climated; these experiments are still going on; the wheat shown at the Exposition was certainly of good quality. Buckwheat succeeds on the island much better than other cereals, and is perfectly acclimated there. Potatoes grow very well, and cabbages attain an enormous size. In 1888 potatoes were imported into the colony at the rate of about 71,000 francs annually, which might be saved were better means of storing to be had.

TAHITI.

Tahiti made a small exhibit only. This island is one of extreme fertility and has many interesting products, and it is to be regretted that its display was not larger. The bread fruit, taro, feï, and cocoànut form the basis of the native food, and were all exhibited. The feï is a sort of banana, not containing sugar. The sugar cane is supposed to be native to the island, and is cultivated there, though not so extensively as it might be, owing to want of labor, so that the supply is not sufficient for the demands of the colony itself. Tahitian cotton is famous, and at London is preferred above all other grades, while the oranges grown there are said to be the finest known, and their exportation is a fruitful source of revenue. Coffee does very well there, and blossoms twice a year, in March and September. Vanilla has been introduced and is thriving, but has not yet achieved the reputation hoped for it. Maize, sweet potatoes, and various other vegetables are also grown. The revenue of the colony derived from its agricultural products and its fisheries reaches an annual value of about 5,000,000 francs.

The most important of the American colonies of France is Guiana, in northeastern South America, yet it did not make a very notable exhibit of its products; some fine clover, also coffee, rice, castor-oil beans, sago, etc., were shown, however. Guiana, formerly a colony where agriculture flourished and which sent many products to France, has lost its former prestige. The reasons given for this are the abolishment of slavery and the discovery of gold. The sugar industry, the principal one of the colony, entirely ceased in 1882.

GUADELOUPE.

Guadeloupe made a small exhibit, principally of rice, which has but lately been introduced from Cuba and is succeeding well. The principal cultivation is sugar cane, after which come coffee, cacao, cotton, manioc, etc.

MARTINIQUE.

Martinique sent fine sugar, baobab fruit, and pineapples.

coffee, cacao, manioc flour, kola nuts, Much rum is made in the island, there

being a fine display of it. The sugar cane was introduced into

this island in 1654, and now the cultivation of it occupies one-quarter of the whole territory, abundant rains and a soil rich in nitrogen and silica making this cultivation unusually prosperous. In 1867 there were 18,565 hectares thus occupied, in 1877 there were 19,263, and in 1886 there were 28,450. In 1887, however, a crisis occurred and the latter figure fell to 21,300 hectares. The cane in Martinique happily escaped the disease which attacked it at Réunion. This crop is still susceptible of great improvement. Vegetable cultivation at Martinique is in prosperous condition and at the end of 1887 occupied 17,146 hectares, mostly carried on by small farmers. Manioc is the principal product, also sweet potatoes and yams, and many European vegetables. Coffee was at one time the principal product of Martinique, and in 1788 its exportation was valued at over 8,000,000 francs, while its cultivation extended over 6,000 hectares. In 1830, however, the plant was attacked by an insect (Elachista coffeola), so that its cultivation almost entirely disappeared and does not now occupy 200 hectares. A new variety of coffee has, however, been lately introduced from Liberia, and is said to resist the attacks of the insects, so that its culture is developing. The introduction of a Mexican coffee plant, also resistant, has been suggested. The culture of tobacco and of cotton, once extensive, have also been gradually abandoned in Martinique.

ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON.

St. Pierre and Miquelon, two islands off the coast of Newfoundland, which complete the list of French colonies in America, are not especially agricultural lands, and made no exhibit beyond the products of their fisheries.

AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY.

The only exhibit of note from these countries was one of sugarbeet seed from Prague. This industry has received considerable development in Bohemia since 1885, the number of cultivators having increased, and the quality of the seed having been so improved that it is now claimed to be superior to either the French or German seed. There was also an exhibit of good ordinary dried prunes of the crops of 1885 to 1888, but beyond a few good samples of barley and a collection of scythes there was nothing else of agricultural interest, which is rather surprising, as Austria is an extremely agricultural country and Hungarian wheat is world famous. The soil of Hungary is particularly adapted to the cultivation of cereals. The wheat grown there is rich in gluten and is greatly in demand among foreign millers, notwithstanding high duties upon it. Wheat is also the crop which in Hungary gives the surest yield, since barley and oats do not so well stand the dry climate.

Barley is increasing in cultivation since improved varieties have

been used, and will increase further as the demand made for it by brewers increases. Oats have also increased with the increase of horse-raising.

The cultivation of maize in Hungary has been greatly facilitated by the use of horse hoes. Its consumption has lately decreased, however, on account of a crisis in distillation, and the increased tax on alcohol.

About half the arable land of the country is adapted to the sugar beet, this culture being greatly aided by the use of steam plows. A law passed in 1888 levying a duty upon the sugar beet has greatly favored its culture and has rendered Hungary independent of Austria and Bohemia in this matter. In 1888-'89 four great sugar factories were constructed, and the Hungarian Government is doing all it can to encourage this industry. The cultivation of clover has increased of late, and the seed is sent all over Europe. Lucern has also increased. Moha has also had slight extension, and grows well in the dry climate. Potato culture has greatly developed, thanks to the introduction of new improved varieties, while the dry climate is unfavorable to the development of potato diseases.

BELGIUM.

This country had a rather small but good show of preserved vegetables and fruits in boxes. The Aspergeries de Bockryck showed good preserved asparagus and green peas. M. Bertram, of Brussels, showed cauliflower in barrels, and preserves annually about 1,000,000 kilos of it. There were several other fine shows of asparagus, green peas, mushrooms, and prepared soups in glass and tin.

Belgium first took part in the industry of preserving vegetables, etc., only in 1880. In that year the country had 39,723 hectares under cultivation as kitchen and market gardens, and yet was dependent upon other countries for her vegetable supply, although her whole agricultural domain was increasing in extent. In 1846 there were 1,777,920 hectares under cultivation, in 1866 there were 1,955,146, and in 1880 there were 2,704,957.

Since 1880 many factories for preserving vegetables have sprung up in Belgium, and their number is still increasing, but although they are in a flourishing condition they can not yet rival those of Paris.

Belgium also showed a few cereals. The cultivation of these occupies about one-third of her territory, and the annual production of wheat is estimated at about 432,000 tonnes, or 432,000,000 kilogrammes annually. As 1,065,000 are annually required for home consumption, the remaining 633,000 tonnes have to be imported and come from Russia, Roumania, the United States, and India. Cereal culture has not increased greatly since 1856, the number of hectares

cultivated in that year being 267,363, while in 1880 it was 275,932, or an increase of only 8,569 hectares in 24 years, or about 3 per cent. The average yield of wheat per hectare in 1880 was 19.60 hectoliters; in 1888 the harvest was poor. The cultivation of rye has lost much of its former importance; in 1880 there were 277,639 hectares sown with rye, and in 1856 there were 292,102 hectares, i. e., the decrease in 24 years has been 5 per cent. Oats on the contrary have increased 13. per cent in culture in the same period. Cereals entering Belgium are free of duty, and the milling of wheat for flour occupies the first place in Belgian industry.

The cultivation of the sugar beet and manufacture of sugar are also extensive in this country. This industry began to be general in 1836, and in 1884 there were 45,000 hectares planted with the sugar beet, which figure, however, fell to 40,000 in 1888.

The cultivation of chicory in Belgium originated with the continental blockade of 1806, and within the last few years it has attained much development. In 1846 there were in the country 1,828 hectares cultivated with chicory; this figure increased to 4,719 in 1866 and to 11,025 in 1884. The average yield was 20,573 kilos per hectare, the price being 21 francs per 1,000 kilos. In 1885 the chicory crop was unsatisfactory on account of the drought, and in 1887 there was a ruinous fall in prices. Belgian chicory is exported to all foreign markets, but is unfortunately subject to rather high duties. In 1887 the total exports were over 42,000,000 kilos, valued at about 9,250,000 francs; of this amount 654,541 kilos went to the United States, while France was the greatest consumer, taking over 18,000,000 kilos.

DENMARK.

Denmark made no exhibit of agricultural products and yet agriculture is the principal industry of the country; 51 per cent of the population are engaged in it, while wheat fields, pastures, and meadows occupy nearly 75 per cent of its territory. The character of Danish agricultural products has changed considerably of late years; formerly cereals were of the greatest importance, but now the raising of cattle and of animal products has replaced them. In 1876-'80 the exportation of cereals amounted annually to an average of 39,000,000 francs in value; this has ceased to exist and in 1887 cereals were imported to the value of 16,500,000 francs. At the same time the exportation of horses and cattle, live and dead hogs, butter, etc., has considerably increased; thus, from 1866 to 1870 the average annual exportation of these articles was 37,500,000 francs in value, and is now nearly four times that sum, being 132,000,000 in 1887; the most important items are the butter and lard, none of which, however, was shown at the Exposition.

A large proportion of the cereals grown in Denmark is used for brewing and for distillation, and one brewing firm had a fine exhibit of native-grown chevalier barley, used in making its malts; this barley compared favorably with any in the Exposition.

Since 1874 the manufacture of beet sugar has sprung up in Denmark, the total production in 1887 being 21,000,000 kilos.

GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES.

The only notable exhibit made by England in class 71 was that of Favre & Co., Singapore merchants, who showed preserved Asiatic fruits, such as pineapples, mangoes, mangostinoes, goyave, carambola, breadfruit, "jackfruit," ginger, etc., all preserved in sirup or in their own juices. Bastiani, also of Singapore, had a similar exhibit, his pineapples being preserved by a secret process. Joly had a good show of vanilla, and Rouhier a fine one of preserves, curry powder, and the like. King & Co. showed desiccated foods, soups, etc., of mixed animal and vegetable products, also preserved pota toes. No tubers, farinaceous vegetables, roots, etc., were shown.

With the exception of two exhibits of hybrid wheats, England made no display of agricultural products, properly so called. Her display of agricultural machinery, however, was fine.

one.

The exhibition of "Carter's Crossed Wheats" was an interesting Experiments were commenced in 1883 with the view of obtain ing varieties of wheat suitable to the climate of Scotland, where very often the varieties now in use do not ripen before October or November, and are thus lost. It was also decided to cross white and red wheats, so as to obtain the color of the one with the vigor of the other. Some very good results were shown, being crosses derived from filmeasure, red square-head, royal prize red, Talavera and other well-known varieties. In general it was found that length of straw was influenced by the male parent, while form and size of grain were derived from the female. A curious result was named "birdproof" wheat, from the fact that the ears are provided with sharp awns at the end, which cause birds to approach them with caution; this variety was derived from the fillmeasure (female parent) and an American bearded wheat (male).

VICTORIA.

Among the British colonies the finest general show was made by Victoria, and next after that by New Zealand, each of these making a better agricultural exhibit (except for machines) than England herself. Victoria was the only one of the Australian colonies extensively represented and had an exhibit of evaporated fruits and vegetables, tomato sauce, jams, etc., and a fine, though not very ex