dust, valueless for papermaking, constitute a large proportion of the waste; but it is safe to say that 20% of the volume of a log, exclusive of the bark, is lost in slabs, edgings, and trimmings. Tops, and defective logs left in the woods, thinnings and small logs would furnish a supply of raw material for pulp making even greater than that derived from sawmill waste. The operation at Bogalusa as regards reforestation, and utilization of logging and mill waste is indeed commendable and is a fine example of the proper use of forest products. In my opinion, it is a crime to waste any forest products and many saw mills and pulp mills are equally guilty in this respect. In this case the saw mill burning excess refuse which could be converted into pulp, and the pulp mill using logs which could be made into lumber. It is unfortunate that more large lumber operations are not carried on jointly with pulp and paper mills. Only one who has actually operated mills in the North can. fully appreciate the advantages a mill in the South has. A comparison of conditions in the North and in the South may be of interest. In the North, practically all of the pulpwood is gotten out of the woods during the winter months when the timber can be hauled out on sleighs and on iced roads. As the wood is brought to the railroad sidings, it is shipped to the pulp mills and as the amount arriving is far in excess of the mills daily requirements, it must be unloaded and put into storage. As a result, it is not an uncommon sight to find in the yards of mills, anywhere from 15,000 to 50,000 cords of pulpwood. This reserve not only ties up a great deal of money, but results in added expense as insurance, handling charges in and out, but as the assessor finds his way about in the spring, taxes must be paid upon this large amount of wood. Not only must this reserve be carried on account of logging conditions, but mills must protect themselves as it is a well known fact that pulpwood sellers watch a mills supply, and price their wood accordingly. In the South, where logging conditions are such that wood can be gotten out the year around, a mill need not carry such a large reserve, with consequent economy in so doing. A mill in the North will receive its pulpwood in 16, 12 or 8 vidual fibres from one another. The spent or black liquor as it is called is washed from the pulp and concentrated in vacuum evaporators to the proper degree and calcined in a rotary furnace. The soda compounds are recovered as black ash. The loss of chemicals in the cycle is made up by the addition of salt cake or nitre cake. This is mixed with the black ash, and subjected to a high temperature in a smelting furnace. The combustible in the ashe furnishes enough heat for the combustion, and for the reduction of the make up chemical to sodium sulphide. The smelt contains sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate, and a small percent of unreduced sodium sulphate, and is dissolved in weak washes from the caustic plant. When this solution has been built up to the proper degree, it is pumped to the caustic plant where lime is added, converting the sodium carbonate back to sodium hydroxide. After settling, the clear liquor is decanted, and is again ready for the digesters. The sludge resulting from the settling operation is washed sufficiently to free it of remaining soda compounds, and it is either reburned back to lime or is washed to the sewer. The superior product made from this process acting upon resinous woods also proved its adaptibility as the feasible process to use in converting Southern pines to pulp. These pines have long, thick walled fibres, and also high specific gravities implying large yields per cord, and therefore are particularly adapted for making strong wrapping paper. While the sulphate process can be used in the manufacture of bleaching pulps, its principal product is an undercooked, non-bleaching brown pulp known as kraft pulp, the term a German one signifying strength. True to its name, this pulp produces a remarkably strong paper, very resistant to wear. The sulphate process should be interesting to the southerner, not only because of its ability to successfully reduce resinous woods, such as the pines, but also because waste, such as slabs and edgings, can be utilized and the presence of knots pitch pockets, remnants of decayed wood are not very objectionable. A sulphate pulp mill therefore is particularly desirable to operate in conjunction with a large saw mill, for then practically the entire volume of the log can be utilized. It has been said that the sawed lumber represents approximately one-half of the volume of the log as it comes to the mill. Bark and saw dust, valueless for papermaking, constitute a large proportion of the waste; but it is safe to say that 20% of the volume of a log, exclusive of the bark, is lost in slabs, edgings, and trimmings. Tops, and defective logs left in the woods, thinnings and small logs would furnish a supply of raw material for pulp making even greater than that derived from sawmill waste. The operation at Bogalusa as regards reforestation, and utilization of logging and mill waste is indeed commendable and is a fine example of the proper use of forest products. In my opinion, it is a crime to waste any forest products and many saw mills and pulp mills are equally guilty in this respect. In this case the saw mill burning excess refuse which could be converted into pulp, and the pulp mill using logs which could be made into lumber. It is unfortunate that more large lumber operations are not carried on jointly with pulp and paper mills. Only one who has actually operated mills in the North can fully appreciate the advantages a mill in the South has. A comparison of conditions in the North and in the South may be of interest. In the North, practically all of the pulpwood is gotten out of the woods during the winter months when the timber can be hauled out on sleighs and on iced roads. As the wood is brought to the railroad sidings, it is shipped to the pulp mills and as the amount arriving is far in excess of the mills daily requirements, it must be unloaded and put into storage. As a result, it is not an uncommon sight to find in the yards of mills, anywhere from 15,000 to 50,000 cords of pulpwood. This reserve not only ties up a great deal of money, but results in added expense as insurance, handling charges in and out, but as the assessor finds his way about in the spring, taxes must be paid upon this large amount of wood. Not only must this reserve be carried on account of logging conditions, but mills must protect themselves as it is a well known fact that pulpwood sellers watch a mills supply, and price their wood accordingly. In the South, where logging conditions are such that wood can be gotten out the year around, a mill need not carry such a large reserve, with consequent economy in so doing. A mill in the North will receive its pulpwood in 16, 12 or 8 foot lengths, and cordwood will arrive in either 8 or 4 foot lengths. To suit the barking equipment, pulpwood greater than 4 feet in length must be sawed to proper length. To remove the bark, barking drums are used, and some may bark wet and others dry, and barking frozen wood is not an easy task by any means. Except in a few cases, the wasteful knife barker is rarely used. From the chippers the wood is conveyed to bins over the digesters. The amount of labor and equipment of the northern mill is very much greater than that of the southern mill, which received its wood in either 4 or 5 foot lengths, and conveyed directly to a barking drum. If the wood is allowed to worm peel, the barking drum is eliminated. There are many other advantages a mill in the South has over a mill in the North but I have enumerated the above as they concern wood, and it is wood which you are mostly interested in. At the present time, the pulp and paper mills of the far South are only making kraft wrapping and bag paper and container board, and as these are intimately associated with the merchandising of goods, any marked increase in the development of the country will unquestionably be reflected in an increased demand for these products. The Southern pine forests, with their cheap pulpwood, the excellent suitability of this wood for the sulphate process, and their nearness to the paper markets, will without doubt be called upon to supply in ever increasing proportion the wood required to meet the demand made by expansion of this phase of the industry. The rapid depletion of the northern pulpwood species will do much toward focusing attention upon the sources of supply in the South. It has been reported that the Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin, has developed a process for making newsprint from southern woods. It is anticipated that it will be possible to manufacture a paper which will meet the demands of the newspaper publishers, and at a price, when manufactured locally which will successfully compete with standard newsprint in the southern market. How far such a product from the southern forests could compete in northern markets would depend to a large extent on which mills now operating can adapt their processes to the little used species still available to them. There are many other grades of paper which can and should be made in the South, and which will be made when the price of drafts get low. The manufacture of pulp and paper requires a very large amount of capital, and before anyone enters the business he should be fully aware of the amount of capital required, whether he can manufacture at a profit under poorest market conditions, and whether he can find a market for the finished product. The growth of the industry in the South during the last two years has been abnormal, and the eyes of manufacturers have been turned this way. I am in hearty accord with all movements for the elimination of waste in our industries, and for the preservation of our forests. I trust I have given some sidelights on a great industry, and inasmuch as the pulp and paper industry has established itself so firmly in the South, your Congressmen and Senators should be in accord with tariffs which will protect this great American industry and American labor. GROWING TREES FOR PULP AND LUMBER By J. K. JOHNSON FORESTER, GREAT SOUTHERN LUMBER CO. What I shall say will be chiefly of local application. I find it easier to talk about the things being thought about and worked at. The Great Southern Lumber Company in 1920 started doing some things in the woods which they were led to believe would result in another crop of pine trees on their cut-over lands. They expect to need pulpwood and saw timber continuously. Previous to starting the practice of Forestry five years ago, yields to be expected were not figured down to very much of a scientific basis, as desirable as such figures are. To state it plainly and simply, the company officials knew through observation that pine trees in that region grow mighty fast. They took advantage, of course, of the knowledge of well known men whose business it is to know. One thing has evidently constantly held the company to the |