Seas was on foot, he was recommended as a proper person to be employed on the occasion: but the performance did not answer the public expectation. Works of taste and elegance, where imagination and the passions were to be affected, were his province; not works of dry, cold, accurate narrative. However, he executed his task, and received for it the enormous sum of £6000. He died in 1773, some say of high living, others, of chagrin from the ill reception of his Narrative. On a handsome marble monument at Bromley, in Kent, is the following inscription, the latter part of which is taken from the last number of The Adventurer: To the memory of MDCCLXXIII, aged 58 years. That he labored for the benefit of society, The hour is hasting, in which whatever praise or censure I have acquired will be remembered with equal indifference. Time, who is impatient to date my last paper, will shortly moulder the hand which is now writing it in the dust, and still the breast that now throbs at the reflection. But let not this be read as something that relates only to another; for a few years only can divide the eye that is now reading from the hand that has written.' HAWKING. See FALCONRY. HAWKINS (Sir John), a brave English admiral under queen Elizabeth, born in Devonshire. He was rear-admiral of the fleet which she sent against the Spanish Armada, and had a great share in that glorious victory. He was afterwards made treasurer of the navy. But his memory is disgraced by his having been the first European who carried off slaves from the coast of Africa, and introduced that inhuman traffic into the West Indies. Queen Elizabeth herself, while she honored his bravery by knighthood, threatened him with the divine vengeance for this practice. He died in the West Indies in 1595. HAWKINS (Sir John), a celebrated author, and a lineal descendant of the admiral, was born in London, March 30th, 1719. He was the youngest son of Mr. Hawkins, a house-carpenter and builder in London, and was bred to the law. Though deeply engaged in that study, in his younger years, and afterwards in the practice, he found leisure to exercise his genius by writing essays on various subjects, for the Gentleman's Magazine, Universal Spectator, and Westminster Journal; some of which attracted the attention of the public. He formed an early intimacy with Dr. Johnson, which continued through life. About 1741 he became a member of two Musical Societies, and in 1742 published six Cantatas, the poetry of five of which was written by himself, and the music composed by his friend Mr. Stanley. These having succeeded beyond ex pectation, he published other six soon after, which proved the means of making his fortune, by introducing him to the acquaintance of Peter Storer, esq., of Highgate, whose youngest daughter Sidney he married in 1753, and with her received a handsome fortune, as well as a very large addition to it, on the death of her brother in 1759. Having early entertained a fondness for angling, he now gave up business, and purchased a house at Twickenham, on the Thames, where he could enjoy his favorite amusement. In 1760 he published a new edition of Walton's Complete Angler, in 8vo. with notes; to which he prefixed a Life of Walton. In 1761 he was appointed a justice of the peace for Middlesex. In 1763 he published in 8vo. Observations on the State of the Highways, and on the laws for amending and keeping them in repair: to which he subjoined the draught of a bill, which was afterwards passed into a law. In 1764 he distinguished himself by opposing an enormous claim of the city of London, which, in a bill presented to Parliament, had proposed to subject the county of Middlesex to two-thirds of the expense of rebuilding the jail of Newgate, estimated at £40,000. Mr. Hawkins drew a petition against the bill with such success, that it was withdrawn by the city members. In 1765 he was elected chairman of the quarter session. In 1768 and 1769, during the riots at Brentford and Moorfields, he acted with so much spirit, activity, and propriety, that, in 1772, his majesty conferred on him the honor of knighthood. In 1773, and 1778, he enriched Dr. Johnson's and Mr. Stevens's edition of Shakspeare with those notes which bear his name. In 1776 he published his General History of the Science and Practice of Music; in 5 vols. 4to., dedicated to the king, and which he presented to him personally, at Buckingham House. The collecting of the materials for this work had cost him sixteen years labor. In 1784 he met with one of the severest losses a literary man can sustain, by the destruction of his valuable library, containing many rare books, by fire. In 1787 he published the Life and Works of Dr. Johnson, in 11 vols. 8vo. dedicated to the king. He died at Westminster of an apoplexy, on the 21st of May 1789: leaving the character of an active magistrate, an affectionate husband and parent, a firm friend, and a sincere Christian. HAWKINS, a county of East Tennessee, United States. Rogersville is the chief town. HAWKIN'S ISLAND, an island off the west coast of North America, in Prince William's Sound, about twenty miles long, and from one to four miles wide. Long. 214° 10′ to 214° 38′ E., lat. 60° 28′ to 60° 40′ N. HAWKWEED. See CREPIS and HIERACIUM. HAWKWOOD (Sir John), a famous English general, was the son of a tanner at Sible Heddingham in Essex, where he was born in the reign of Edward III. He was bound apprentice to a tailor in London; but, being pressed into the army, was sent abroad, where he signalised himself as a soldier in France and Italy, and particularly at Pisa and Florence. He commanded with great ability and success in the army of Galeacio duke of Milan; and was in such high bles. esteem with Barnabas, his brother, that he gave hangs odes upon hawthorns, and clegies upon bramhim Domitia his natural daughter in marriage, Shakspeare. As You Like It. with an ample fortune. He died at Florence, The hawthorn-fly is all black and not big. full of years and military fame, in 1394. HAWLBOWLING, a small island in Cork harbour, Ireland, nearly opposite to the town of Cove, on which there is a small fort; and which, during the late war, was fixed upon as a naval depôt. HAWSE, or HAUSE, implies the situation of the cables before the ship's stem, when she is moored with two anchors out from forward, viz. one on the starboard and the other on the larboard bow. Hence it is usual to say, she has a clear hawse, or a foul hawse. It also denotes any small distance a-head of a ship, or between her head and the anchor employed to ride her, as, He has anchored in our hawse, The brig fell athwart our hawse, &c. A ship is said to ride with a clear hawse when the cables are directed to their anchors, without lying athwart the stem ;. or crossing, or being twisted round each other by the ship's winding about, according to the change of the wind, tide, or current. A foul hawse, on the contrary, implies that the cables lie across the stem, or bear upon each other, so as to be rubbed and chafed by the motion of the vessel. The hawse accordingly is foul, by having either a cross, an elbow, or a round turn. If the larboard cable, lying across the stem, points out on the starboard side, while the starboard cable at the same time grows out on the larboard side, there is a cross on the hawse. If, after this, the ship, without returning to her former position, continues to wind about the same way, so as to perform an entire revolution, each of the cables will be twisted round the other, and then directed out from the opposite bow, forming what is called a round turn. An elbow is produced when the ship stops in the middle of that revolution, after having had a cross: or, in other words, if she rides with her head northward with a clear hawse, and afterwards turns quite round, so as to direct her head northward again, she will have an elbow. HAWSE-PIECES, the foremost timbers of a ship, whose lower ends rest on the knuckle timber, or the foremost of the cant timbers. They are generally parallel to the stem, having their upper ends sometimes terminated by the lower part of the beak-head, and otherwise by the top of the bow, particularly in small ships and merchantmen. HAWSER, n. s. a large rope which holds the middle degree between the cable and tow-line, in any ship whereto it belongs, being a size smaller than the former, and as much larger than the latter. HAWTHORN, n. s. Į Sax. þæg born. A HAWTHORN-FLY, n. s. species of medlar; the thorn that bears haws; the white-thorn.. Hawthorn-fly, an insect. Some in her hondes baren boughes shene, Some of laurer, and some of okes bene, Some of hawthorne, and some of wodebind, And many mo which I have not in mind. Chaucer. The Floure and the Leafe. There is a man haunts the forest, that abuses our young plants with carving Rosalind on their barks; Walton. Some in their hands, beside the lance and shield, The boughs of woodbine or of hawthorn held. Dryden. HAY, n. s. Sax, piez, big; French, HAY-MAKER, n, s. haie, a hedge; Dutch, HAY-COCK, n. s. Shey. Grass dried to fodder cattle in winter. Hay-maker, one employed in the process of making hay. Hay, as derived from haie, signifies a net which encloses the haunt of an animal. To dance the hay, is to dance in a ring, probably from dancing round a hay-cock. This king of kinges was proud and elat; Ne might him nat bereve of his estat: Chaucer. The Monkes Tale. Camden's Remains. We have heats of dungs, and of hays and herbs. laid up moist. Bacon. This maids think on the hearth they see, The gum and glistening, Drayton. Suckling. Snails there had crawled the hay. One while a scorching indignation burnes The flowers and blossomes of our hopes away; Which into scarsitie our plentie turnes, And changeth unmowne-grasse to parched hay. G. Withers. Or if the earlier season lead To the tanned hay-cock in the mead. Milton. By some hay-cock; or some shady thorn, He bids his beads both even song and morn. Dryden, Coneys are destroyed by hays, curs, spaniels, o tumblers, bred up for that purpose. Mortimer. The best manure for meadows is the bottom of hay mows and hay stacks. Id. Some turners turn long and slender sprigs of ivory, as small as an hay stalk. Moxon. As to the return of his health and vigour, were you here, you might enquire of his haymakers. Pope to Swift Hay and oats, in the management of a groom will make ale. Swift. HAY. The time of mowing grass for hay must be regulated according to its growth and ripeness; nothing being more prejudicial to the crop than mowing it too soon; because the sap is not then fully come out of the root, and, when made into hay, the grass shrinks away to nothing. It must not, however, be let stand too long till it have shed its seeds. When the tops of the grass look brown, and begin to bend down, and the red honey-suckle flowers begin to wither, it is ripe for mowing. A HAY for taking rabbits, hares, &c., is made from fifteen to twenty fathoms in length, and in depth a fathom. As rabbits often straggle abroad about mid-day for fresh grass, when they are gone forth to any remote brakes or thickets, pitch two or three of these hays about their burrows, and lie close there; but, if there are not hays enough to enclose all their burrows, some may be stopped up with stones, &c. Then set out with the dog to hunt up and down at a good distance, and draw on by degrees to the man who lies close by the hay, who may take them as they bolt into it. HAY (William), esq., an English writer, born at Glenburne, in Sussex, about 1700, and educated at Headley. In 1730 he published a poem, called Mount Caburn, dedicated to the duchess of Newcastle. In 1734, when lord Hardwicke was created a peer, he was chosen to succeed him as M. P. for Seaford, which he continued to represent during his life. He defended the measures of Sir Robert Walpole, and was supposed to be the author of a ministerial pamphlet, entitled A Letter to a freeholder on the fate Reduction of the Land-tax to one Shilling in the Pound; printed in 1731. In 1735 he published Remarks on the Laws relative to the Poor, with Proposals for their better Relief and Employment; and brought in two bills for that purpose, but without effect. In May 1738 he was appointed a commissioner of the Victualling office. In 1753 appeared his Religio Philosophi; or the Principles of Morality and Christianity, illustrated from a View of the Universe, and of Man's Situation in it. This was followed, in 1754, by his Essay on Deformity; in which he rallies his own imperfections with much liveliness and good humor. 'Bodily deformity,' says he, is very rare. Among 558 gentlemen, in the house of commons, I am the only one that is so. Thanks to my worthy constituents, who never objected to my person, and I hope never to give them cause to object to my behaviour.' In 1754 he also translated Hawkins Browne De Immortalitate Animi. In 1755 he translated and modernised some Epigrams of Martial. A little time before, he had been appointed keeper of the Records in the Tower; and it is said that his attention and assiduity during the few months he held that office were eminently serviceable to his successors. He died January 19th, 1755. HAY, in geography, a town of South Wales, in Brecknockshire, seated near the confluence of the rivers Wye and Dulas. It was a town of note in the time of the Romans; being fortified with a castle and wall, which were ruined in the a considerable town; and has a large market for corn and cattle. HAYDN (Joseph), a celebrated musical composer, born in Lower Austria, in 1733. His father was a wheelwright, and placed in such circumstances that he could neither give his son an education suited to a liberal profession, nor procure for him instruction in that art for which he manifested an early and an ardent predilection. He was accustomed to sing to his father's harp the simple tunes which, without any knowledge of music, his father played; and he acquired a little acquaintance with different instruments under the tuition of a schoolmaster, his relation. From this school he was taken toVienna, to sing in the choir of the imperial chapel. Reuter, who was maestro de capello of the cathedral, was here sensible of his merits and foresaw his fame. At the age when his voice began to change, Haydn was dismissed from the choir; after which, during a long course of years, he endured all the rigor of adverse fortune, finding it very difficult to earn even a bare subsistence. He lodged in the sixth story; his garret had neither door nor casement; his breath congealed on his bed-clothes; and the water which he fetched from the fountain for his toilette in the morning, was frequently changed into ice before he could re-ascend to the exalted regions of his abode. Haydn gave lessons, and performed at orchestras and musical parties; but his indigence kept him secluded from society: an old wormeaten harpsichord was his sole source of happiness. Consoling himself with this companion of his misfortunes, he courageously continued to compose; and his ardent genius prevented him from sinking into a state of torpid despair. At last he had the good fortune to have as his pupil a Miss Mortini, a relation of Metastasio; and at her house he obtained his board gratis during three years. Afterwards he removed to one of the suburbs. About that time he engaged himself as director of the choir of the Charitable Brothers, in the Leopoldstadt, at a salary of sixty florins per annum. He was obliged, on Sundays and holidays, to be at their church by eight o'clock in the morning; at ten he played the organ in the chapel of count Haugwitz, and at eleven he sung in the choir of the cathedral of St. Stephen. Thousands would have sunk under such hardships. He came to England in 1791, and returned to Germany in 1796. During his stay he composed many pieces, and met with those rewards and that admiration which he so highly merited.-Haydn never was in Italy. If he had enjoyed that advantage, there can be no doubt that, with his excellent ideas of singing and harmony, he would have acquired great reputation as a composer of operas. He, however, spoke, Italian with considerable facility, and acknowledged that he owed much to an Italian musician of the name of Porpora, with whom he became acquainted at the house of a lady in Meinersdorf. Haydn served about three months in the capacity of a valet, solely for the purpose of improving himself by his instructions. Porpora was teaching the lady to sing, and Haydn accompanied her on the harpsichord; during the intervals between the lessons, he submitted his compositions to the correction of his master. Thus was formed the composer, whose sublime notes resound in all the orchestras of Europe; and who continued his labors with increasing applause and glory during half a century, to the time of his death in 1809. His principal works, besides innumerable symphonies, are, The Creation and the Seasons. HAYE'S ISLAND, a small island near the southern point of Hudson's Bay, formed by the rivers Nelson and Hayes, which, after running togther for some time, separate into two arms. Near the entrance of them into the sea stands fork Fort, called by the French De Bourbon. HAYLEY (William), a poet and biographical writer, was born November 9, 1745, at Chichester, of which cathedral his grandfather had been dean. He received his education at the school of Kingston-upon-Thames, and at Eton, whence he removed to Trinity College, Cambridge. On leaving the University he retired to his paternal estate of Eartham, in Sussex, where he resided till the loss of a natural son, about 1800, so afflicted him that he removed to Felpham in that county, where he died November 12, 1820. His principal publications are, 1. An Essay on Painting. 2. An Essay on History. 3. An Essay on Epic Poetry. 4. The Triumphs of Temper. An edition of these, with other pieces and plays, was printed in 6 vols. 8vo. His prose works are, An Essay on Old Maids, 3 vols., and the Lives of Milton, Cowper, and Romney the Painter. He was the author of various elegant quartos, and quartos have been devoted to his personal history: but he will be chiefly known to posterity as the biographer of Cowper; whose character, after all, he but very imperfectly understood. Hayter was appointed to superintend the experiment, and in consequence took up his abode at Palermo. He returned in 1810, and the MSS. were presented to the University of Oxford; but the result disappointed the public. He soon after died of an apoplectic shock in France. He published Observations on the Herculanensia, 4to. HAYWARD, one who keeps the common herd or cattle of a town. He is appointed by the lord's court; his office is to see that the cattle neither break nor crop the hedges of enclosed grounds. HAYWARD (Sir John), an eminent English historian and biographer of the seventeenth century, educated in the University of Cambridge, where he took the degree of LL.D. In 1610 he was appointed historiographer of a college then at Chelsea; and, in 1619, was knighted. He wrote, 1. The lives of the three Norman kings of England, William I. and II., and Henry I. 2. The first part of the life and reign of king Henry IV. 3. The life and reign of king Edward VI.; and several theological works. He died in 1627. HAZAEL, Heb. 8 i. e. seeing God., an officer belonging to Benhadad, king of Syria, who, as is generally supposed from the common rendering of 2 Kings viii. 15, caused that prince to be put to death, and reigned in his stead. Some, however, have thought that the thick cloth was spread over the face of Benhadad by himself or by his order to allay the violence of the fever. Hazael defeated Joram, Jehu, and Jehoahaz, kings of Israel; and, after his death, was succeed ed by Benhadad his son, A. A. C. 889. HAZʼARD, n. s, v. a. & \ French, hazard, hazarder, hazardeur; Ital. and Sp. azar; Runic, haski. Hazard,' says Crabb, HAYNES (Hopton), a learned unitarian, born in 1672. In 1696 he was employed in the mint, in which he rose to the office of king's assay-comes from the oriental zar and tzar, signifying master. In the year 1748, becoming infirm, he was allowed to retire. He was also principal any thing bearing an impression, particularly talley-writer at the exchequer for forty years; the Italians zara, and by the Spaniards azar. the die used in chance games, which is called by and died in 1749, at the age of seventy-seven. He wrote The Scripture Account of the Attri- Hazard is when, in contingent events, the inclibutes and Worship of God, and of the Character nation is to the unfavorable side, and thus it is and Offices of Jesus Christ, of which a second opposed to chance. edition was printed by the Rev. Theophilus. Lindsay in 1790. HAYNES (Samuel), son of the above, was educated at King's College, Cambridge, where he took his degree of D.D. 1748. He was tutor to the earl of Salisbury, by whom he was presented to the livings of Hatfield and Clothel; he was also a canon of Windsor, and published a collection of state papers, relating to affairs in the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, from 1542 to 1570, transcribed from the Cecil MSS. Dr. Haynes died in 1752. HAYTER (John), M. A., was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, where he obtained the degree of B.A. in 1778, and that of M. A. in 1788, between which dates he was presented to the living of Hepworth in Suffolk. His present majesty, then prince of Wales, offering to be at the expense of unrolling and decyphering the Greek MSS. in the ruins of Herculaneum, Mr. to venture. The figurative meanings are, accident; danger; risk; to try your chance; Hazardry is temerity; precipitation; rash adventure; all derived from, and founded on, the literal meaning applied to dice Now wol I you defenden hasardrie It is repreve and contrary of honour, Chaucer. The Pardoneres Tale. Id. I pray you tarry; pause a day or two Before you hazard; for, in chusing wrong, I lose your company. It was not in his power to adventure upon his own fortune, or hearing a public charge to hazard himself against a man of private condition. Hayward. An hazardable determination it is, unto fluctuating and indifferent effects, to affix a positive type or period. Browne. She from her fellow-provinces would go, Waller Grant that our hazardous attempt prove vain, We feel the worst, secured from greater pain. Dryden. The hazard I have run to see you here, should Id. inform you that I love not at a common rate. Where the mind does not perceive connection, there men's opinions are not the product of judgment, but the effects of chance and hazard, of a mind floating at all adventures, without choice and without direction. Locke. The wise and active conquer difficulties By daring to attempt them: sloth and folly Shiver and shrink at sight of toil and hazard, And make the impossibility they fear. Rowe. Men are led on from one stage of life to another in a condition of the utmost hasard, and yet without the least apprehension of their danger. Rogers. By dealing indifferently mercies to all, you may hazard your own share. Sherlock. The duke, playing at hazard, held in a great many hands together, and drew a huge heap of gold. Swift. Reason! the hoary dotard's dull directress, That loses all because she hazards nothing. Dr. Johnson's Irene. HAZARD, in gaming. See GAMING. HAZARD, is properly so called, as it speedily enriches a man or ruins him. It is played only with two dice without tables; and as many may play as can stand round the largest round table. Two things are chiefly to be observed, viz. main and chance; the latter belonging to the caster, and the former, or main, to the other gamesters. There can be no main thrown above 9, or under 5; so that 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, are the only mains. Chances and nicks are from 4, to 10; thus 4 is a chance to 9, 5 to 8, 6 to 7, 7 to 6, 8 to 5; and 9 and 10 a chance to 5, 6, 7, and 8: in short, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, are chances to any main, if any of these nick it not. Now nicks are either when the chance is the same with the main, as 5 and 5; or the like; or 6 and 12, 7 and 12,8 and 12. Thomson Oft engendered by the hazy North, Myriads on myriads, insect armies waft. HAZEBROUK, a large town of French Flanders, twenty-seven miles west by north of Lille. Its streets are straight, and its houses in general It is the well built: its population about 6600. capital of an arrondissement; and has a brisk trade in thread, linen, and fruits the produce of the surrounding country. HAZEL, adj. ? Sax. pærel; Lat. corylus. HA'ZELLY, adj. Nut tree. Light brown, of the color of hazel; hence used figuratively to describe color. Kate, like the hazel twig, Is straight and slender; and as brown in hue Her chariot is an empty hazel nut. Mortimer. Chuse a warm dry soil, that has a good depth of light hazel mould. Id. There are some from the size of a hazel nut to that of a man's fist. Woodward. Where flows the murmuring brook, inviting dreams; Where bordering hazel overhangs the streams, Whose rolling current winding round and round, With frequent falls makes all the woods resound. Gay. The nuts grow in clusters, and are closely joined together at the bottom, each being covered with an outward husk or cup, which opens at the top, and when the fruit is ripe it falls out. The species are hazel-nut, cobnut, and filbert. The red and white filberts are mostly esteemed for their fruit. Miller. The flowering thorn, self-taught to wind Beattie. HAZEL, OF HAZLE, in botany. See CORYLUS. The kernels of the fruit have a mild, farinaceous, oily taste, agreeable to most palates. Squirrels and mice are fond of them, as well as some birds. A kind of chocolate has been prepared from them; and there are instances of their having been formed into bread. The oil expressed from them is little inferior to the oil of almonds; and is used by painters and by chemists for receiving and retaining odors. The charcoal made of the wood is used by painters in drawing. Evelyn tells us that no plant is more proper for thickening of copses than the hazel, for which he directs the following expeditious method. Take a pole of hazel twenty or thirty feet in length, the head a little lopped into the ground, giving it a chop near the ground to make it succumb; this |