phial; it is then to be wiped clean and dry, and The following table is given by Mr. Gilpin, again carefully weighed, by which the quantity in the eighty-fourth volume of the Philosophical of water it contains is ascertained; the water Transactions, and is of essential use for taking being poured out it is next filled with the liquid the specific gravities both of solids and fluids, whose specific gravity is required, taking care by enabling the operator to reduce the weight or that it is of the same temperature as the water; bulk of the distilled water, employed in any we then weigh as before, and divide the welght case, to that which it would have at any other by the foriner weight of water, the product gives common temperature, and particularly to 60°, the specific gravity required. Thus, suppose which is the usual standard. the phial to contain 425 grains of water at the Thus, for example, since the specific gravity temperature of 450, it will be found to hold of water at 47° is 1.0008 grains, and at 60° is 5737·5 grains of pure mercury of the same tem- 1.00000, (and consequently 1.0008 grains, at 47°, perature; and 5737.5 • 425 = 13.5 the speci- are equal in bulk to 1.00000 grains at 60°), it fic gravity of mercury. Or, supposing the follows that it would require 252-708 grains at liquid lighter than water, such as alcohol, of 47°, to equal the space of a cubic inch; for which we may assume the pnial to contain 350-5; 1.00000 : 1.0008 :: 252.506 (the weight of a then 350-5 = 425 = 0·824, the specific gravity cubic inch at 60°), : 252·708. of the alcohol under trial. 31 57 60 63 Table of the Specific Gravity of Water, at every Degree of Temperature, from 30° to 80° Fahrenheit. Specific Gravity. 30° 1.00074 1.00031 1.00024 1.00082 1.00016 1.00085 100008 1.00000 1.00090 0.99991 1.00092 0.99981 0.99971 38 1.00094 0 99961 1.00094 0.99950 1.00094 0.99939 0.99928 1.00092 0.99917 1.00090 0.99906 1.00088 0.99894 45 1.00086 0.99882 46 1.00083 0-99869 47 1.00080 0.99856 48 1.00076 0.99843 0.99830 50 1.00068 0.99816 51 1.00063 0.99802 1.00057 0.99788 1.00051 0.99774 54 1.00045 0.99759 1.00038 41 49 . . The above particulars are essential to a right cerned; but we must not close this view of hyunderstanding of our subject, as far as water, drostatic equilibrium without furnishing a more which is the standard of comparison, is con- general table. TABLE OF SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. 1.062 Do. solid 2.800 Barytes, sulphate of, from 1.8501 4.000 to 4.865 2.590 Do. carbonate of, from 4.100 to 4.600 Boracic, crystallised 1.479 Do. highly rectified 0.809 Basaltes, from 2.421 to 3.000 Do. fused 1.803 3.549 1.714 Do. occidental. 2.723 Formic 1.116 Amber from 1.065 to 1.100 Blood, human 1.053 Fluoric 1.060 Ambergris from 0-780 to 0.926 Do. crassamentum of 1.245 Molybdic 3.460 Amethyst, common 2.750) Do. serum of 1.030 Muriatic 1.200 1.714 0.942 Do. highly concen Ammonia, aqueous 0.875 Camphor 0.988 trated 1.583 Arragonite 2.900|Caoutchouc, or Indian Phosphoric, liquid 1.558 Azure-stone 2.850 rubber 0.933 . . . . . . . TABLE OF Specific GRAVITIES.--Continuea Cornelian, speckled 2.613 Sulphureted do. 1.180 or not 7.788 Chalcedony, common, from Sulphurous acid 11.38 2.600 to 2.65 Glass, crown 2.520 Manganese 8.000 Chalk . from 2.252 to 2.657 green 2.642 Mercury, solid, 30 Chrysolite 3.400 Aint from 2.760 to 3.000 below () of Fahr. 15.61 Chrystalline lens of the eye 1.100 plate 2.942 Do. at 32° of Fahr. 13.61 Cinnabar, from Almaden 6.902 Granite from 2:613 to 2.956 Do. at 60° of Fahr. 13:58 Coals from 1.020 to 1.300 Gum arabic . 1.452 Do.at 212° of Fahr. 13.37 Copal 1.045 cherry-tree 1.481 Molybdenum 8.600 Coral, red, from 2.630 to 2.857 Gunpowder, loose 0.836 Nickel, cast 8.279 white, from 2:540 to 2.570 shaken 0.932 forged 3.666 Corundum 3.710 solid . 1.745 Osmium and RhodiCyder, 1:018 Gypsum, compact, from um, alloy of 19:50 Diamond, oriental, color 1.872 to 2.288 Palladium 11.80 less 3.521. Platinum. 21.47 Do. colored varieties, from 2.311 to 3.000| Potassium at 59° 3.523 to 3.550/ Heliotrope, or bloodstone Fahr. 0.865 Do. Brasilian 3.444 10.65 Do. colored varieties, from Honey . 1.450 Selenium 4.300 3.518 to 3.550 Honeystone, or mellite, from Silver 10:47 Dolomite from 2.540 to 2.830 1.560 to 1.666 hammered 10.51 Dragon's blood (a resin) 1.204 Hornblende, common, from Sodium at 59° Fahr, 0.972 * Ether, Acetic 0.866 7.833 Muriatic 0.729 tempered 7.816 7.840 Sulphuric . from Hornstone from 2.533 to 2.810 tempered and 0 632 to 0.775 Hyacinth from 4.000 to 4:780 hardened 7.818 Emerald from 2.600 to 2770 Jasper from 2:358 to 2.816 Tellurium, from Euclase from 2.900 to 3.300 Jet 1.300 5•700 to 6:115 Fat of Beef 0.923 Indigo 1.009 Tin, Cornish 7.291 Hogs 0.936 Ironstone from Carron. 3.281 Do. hardened 7.299 Mutton 0.923 17.40 9.000 Felspar from 2:438 to 2.700 Ivory 1.825 Zinc from 6.900 to 7.191 Flint, black 2-582 Lapis Nephriticus from 2.650 to 2.934 Gamboge 1.222 Lard 1.032 Garnet, precious, from Lead, glance or galena from Mineral pitch, or asphal4.000 to 4.230 Derbyshire, from 6:565 tum, from 0.905 to 1.650 Do.common, from 3.576 to 3.700 to 7.786 Mineral tallow 0.770 Gases,-Atmospheric air 1.000 Limestone, compact, from Myrrh (a resin) 1.360 Ammoniacal 0.590 . 2.386 to 3.000 Naphtha from 0.700 to 0.847 Carbonic acid 1.527 Magnesia, native, hydrate Nitre 1.900 Carbonic oxide 0.972 of 2.330 Obsidianum from 2.348 to 2.370 Carbureted hydro Do. carbonate of, Oils, Essential-Amber 0.868 gen 0.972 from 2-220 to 2:612 Anise-seed 0.986 Chlorine 2.500 Malachite, compact, from Carraway-seed O-904 Chlorocarbonous 3:572 to 3.994 Cinnamon 1.043 acid 3.472 Marble, Carrara 2:716 Cloves 1.036 Chloroprussic acid 2.152 white, Italian 2.707 Fennel 0-929 1.805 Lavender 0.894 Parian Mint, common 0.898 Turpentine 0.870 Fluosilicic acid 3.632 Melanite, or black garnet, Wormwood 0.907 Hydriodic acid 4.340 from 3.691 to 3.800 Expressed Sweet alHydrogen, 0.069 Metals, Antimony 6.702 monds 0.932 Muriatic acid Arsenic 1.284 Codfish 5.763 0.923 Nitric oxide 1.041 Bismuth 9.880 Filberts 0-916 Nitrogen 0.972 Brass, from 7-824 to 8.396 Hempseed 0.926 Nitrous acid 2.638 Cadmium 8.600 Linseed 0.940 Chromium Olives 0.915 Oxygen 1•111 8.600 Poppyseed 0.939 : 5-600 Rapeseed 0.913 drogen 0-902 Copper 8.900 Walnuts from 19.25 0.923 to 0.947 Sub-carbureted hyDo. hammered 19-35 Whale . 0.923 drogen. 0-555 Iridium, hammered 23:09 Opal, precious 2:114 Sub-phosphureted Iron, cast at Carron 76248 Do.common, from 1.958 to 2.114 ditto 0.972 Du, bar-hardened, Opium 1.336 2.894 Mica . . . . . . . . . Sal gem sea . . . . TABLE OF SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.—Continued. Orpiment from 3.048 to 3.500) Do. carbonate of, Cedar, Indian 1.315 Oyster-shell 2.092 American 0-561 Pearl, oriental, from 2.510 Stone, Bristol, from 2.510 Cherry-tree 0-715 to 2.750 to 2.640 Citron 0.726 Pearlstone 2.340 cutlers' 2.111 Cocoa-wood 1.040 Peat from 0.600 to 1.329 grinding 2:142 Crab-tree 0.765 Peruvian bark 0.784 hard 2:460 0-240 Phosphorus 1.770 paving, from 2:415 Cypress, Spanish 0.644 Pitchstone from 1.970 to 2.720 to 2.708 Ebony, American 1.331 Plumbago, or graphite, Portland 2.496 Do. Indian 1.209 from 1.987 to 2.400 Rotten 1.981 Elder-tree 0.695 Porcelain from China 2:384 Sugar 1.606 0.671 Sèvres 2 145 Sulphur, native 2:033 Filbert-tree 0.600 Porphyry from 2:452 to 2:972 fused 1.990 Fir, male 0.550 Porphyry, Seltzer 1.003 Talc 0-498 Proof-spirit 0.923 Tallow 0.941 Hazel 0-600 Pumice-stone from 0.752 to 0.914 Topaz from 4.010 to 4.061 Jasmin, Spanish 0.770 Quartz from 2.624 to 3.750 Tourmaline from 3.086 to 3.362 Juniper-tree 0:556 Realgar from 3.225 to 3-338 Turquoise, from 2.500 to 3.000 Lemon-tree 0.703 Rock-crystal from 2.581 to 2.888 Ultramarine 2.3601 Lignum vitæ 1.333 Ruby, oriental 4.283 Uranite 2:190 Linden-tree 0-604 2.143 Vesuvian from 3.300 to 3.575 Mastick-tree 0.849 Sapphire, oriental, from Vinegar from 1.013 to 1.080 Mahogany 1.063 4.000 to 4.200 Water, distilled 1.000 Maple-tree 0.750 Sardonyx from 2.602 to 2.628 1.028 Medlar 0.944 Scammony of Smyrna 1.274 Water, of Dead Sea 1.240 Mulberry, Spanish 0.897 Aleppo 1-235 Wax, bees' 0.964 Oak-heart, 60 yrs. 0-968 1.170 Serpentine from 2.264 to 2.999 shoemakers' 0.897 Olive-tree 0.927 Shale 2.600 Whey, cows' 1.019 Orange-tree 0.705 Silver glance, from 5:300 to 7.208 Wine, Bourdeaux 0.9931 Pear-tree 0.166 Slate (drawing) 2:110 Burgundy 0.991 Pluin-tree 0.785 Smalt 2.440 Constance 1.081 Pomegranate-tree 1.351 Spar, fluor, from 3.094 to 3.791 Malaga 1.022 Poplar-tree 0.383 Do. calcareous, from 2:620 Port 0.997 Do. White Spanish 0:529 to 2.837 White Champagne 0.997 Quince-tree 0.705 Do. double refrg. from Wood, Alder 0.800 Sassafras 0482 Castleton 2:724 1.327 Spermaceti 0.943 Ash 0.845 Walnut 0.681 Spodumene or triphane, Bay-tree 0-585 from 3.000 to 3.218 Beech 0-852 Yew, Dutch 0.788 Stalactite from 2:323 to 2.546 Box, French 0.912 Spanish 0.807 Steam of water 0.481 Dutch 1.328 Knot of 16 yrs. old 1.760 Steatite from 2.400 to 2-665 Brasilian, Red 1.031 Woodstone from 2.045 to 2.675 Stilbite from 2.140 to 2.500 Campeachy 0.913 Zeolite from 2:073 to 2.718 Strontian, sulphate of, from Cedar, wild 0.596 Zircon from 4:385 to 4.700* 3.583 to 3.958 Palest 0.613 * It may be proper to add, that Mr. S. L. Kent, to whom we are indebted for much valuable information on this subject, has nearly completed the most extensive and accurate series of observations on the specific gravity of mineral bodies that has ever been attempted. Having in the preceding portion of our follow, it will continue to flow out of the vessel, article examined the nature of hydrostatic through the tube B C, as long as the aperture A pressure, we may now proceed to treat of fluids is under the surface of the liquor. Or if the in motion, and the structure of hydraulic ma- syphon be at first filled with the fluid, and the chines. aperture C stopped with the finger until the One of the most simple instruments for rais- aperture A is immersed, the event will be preing water is the syphon; a bent tube which cisely the same. During the process of sucking, owes its operation to the pressure of the atmo- the air in the tube is rarefied, and the equilibrium sphere. The ordinary syphon is represented at destroyed; consequently the water must be fig. 1, plate II., Hydrostatics and HYDRAU- raised into the less leg A B, by the preponderLics; and consists of a crooked tube A BC, ating pressure of the atmosphere. The syphon of such a length, and with such an angle, or so being thus filled, the atmosphere presses equally bent at the vertex, as that, when the orifice A is on each extremity, so as to sustain any equal placed on a horizontal plane, the height of A B quantity of water in each leg; but the air not may not exceed thirty-two or thirty-three feet. being able to sustain all the water in the longer For common uses a foot or half a foot high leg, and being more than able to sustain that in suffices. If now the less arm A B be immersed the shorter leg, with the excess of force, therein water, or any other liquid, and the air be fore, it will raise new water into the shortes sucked out of it by the aperture C till the liquor leg; and this new water cannot make its way . |