have been erected on the Harwich side of the harbour, to facilitate the entrance by night. HARWOOD, (Edward), D. D., a learned dissenting clergyman, born in Lancashire, in 1729. He was pastor of a congregation at Bristol, whence he was obliged, partly on account of gross immorality, and partly because of his zeal in the Arian controversy, to remove to London; where he taught the classics. He published a Translation of the New Testament; a view of the various editions of the Greek and Roman classics; and many other books and pamphlets. He died at London of a paralytic complaint, which had confined him to the house for fourteen years, and deprived him of the use of his left side, January 14th, 1794, aged sixty-five. HARWOOD, a small but neat town in the North Riding of Yorkshire, with a costly stone bridge of eleven arches over the Wherfe, which runs in a bed of stone, and is as clear as rock water. Near it are the ruins of an ancient castle, built soon after the conquest; and which was a neat strong building in Camden's time. It had a variety of masters; one of whom, in the reign of king John, obtained a grant for a market and fair here. In the reign of Edward III. it was valued at 400 marks a year. This castle was ruined in the civil wars; before which it covered nearly an acre of ground. In the church are some ancient monuments, particularly that of lord chief justice Gascoigne. HASE (James and Theodore), two learned German writers of the eighteenth century, brethren, and authors of Dissertations, and other classical works. Theodore was professor of Hebrew at Bremen, and died in 1731, aged forty-nine. James died in 1723. Above his head, and rained a storm As if he meant to hash her quick. Hudibras. What have they to complain of but too great variety, though some of the dishes be not served in the exactest order, and politeness; but hashed up in haste? Garth. HASK, n. s. Teut. hals (collum).-Minsheu. Probably from its shape; a case made of rushes or flags. Obsolete. Phoebus, weary of his yearly task, Established hath his steeds in lowly lay, And taken up his inn in fishes hask. Spenser. HASLEMERE, a borough and market town of Surrey, on the edge of the county, next Hampshire, forty-two miles from London. It is an ancient place, and was once destroyed by the Danes. It is a borough by prescription, and has sent two members to parliament, since the reign of Edward IV. chosen by a bailiff, and burgageteeners, about sixty in number, under the influence of the marquis of Lonsdale It is said to have had seven parish churches formerly, though now but one. HASLINGDEN, a market town in the county of Lancaster, on the river Swinnel, and on the road from Bury to Blackburn. It has a canal navigation to Manchester on the one hand, and to Leeds and Liverpool on the other. Here are flourishing woollen and cotton manufactures. The houses are built of stone; and, besides a neat church, there are two chapels for dissenters. Population upwards of 5000. Market on Wednesday. Seventeen miles north of Manchester, and 203 north-west of London. HASP, n. s. & v. n. Sax. þæpr; Isl. hassa is to hold. In some provinces it is yet called hapse. A clasp folded over a staple, and fastened on with a padlock; to shut with a hasp. And to the chambre dore be gan him dresse, His knave wos a strong carl for the nones, And by the huspe he haf it of, at ones; Into the floor the dore fell anon. Chaucer. The Milleres Tale. Have doors to open and shut at pleasure with hasps to them. Mortimer. HASSAN PACHA, an African of modern times, who became grand vizier of Turkey. He served when young in the Algerine navy, and, being taken by the Spaniards, was sent prisoner to Naples. Having obtained his liberty he entered into the service of the grand seignor, and was at the battle of Tschemé fought against the Russians. He was soon after appointed capitan pacha, or high admiral; in which post he maintained himself some years. He vanquished the Egyptian insurgents; re-established order and tranquillity at Smyrna, in 1775; took Gaza, Jaffa, and Acre; and beheaded the famous Daher, sheik of the latter city, who had for years rebelled against the Ottoman empire. Hassan returned to Constantinople loaded with treasures and with high renown: but, the beys having again revolted, he returned to Egypt in 1786, and gained a signal victory over the rebels. In 1788 war was renewed between the Turks and Russians, and the chief command of the forces by sea and land was entrusted to the capitan pacha. But the was unfavorable for operations, and bloody battles were fought without any decisive advantage. Okzakow was at length taken by the Russians, and this misfortune occasioned the dismissal of our commander: he was sent to Ismail with the rank of a pacha of three tails. Defeat still attending the Ottoman arins he was recalled and made grand vizier in 1789: but he was worn out, and died in March, 1790, at the age of eighty season seven. HASSELQUIST (Frederick), M. D. an eminent Swedish naturalist, born at Tournalla, in East Gothland, in 1722, and educated at Upsal, under the great Linné. By the advice of that eminent botanist, with the assistance of the University of Upsal, who granted him a salary for the purpose, he set out upon a voyage to Palestine, in summer 1749, with the view of investigating the natural history of that country, and thereby illustrating eastern philology, and elucidating many passages in the Old Testament. In this enterprise he also received much pecuniary aid, by private subscriptions. By the interest of counsellor Lagerstroem he obtained a free passage, in a Swedish East Indiaman, to Smyrna; where he arrived in December 1749, and was most hospitably received by M. A. Rydel, the Swedish consul. In January, 1750, he set out for Egypt, and spent nine months at Cairo whence he transmitted to Linnæus some specimens of his discoveries, which were published with great approbation. A collection of 10,000 dollars was then made to enable him to continue his travels and researches. In spring, 1751, he passed through Jaffa to Jerusalem, Jericho, &c., returning through Rhodes and Scio, to Smyrna. Thus he completed the object of his mission, but unfortunately fell a sacrifice to the heat of the climate, which, in his travels through Arabia, had affected his lungs so severely, that he died at Smyrna, February 9th, 1752, aged thirty. The Turks, with their usual rapacity, having seized his collections, were prevented from selling them by the Swedish consul, who wrote home an account of his death and circumstances; whereupon queen Louisa Ulrica generously sent 14,000 dollars to redeem them; and the whole collection, consisting of numerous antiques, shells, birds, insects, serpents, Arabian MSS. &c., arrived in good preservation at Stockholm, and was lodged in the cabinets at Ulrichsdale, and Drottningholm; duplicates of many of them being also sent to Linné at Upsal, who published an account of his deceased friend's voyage and observations. HASSELQUISTIA, in botany, a genus of the digynia order, and pentandria class of plants: natural order forty-fifth, umbellatæ. The fruits are quite smooth; the seeds of the radius oval, plane, marginated, and convex in the middle; those in the disk hemispherical and urceolated, or bladder-shaped. HASSER, ASEER, or ASOOTAHMA, a hilly district in the province of Khandeish, Mahratta territories, between 21° and 22° N. lat. The country contains many strong positions, on which the chiefs have erected fortifications. The land is fertile, and tolerably well watered by the Tuptee and Poornah; the chief towns are Boorhanpore, Hasser or Aseer, and Chandah. HASSER, properly ASEERGHUR, a town and fortress of Hindostan, once the capital of Khandeish. In the year 1803 it surrendered, after a slight resistance, to a division of the Madras army under colonel Stephenson. The town, which stands at the foot of a mountain, is extensive; but, on the removal of the seat of government to Boorhanpore, it fell into decay. It was restored to the Mahrattas, at the conclusion of peace. Long. 76° 21′ E., lat. 21° 32′ N. In HA'SSOCK, n. s. German haseck.-Skinner. A thick mat on which men kneel at church. Scotland it is applied to any thing made of rushes or privet, on which a person may sit. He found his parishioners very irregular; and in order to make them kneel, and join in the responses, he gave every one of them a hassock and common prayer-book. Addison. HAST, the second person singular of have. HASTATI, in the Roman armies were veteran spearmen who wore a complete suit of armour, and carried a convex buckler of four feet six inches in length, and two feet and a half in breadth. The hastati likewise wore a sword, which they carried at their right thigh, and which was called the Spanish sword. This weapon was calculated both to cut and thrust, the blade being very broad, thick, and pointed. They had each, moreover, two pikes, a brass helmet, and VOL. XI. French, haste, haster; Dutch, haerte, hasten; Goth. haust, hast. The primary idea is rapidity; speed; precipitation; passion; half boots. One of the pikes was thick, and the other of a middling size. See BATTLE. HASTE, n. s., v. n. & v. a.` HASTEN, v. n. & v. a. HAS'TENER, n. s. HASTILY, adv. HAS'TINESS, n. s. HASTINGS, n. s. HASTY, adj. vehemence: to move eagerly; to urge, or drive HASTY-PUDDING, n. S. Hasty-pudding, a pudding made of milk and on apace. Hastings, peas that come early. flour boiled together, and stirred quickly to prevent burning to the sides of the vessel. I said in my haste all men are liars. Psalms. They were troubled and hasted away. Id. Seest thou a man that is hasty in his words? there is more hope of a fool than of him. Proverbs. He that is slow to wrath is of great understanding; but he that is hasty of spirit exalteth folly. Id. Be not rash with thy mouth, and let not thine heart be hasty to utter any thing before God. Eccles. v. 2. fruit before the Summer. Beauty shall be a fading flower, and as the hasty Isaiah. I have not hastened from being a pastor to follow thee. Jeremiah. All those things are passed away like a shadow, and as a post that hasted by. Wisdom. In alle haste come to me; he saide. The second condition of veray confession is that it be hastily don, for, certes, if a man hadde a dedly wound, ever the lenger that he taried to warishe himself, the more wold it corrupt and hasten him to his deth, and also the wound wold be the werse for to hele. Id. The Persones Tale. Thus as she her recomforted, she spyde Where far away one, all in armour bright, With hasty gallop towards her did ryde. Spenser. Faerie Queene. A voice that called loud and clear, Is this the counsel that we two have shared, Id. Shakspeare. farthest by five of the clock. Let it be so hasted, that supper be ready at the Id. "Tis Cinna, I do know him by his gait; He is a friend. Cinna, where haste you so? Id. There is most just cause to fear, lest our hastiness to embrace a thing of so perilous consequence, should cause posterity to feel those evils. Hooker. Spare him, death! But O, thou wilt not, can'st not spare! Haste hath never time to hear. Crashaw. Hasting to pay his tribute to the sea, Like mortal life to meet eternity. Denham. The sun Declined was hasting now with prone career haste, with humble hastiness told Basilius. If your grace incline that we should live, You must not, sir, too hastily forgive. Waller. Our lines reformed, and not composed in haste, Polished like marble, would like marble last; F To distant Sparta, and the spacious waste On-on he hastened-and he drew Byron. The Giaour. HASTED (Edward), a modern historian of Kent, was the only son of Edward Hasted, esq., of Hawley, descended from the noble family of Clifford. He was born in 1732, and possessed at one time a competent landed property. But he fell into difficulties and litigation in regard to it, and lived obscurely for some time in the neighbourhood of London. A few years before his death he removed to the hospital at Corsham, Wilts, to the mastership of which he had been presented by the earl of Radnor; and soon after recovered his estates by a decree in Chancery. His History of Kent, 4 vols. folio, employed his attention for upwards of forty years. He died 14th of January 1812. HASTING PEAR, a name given by the gardeners to a species of pear, called also by some the green chisel pear. This is a moderately large pear, and is longish towards the pedicle; its skin is thin, and of a whitish green; the pulp is melting, and of a sugary flavor. It ripens in July. See PYRUS. HASTINGS, a town of Sussex, and one of the cinque ports. It was formerly obliged to find twenty-one ships, within forty days after the king's summons, well furnished and armed for service, and to maintain the crews a fortnight at its own charge. It is said to have been named from Hastings, a famous Danish pirate. In king Athelstan's reign it had a mint. It had charters from Edward the Confessor, Willlam I. and II., Henry II., Richard I., Henry III., Edward I., and Charles II., exempting it from toll, and empowering it to hold courts of judicature on life and death. It has about 600 handsome houses, and 3000 inhabitants; but frequent storms have rendered the harbour indifferent, though a vast sum of money has been laid out upon it. Hastings has sent members to parliament ever since Edward III. About 1377 this town was burnt by the French; and, after it was rebuilt, it was divided into two parishes. It had formerly a HASTINGS (Warren), esq., was born in 1732 at the village of Churchill, in Oxfordshire, where his father was a clergyman. He was educated at Westminster, and went in 1750 to Bengal, as a writer in the East India Company's service. He returned to England in 1765 with a moderate fortune. In 1768 he received the appointment of second in council at Madras; and was removed in 1771 to Bengal, to the presidency of which he was raised in 1772. The following year he was appointed governor-general of India. In 1778, the commission by which he held his office expiring, it was renewed first for a single year, and in 1781 for ten years longer: lord North, who had endeavoured to remove him in 1776, thinking it afterwards desirable to retain him in that post. During the celebrated coalition between Mr. Fox and lord North, the censures of the ministerial party were cast on Mr. Hastings, for his conduct in his government, and especially for his treatment of the native princes of India. Mr. Hastings returned from his government in 1786 to meet an impeachment. After proceedings protracted through a period of nine years he was acquitted, and retired, with the wreck of his fortune and an annuity from the Company, to Daylesford in Worcestershire. He was made a member of the privy council; but devoted the evening of his life to literary pursuits, and died Upon an ambler esily she sat, Chaucer. Prologue to Cant, Tales. She's as big as he is; and there's her thrum hat, and her muffler too. Shakspeare. Out of mere ambition you have made Id. They had hats of blue velvet, with fine plumes of divers colours, set round like hatbands. Bacon. His hat was like a helmet, or Spanish montero. A hatter sells a dozen of hats for five shillings a-piece. Swift. HATS. This important article of modern commerce and personal convenience is of recent adoption in Europe, Hats are said to have been first used by men at the beginning of the fifteenth century. But the hatters have a tradition among them, that while St. Clement, the fourth bishop of Rome, was fleeing from his persecutors, his feet became blistered, and, to afford him relief, he was induced to put wool between his sandals and the soles of his feet. On continuing his journey, the wool, by the perspiration, motion, and pressure of the feet, assumed a uniformly compact substance, which has since been denominated felt. When he afterwards settled at Rome, it is said he improved the discovery; and from this circumstance has been dated the origin of felting. Hatters in Ireland, and several Catholic countries, still hold their festival on St. Clement's day. Hats, however, are first spoken of in history at the period when Charles VII. made his triumphant entry into Rouen, in the year 1449. In F. Daniel's account of that entry, that prince, he says, astonished the whole city by appearing in a hat lined with red silk, and surmounted by a plume of feathers: from this entry their general use is dated. In process of time the clergy also assumed this part of the habit of the laity, but it was looked on as a great abuse, and several regulations were published, forbidding any priest, or religious person, to appear abroad in a hat without coronets, and enjoining them to keep to the use of chaperoons, made of black cloth, with decent coronets; if they were poor, they were at least to have coronets fastened to their hats; and this upon penalty of suspension and excommunication. The use of hats, indeed, is said to have been of longer standing among the ecclesiastics of Brittany, by 200 years, and especially among the canons; but these were, in fact, a kind of caps; whence arose the square caps worn in colleges, &c. By the sta tute of 13 Eliz. every person above the age of seven years, and under a certain degree, was obliged on Sundays and holidays to wear a woollen cap, made in England, and finished by some of the fraternity of cappers, under the penalty of 3s. 4d. for every day's neglect. This statute was repealed 39 Eliz. From Stow's Chronicle we learn, that about the beginning of Henry VIII. began the making of Spanish felts in England, by Spaniards and Dutchmen. In the second year of James I. the felt-makers of London obtained a corporation, and hired a hall near Christ Church, the king granting them various privileges and liberties for their support. Hats are at present made in different countries on the continent, and in America; but, except in France and our own country, they have not been much attended to as an article of commerce. From France they were exported in large quantities, to Engiand, Spain, Italy, and Germany; the quantity now made there is inconsiderable; England has, in its turn, become the grand mart for the manufacture; and hence the article is exported to different parts of the continent, America, and various other parts of the globe. Felt hal-making cousists in a method of working up wool or hair into a species of cloth, independently of either spinning or weaving; and giving it a convenient form, with a degree of stiffening sufficient to preserve its figure, and to answer the purposes of wearing. The mechanism of felting is curious and interesting; it depends on the conformation of all animal hairs and wool, which disposes them to unite with each other in such a manner as to produce a firm and compact substance. On examining hairs, or filaments of wool, with the naked eye, or even by a low magnifying power of the microscope, they appear perfectly smooth and even. Their surface, notwithstanding, is by no means smooth; but composed of lamellæ, covering each other from the root to the point, in a manner resembling that by which the scales of a fish cover the animal from the head downwards. This disposition of the lamellæ on the surface of hairs is discoverable by holding a hair with one hand, and drawing it between two fingers of the other, in the different directions from the root to the point, and from the point to the root. In the former case no sensible friction takes place, nor is any roughness discoverable; in the latter we discover a very sensible resistance, which is most readily discerned by moistening the fingers. The following experiment is still more decisive. By holding a hair between the fore-finger and thumb, and rubbing it in the longitudinal direction, a progressive motion takes place, and this motion is invariably towards the root, or with the root of the hair foremost. For example: if the hair be held in a perpendicular direction with the root upwards, by rubbing the finger and thumb together, it will be found to assume a motion by which the extremity of the hair, pointing upwards, will rise still higher; but if the hair is turned, so that the extremity farthest from the root be placed upwards, its rising motion is discontinued, and it immediately recedes down wards. This conformation of the surface of hairs and wool, which appear to be composed of hard lamellæ or asperities, placed over each other like tiles from the root to the point, lays the foundation of felting. In a layer of the material, by the operation it undergoes, the hairs are brought into close contact by their progressive and uniform motion towards the root; and, meeting in various directions, they become twisted together, the lamella of the different hairs fixing themselves to others directed in a contrary way, at the same time preserving the whole in a close and compact substance. The materials in general use are, lambs' wool, rabbits' and hares' fur, beaver, seal wool, monkey stuff, or neuter wool, camels' hair, goats' hair, or estridge, silk, and cotton. Moles' fur, and otter wool, are likewise sometimes made use of. The foreign lambs' wool generally used is the Italian, Spanish, and Peruvian, or Vicuna wool, commonly known among hatters by the name of red wool. Our native wools are of various qualities those in most esteem are the Herefordshire, or Ross wool, Southdown, Wye-side, Wiltshire, Somerset, and Hampshire. There is likewise wool sheared from Spanish lambs bred in England, known by the name of merino. Cod-wool is the wool plucked from lambs who die in the birth; long cod-wool is that plucked from lambs who die in early life. The best fur is from the backs of the different animals, and it decreases in value as it approaches the belly. Rabbits' fur, including the backs, and the best part of the sides mixed together, is known in the market by the name of best stuff; the fur from the bellies and worst part of the sides, seconds; that from odd bits of skins, &c., clippings; and the fur taken from rabbit-skins, when they are out of season, is denominated quarter-wool. The fur from unseasoned hare-skins is called stage hare-wool with this is mixed also the inferior fur from seasoned skins. The best fur from the beaver is ruffing; the next in value cheek-napping; and the inferior sorts are black-wooms, brown-wooms, white-wooms, brown-stage, and white-stage. Old-coat is taken from the beaverskins that have been worn by the savages; but little of this article is now imported. : The wools are washed and carded, and, when very long, cut to a moderate length with a chopping knife, or hatchet, on a wooden block. White Russia, best-stuff, and hares' wool, and the most inferior stuffs, as clippings, tail-wool, &c., are improved by the operation of carroting. For this purpose a layer of the stuff is placed in a box, or any suitable vessel not of metal, and sprinkled over with a mixture of about one part nitrous, or nitrous and sulphuric acid, and six parts water by means of a brush. A second layer is then placed in the vessel, which is again sprinkled with the acid mixture; this is repeated till it is full. To prevent the liquor running down into the bottom of the vessel, without equally wetting all the stuff, its position is frequently changed in the course of the day; it is then kept in the digesting heat of a stove all night. By this treatment the stuffs acquire a ruddy or reddish-yellow color, like the inner part of a carrot, from which it derives its name. In felting any of these materials together, the first object of the workman is to obtain the most complete separation of the fibres, and to dispose a layer of them in every possible direction with regard to each other; this is effected by means of bowing. For this purpose a platform of wood, about four feet wide, is erected against the wall of a convenient shop, and divided by side partitions about the same width from each other, into distinct portions, for the convenience of different workmen, called hurdles, each of which is enlightened by a small window. To each hurdle is suspended a bow by means of a small cord fixed to the ceiling, or any other convenient place, consisting of a pole about seven feet long, generally made of dealwood, to which are fixed two bridges of hard wood, the upper one nearest the window called the cock, and the lower one the breech. To the upper part of the pole, above the cock, is fastened a cat-gut line, or bow-string, of considerable length, and twisted round the pole, leaving only sufficient to bring over the cock and breech, and to fasten to the lower part of the pole; thus, when the string breaks, it is partly untwisted from the upper end of the bow, and the necessity of a new one is prevented. To preserve the wood from wearing, by the action of the bow-string, a strip of horse-skin, or vellum, is fastened to the edge of each bridge; and near the cord, by which the bow is suspended, is fastened a small strap to place the hand in, which enables the workman to hold it with firmness. The bow-pin is a small stick with a knob at each end for plucking the bowstring. As the process of making is a little different in different kinds of hats, we shall first describe that of wool hats or cordies. A quantity of carded wool, of one or more sorts, sufficient for one hat, generally about seven or eight ounces, is laid on the hurdle towards the left. The workman then holding the bow horizontally in his left hand, under the strap, and the bow-pin in his right, placing the bow-string near the right hand edge of the material, gives it a pluck with the pin. The string immediately flies back nearer to the pole than its situation was when at rest, strikes into the wool, and, instantaneously returning to its original position, scatters a part before it to a distance proportioned to the force with which it was pulled. By repeated strokes the whole is thus worked, observing, after each stroke, to raise the string, by giving the bow a turn with the left hand. This breaking over, as it is termed, is repeated several times, more or less, in proportion to the difficulty with which the hairs are disunited; when all the fibres are completely separated, the material is again placed towards the left hand side of the hurdle, and the workman proceeds, with more order |