax

was also made.

Three exhibitors from Roumania sent a small but creditable show of hives, some of which were provided with glass plates for observation. Honey and wax were also shown.

Switzerland made but a small exhibit, when it might have made a much larger one. One hive exhibited was provided with iron legs meant to be placed in metallic cups containing water, so as to prevent enemies of the bee from climbing into the hive.

Peripatetic instruction in apiculture, elsewhere mentioned, has proved of immense benefit to the country, and the introduction of American methods into French Switzerland has led to important results for the apiculturists of that section. Some Swiss bee-keepers make a profit of from 3,000 to 4,000 francs annually from their hives. In the entomological collection exhibited by Japan was one species of bee, Apis sp., called mitsoubatsi by the Japanese. This bee is domesticated and is also found in a wild state, where it lives in decayed trees or in cavities in the rocks. No exhibit of apiculture, however, was made by the Japanese.

Altogether apiculture seems to have been the weak point of the agricultural exhibit at the Exposition except in the exhibit from the United States, which was much admired, and the extent of which is indicated in Appendix IV.

III. OTHER USEFUL INSECTS.

Cochineal. The Argentine Republic and Guatemala had the only displays of cochineal at the Exposition. The constantly increasing use of the aniline and other artificial coloring matters has for many years been gradually but surely driving cochineal, as well as many other dyestuffs, out of the market, so that its cultivation is constantly becoming less; in Algeria, for example, this once flourishing industry has now almost completely disappeared.

Cantharides.-There were two exhibits of this insect in the French section. One consisted of several varieties of cantharides, with the cantharidin extracted from them, while the other showed the insect in all its stages of development, and was accompanied by an

entomological work, giving a full life history of the insect and a chemical description of cantharidin.

IV.-INSECTS INJURIOUS TO AGRICULTURE.

After the Phylloxera, the most important injurious insect of which notice was taken at the Exposition was the locust, which has of late proved so destructive in Algeria. A collection of these, showing the insects in all their various phases, was to be seen in the exhibit of the department of Constantine, together with models of various engines used for their destruction, photographs showing the use of these engines, the collecting of eggs, etc. These locusts have become a veritable scourge in Algeria and extraordinary methods. have been taken to destroy them. A tax of 4,000,000 francs was levied for this purpose in 1888, but unfortunately became available only at the time when the locusts, having passed the last stage of their development, die after laying their eggs and so stocking the country for another year. The Algerian authorities also offered to pay for all the locust eggs which might be collected. Although the small price of 75 centimes per decaliter (or 15 cents for 2.64 gallons) was offered, 14,000,000 decaliters were collected and destroyed, and yet this was but a small part of what remained. In April, 1889, the remaining eggs hatched, and would have hatched sooner had it not been for previous heavy rains. Vigorous measures of defense were at once taken by the French Government, and every male inhabitant of Algeria between 18 and 55 years of age was pressed into service. It is a pleasure to record that this requisition was submitted to cheerfully and without complaint by the Algerines.

Various methods of destruction were resorted to. At first the newly hatched locusts were destroyed by beating the ground with branches of trees in leaf, but when their numbers became so large as to render this impracticable the Melhafa, the Cypriote machine, and other engines were used. The Melhafa consists of a cloth 5 by 2 meters (16.4 by 6.6 feet) in size, which is set edgewise upon the ground and folded at an obtuse angle. The locusts are then driven towards the cloth, which is folded over them, when they are crushed, thrown into pits and covered with quicklime.

The Cypriote machine is of English invention, and comes, as its name implies, from Cyprus. Its principle is the same as that of the Melhafa, but its construction is somewhat different. It consists of a band of linen about 1 meter broad and 50 meters or more in length. This is set upright on the ground, and to its upper edge is fastened a band of waxed linen 10 centimeters (almost 4 inches) wide, which is folded over so as to make a right angle to the main surface of the band. Several of these bands may be joined and spread along the ground in the shape of a letter V, extending sometimes to the

distance of 1,200 meters, or three-fourths of a mile, with the opening turned toward the insects. Inside the angle ditches are dug. The drivers then form a semicircle at the mouth of the V and drive the locusts toward its apex. The locusts alight upon the cloth, but are unable to traverse the waxed linen edge and so fall back into the ditches, where they are destroyed. These methods are crude at best, especially when compared with the more practicable measures employed in the United States against the Rocky Mountain locusts, and described in the first and second reports of the United States Entomological Commission.

The locust which causes this destruction is not the ordinary Edipoda migratoria, though this is plentifully found in Algeria, but is a native species, Stauronotus maroccanus, which breeds yearly in Algeria and in the center of Africa.

Insecticide apparatus, etc., has been described under Class 75 in connection with viticulture, or in the section following on the Phylloxera (see Chapter v).

COLLECTIONS OF INSECTS-GENERAL AND ECONOMIC.-An examination of the insect exhibits on the Champ de Mars at once revealed the absence of any important scientific systematic collections, and this is what would naturally have been expected. The general public take little if any interest except in showy or instructive exhibits, and the specialist cares little for a collection which he is unable to examine closely and minutely, and furthermore does not care to expose his private collection to the fading action of the light in glass-covered cases.

One would naturally expect at such an exhibit rather representations of the more popular features of the science, particularly in its economic applications, such as exhibits of the life-history and means against injurious insects and of the interesting facts and materials relating to useful species, as in apiculture and sericiculture, already treated of at length. Exhibits of this nature were in fact numerous, and in a few instances were valuable and instructive.

Another group of exhibits was abundantly represented at the Exposition, viz, those showing faunal and local distribution of insects of various foreign countries. In many cases, however, the speci mens contained in these exhibits were not at all or incorrectly deter mined, and the value of the exhibit was thereby greatly reduced.

The exhibits in general entomology, aside from those already mentioned, consisted of (1) publications, (2) illustrations of insects, (3) general collection of injurious species, and (4) faunal exhibits from divers countries. The publications exhibited comprised the various leading French entomological journals and other French publica tions containing entomological matter.

In the second category Dr. H. Beauregard exhibited a very interesting and scientifically accurate series of representations of the curi

ous and anomalous life-history of the Blister-beetles, based on original researches. The collection was one of the most instructive to the entomologist, and was accompanied by a memoir which Dr. Riley has noticed in Insect Life (Vol. III, p. 3).

Among the French exhibitors also, M. E. Renault, of Choument (Haute Marne), displayed an iconography of Lepidoptera, each species being represented both in the imago and larval state, together with specimens of the plant upon which it preys, all beautifully and faithfully done from life in water color and occupying nine large volumes.

Dr. E. L. Trouessart, of Paris, showed microscopic preparations of Acarians, accompanied with interesting illustrations.

In the building devoted to the French colonies, M. Fulcones exhibited some very artistic water colors representing the Lepidoptera, Arachnida, and Crustacea of Martinique; and M. Hue exhibited a series of illustrations of insects of all orders pertaining to French Soudan.

Of general and economic collections a very large number of exhibits were made in the French section by various schools and individuals, relating chiefly to insects injurious to the vine and other fruits and to forest trees. These can not be mentioned in detail.

In this connection may be mentioned, however, the exhibit of the Forestry Administration, in its magnificent pavilion, of the insect enemies of various forest trees-those appertaining to each species of tree arranged in a separate case.

The faunal exhibits referred to may be disposed of by enumerating alphabetically the provinces and countries represented, with a brief description of the nature of the exhibit. I have followed in this, in the main, the account given by Mr. Albert Léveillé.

In most cases the exhibits were fragmentary and poorly determined.

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.-A few Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Arachnids.

BRAZIL.-A beautiful collection of Coleoptera, containing many rare species, exhibited by M. Gounelle.

BOLIVIA.-A poor collection of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, badly determined.

DUTCH COLONIES.-A few Lepidoptera.

ENGLISH COLONIES.-Nine large cases of the insects of Australia. These had unfortunately suffered considerable damage during shipment.

FRENCH COLONIES.

(1) Algeria.-Locust exhibit, with methods of destruction already referred to.

(2) Camboge, etc.-Seven cases of Coleoptera.

(3) Congo.-Six boxes of Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, and Arachnida. (4) Foute-Djallon.-Two cases of poorly determined insects.