rice, millet, dried manioc, peas, beans, salt, and oils. Much of its commerce is carried on with Zanzibar and Marseilles, its exportation being about 7,350,000 francs.

Goa, in Portuguese India, exports beans, fruits, spices, rice, tapioca, cocoanut oil, etc., samples of all of which were upon exhibition. Most of these go to Bombay, the annual value being about 5,000,000 francs. The new railway to the English frontier will undoubtedly tend to increase the agriculture and commerce of the colony.

ROUMANIA.

The agricultural exhibit of this country was a particularly creditable one and occupied a large and well filled section upon the Quai d'Orsay.

All products of the temperate zone thrive well in Roumania. In 1886 there were 4,255,132 hectares devoted to cereals, the product being, of all grains together, 54,031,919 hectoliters, thus divided:

The mean annual exportation of cereals is 1,557,262 tons, valued at 198,948,052 francs.

A magnificent exhibit of the principal cereals was made and won from the jury a Grand Prix.

Maize is the principal cereal of the country and constitutes the staple diet of the rural population, and "in no country of Europe does it grow better or form larger ears." The appearance of the maize shown bore out this statement, and, except our American maize, no fairer samples were to be seen in the whole Exposition than those from Roumania and Servia. Several varieties were shown, the principal one being the Cinquantino of long ear and yellow grain; there was also a smaller variety of perfectly symmetrical ears and orange-colored grain, very transparent, and another of large, coarse grain; some white varieties of good quality were shown, but there were no red varieties. It is said that Roumanian maize is preferable to American, and that at Vienna 50 hectoliters of the former are sold for every 35 of the latter, the price of the Roumanian at Vienna being

from 8 to 9 francs per hectoliter. Maize forms rather more than half the annual cereal export of the country, most of it going to Austria, though much is also sent to France, Belgium, and Turkey. The greater part of this crop, however, is consumed in the country itself.

The climate of Roumania is particularly favorable to the cultiva tion of wheat, especially to hard wheats. The principal varieties cultivated are the Ghirca, Carnau, Banat, Sandomir, and the native wheat of the country. This last is particularly productive and is of large, heavy, and very farinaceous grain; its average weight is from 73 to 76 kilos per hectoliter and often reaches 78 or 80 kilos.

Rye and barley (Chevalier) are not so much used for food as they are for malting or for fodder for animals. The principal variety of rye is the St. Helena, and there is also a good native variety.

Oats, both black and white, are grown but are principally used for horses. Millet is cultivated both as an alimentary and as a forage plant, and sometimes a poor substitute for maize flour is made from it. Buckwheat is only grown in certain parts of Moldavia, the ordinary kind succeeding best; it is used both for men and cattle.

Hemp and flax are also grown, there being a native variety of the latter in the Dobrudscha. Colza is grown principally in Wallachia, and its cultivation has been much developed of late years; the variety exhibited was of Belgian origin. Hops are not yet regularly cultivated in Roumania, but grow wild there; besides their ordinary use in brewing they are eaten as a vegetable by the people.

Among the vegetables grown in Roumania are beans, both of the climbing and dwarf varieties; also fèves, peas, lentils, pumpkins, cabbages, onions, garlic, poireau, radishes, cucumbers, pimento, etc. Several good specimens of beans were shown, there being a small exportation of them. Beets are also cultivated, but only as a garden vegetable; experiments in raising sugar beets have, however, been made, and roots averaging 12 per cent crystallizable sugar have been raised successfully. Potatoes are not much eaten by the rural population, but are sent to be consumed in the towns or used for distillation. Carrots, turnips, egg-plants, tomatoes, celery, salads, etc., are grown in fields, while artichokes, asparagus, cauliflower, and brussels-sprouts are generally grown in the towns. Wild asparagus is also eaten. A custom prevails of planting climbing beans and squashes among the maize.

Watermelons are grown in the plains along the Danube and in newly tilled soils, and acquire considerable size and excellent flavor. Good chicory was also shown; the supply is not equal to the demand for it. Anise seed was also shown, and coriander, thyme, mint, and lavender are much cultivated.

Tobacco prospers well in certain portions of the country. In 1885 there were 5,610 hectares cultivated with tobacco by 15,177 persons,

the yield being 3,416,133 kilos. The native tobacco is of long broad leaf, and excessively strong, the best coming from Gaiesci, Bila, and Husii. Of late years foreign tobacco seed has been introduced, giving excellent results.

Among fruits the apple, pear, cherry, peach, quince, fig, almond, and walnut are cultivated, and many others, as the raspberry, mulberry, medlar, etc., are found in a wild state. The most important fruit of the country, however, is the plum, large quantities of which are cultivated for distillation of the national liquor, tsouica, a sort of brandy containing 40 per cent of alcohol. At the Exposition prunes were shown, dried in the ordinary way, and also some which, after sun-drying, had been preserved by subjection to wood smoke. The taste of these latter prunes is not unpleasant. The distillation of prune brandy is generally carried on in the mountain districts during the winter from prunes gathered in the autumn. Prunes are dried in large quantities, and kept whole or pressed into a sort of cake called pistil. Very few of the prunes are exported, and the samples exhibited by no means equaled those to be seen in the Servian exhibit. Many other fruits are also preserved by drying. The total fruit exportation of Roumania is about 12,000,000 francs annually in value. Many of the walnuts are sent to England.

RUSSIA AND FINLAND.

That portion of the galleries upon the Quai d'Orsay allotted to Russia was so taken up with the petroleum, sugar, and wine exhibits that very little space was left for anything else, and yet there were one or two agricultural exhibits worthy of mention. There was a fine collective exhibit of cereals from St. Petersburg, consisting of wheat, oats, buckwheat, beans, peas, linseed, melon seed, etc., and a domain belonging to the Countess Potocky also had a fine cereal show, including Champion, Danish, and Palavka wheats, early Polish and Welcome oats, and barley of very large grain, Bohemian mountain, Polish and Lithuanian ryes, etc., all of excellent appear

ance.

The house of L. Walkhoff, of Kalinofka, in southern Russia, also exhibited wheats as follows:

(1) One of the Hallett wheats, not specified, but which was found to excel all others in yield of grain (36 for 1 being obtained in 1887) and to have a very long straw not easily thrown down, but to be a tardy grower. It resists the rigors of a winter in southern Russia well.

(2) Trump succeeds well, resists the winters, and though its straw is less hard than that of the Hallett, it was not thrown down by the wind. The grain weighs 76.70 kilos per hectoliter, that of the Hallet weighing 74.

(3) Anglo-Russian or Russianized square head, completely acclimatized, has resisted eight winters at Kalinofka and can now resist a temperature of 30° C. below zero. It has somewhat degenerated from its English original, yet gives good yields.

(4) Noah is an excellent winter wheat, and is really of Russian origin, and was introduced thence into France; that exhibited was of large grain.

(5) Colossal or Bohemian mountain wheat, which has improved under the Russian climate.

(6) Nonette, a Swiss wheat of hard straw and large grain.

(7) Bamatka, a fine wheat of varying color and closely resembling Theiss wheat; has a soft straw and is easily thrown down; however, it resists the winters well and does not demand great care in cultivation.

(8) Kostromka, a good winter wheat of strong straw.

(9) Theiss, of Hungarian origin, and having grains of varying color, sometimes even party-colored; supports the winters admirably and is much used by the Russian millers, being greatly improved over its Hungarian prototype. Its straw, however, is short and thin, and it is easily thrown down.

All these wheats were cultivated for seed. The same house showed beet seed of superior quality and models of sugar beets. There was one poor exhibit of preserves from St. Petersburg, and another of dried raisins from Batoum. The sugar exhibit, however, was particularly fine.

Finland had no exhibit in class 71, and nothing of agricultural interest beyond one collection of cereals (wheat, rye, barley, oats, etc.), of fair quality, and a collection of curious and rather awkward looking spades and axes such as are used in the country. It had a small but fine show of Java sugar refined at Helsingfors.

Eighty per cent of the population of Finland is occupied in agriculture. A custom prevails of burning down the forests in order to clear the land for tilling, thus utilizing the ashes as a fertilizer, but wasting valuable timber. A part of the land is allowed to lie fallow each year, being cultivated for two or three years previously, and the introduction of a rational method of rotation of crops is only of recent date. The use of perfected instruments and of artificial fertilizers is becoming more general than it was a few years ago.

Rye is the principal cereal grown in Finland, and occupies 35 per cent of the arable land, barley occupying 14 and oats 12 per cent, the remaining 39 per cent being taken up by wheat, potatoes, garden vegetables, flax, hemp, grasses, and forage plants. Rye and wheat are sown in August, the seed sprouting in the autumn and remaining under the snow all the winter, and growing again in the spring. In the southern part of the country the rye is generally harvested in July. Barley and oats are sown in the spring and harvested after the rye.

There is also a custom of drying the cereals in a sort of oven or hot chamber before thrashing, or even sometimes of smoking them. Rye treated in this way is said to be very good, and to germinate and ripen much sooner than other sorts not so treated.

Finland does not produce cereals enough for home consumption, but is forced to import flour from Russia, though she sends seed rye to Russia and Sweden and seed oats to England. Cattle-raising holds an important position in Finnish agriculture, and large areas are devoted to grazing; but little hay is raised, however, and the cattle fare badly in winter, though of late great progress has been made in forage-raising in the south and west. Great pains have been taken by the Government to improve the stock by importation of foreign races, also to improve methods of butter and cheese making, dairy schools having been founded to this end.

SAN MARINO.

This small state had a small but very creditable exhibit of its agricultural products, which included beans, peas, maize of fair quality, millet, olive oil, honey and wax, and tobacco. Some wheat grains were shown 14 centimeters long, and I understand that samples of this grain were taken for experiments in acclimatation in France. The vine grows well there, and good wines were exhibited. A few agricultural instruments of very crude description were also shown.

San Marino contains 60,000 hectares of land, one-eighth of which is rock; three-fourths of the whole is cultivated, half of it with cereals.

SERVIA.

Servia is essentially an agricultural country, and 90 per cent of its people follow this branch of industry; therefore it had a large and well prepared agricultural exhibit, and all its principal products were fully represented.

First in importance among its alimentary products were the dried prunes, of which there was a fine show, made by 33 exhibitors. Some of the prunes rival in quality the famous prunes d'Ente, of Bordeaux. Of all fruit trees the plum occupies the first place in Servia, and it is estimated that out of over 75,000 hectares of orchards existing in the country fully three-quarters are cultivated with this fruit. The drying of the prunes is generally performed in the ordinary manner by the fruit-growers themselves, and the total production is about 40,000,000 kilos per annum, the value of the yearly export being 15,000,000 francs. Belgrade is one of the principal markets for these prunes, and large quantities are sent to the United States and other countries. Prunes are also distilled to make slivovitza.