question, and attempts not to impose either by words or artifice. You perceive by his embarrassment that he is unaccustomed to low arts, his good temper evidently counteracts the feeling of poverty, which is therefore borne with ease and content. Shirt and skin, and little else, are to be seen, except his long hair, which hangs loosely over his shoulders; and all these are scarcely to be distinguished from each other, so disguised are they by filth and negligence. The appearance in drizzling weather of the Konigs-strass, which is the district of the Jews, is little more attractive than the quarter frequented by the peasants. Whoever feels inclined to study the character of this people will now find an ample opportunity. Here they swarm together like bees, fix themselves on the passenger who appears likely to trade with them, or traffic amongst themselves with affected grimaces and assumed appearance of activity; while they look with their eyes turned both towards the right and towards the left, on a hundred objects at a time.'

HUN'GER, n. s. & v. n.
HUN'GERBIT, adj. '
HUN'GERBITTEN, adj.
HUN'GERLY, adj. & adv.
HUN'GERSTARVED, adj.
HUN'GRED, adj.
HUN'GRILY, adv.
HUN'GRY, adj.

Sax. þungen; Swed. hunger ; Belg. honger. Desire of food; the pain felt from fasting; figuratively, any violent desire: hungerbitten, pained, or weakened by hunger: hungerly, with keen appetite hungry, in a figurative sense, is, not fat; not prolific; fruitful, or more disposed to draw from other substances than to impart to them.

Thou shalt serve thine enemies in hunger and in
thirst.
Deut. xxviii. 48.
His strength shall be hungerbitten. Job xviii. 12.
And in his herte anon, ther fell a thought,
That they for hunger wolden do him dien;
Alas! quod he, alas that I was wrought.
Chaucer. The Monkes Tale.

Then came the autumne, all in yellow clad,
As though he ioyd in his plentious store,
Laden with fruits that made him laugh, full glad
That he had banisht hunger, which tofore
Had by the belly oft him pinched sore.

Spenser. Faerie Queene.

Dost thou so hunger for my empty chair That thou will needs invest thee with my honours, Before thy hour be ripe? O, foolish youth, Thou seek'st the greatness that will overwhelm thee,

Stay but a little.

Shakspeare. Henry IV.

But when the sun displays his glorious beams, And shallow rivers flow with silver streams, Then the deceit the scaly breed survey, Bask in the sun, and look into the day; You now a more delusive art must try And tempt their hunger with a curious fly

Gay's Rural Sports. Something viscous, fat, and oily, remaining in the stomach, destroys the sensation of hunger.

Arbuthnot on Aliments. She knew that the best feelings must have victual, And that a shipwrecked youth would hungry be; Besides being less in love she yawned a little, And felt her veins chilled by the neighbouring

sea;

And so she cooked their breakfast to a tittle.

Byron. Don Juan.

HUNGER is occasioned by long abstinence from food when the body is in health. See ABSTINENCE. In famine life may be protracted, with less misery, by a moderate allowance of water. For the acrimony and putrefaction of the humors are obviated by such dilution, the small vessels are kept permeable, and the lungs are furnished with that moisture which is essential to the performance of their functions. Redi, who made many experiments to ascertain the effects of fasting on fowls, observed that none were able to support life beyond the ninth day to whom drink was denied; whereas one indulged with water lived more than twenty days. Hippocrates has observed, that children are more affected by abstinence than young persons; these more than the middle-aged; and the middle-aged more than old men. The power to endure famine, however, must depend no less upon the state of health and strength than on the age of the sufferer.

To those who by their occupations are expos ed to such dreadful calamities, it is of serious importance to be instructed in the means of al

leviating them. The American Indians are said to use a composition of the juice of tobacco and the shells of snails, cockles, and oysters, calcined, whenever they undertake a long journey, and are likely to be destitute of provisions. It is probable the shells are not burnt into quicklime, but only so as to destroy their tenacity, and to render them fit for levigation. The mass is dried and formed into pills, of a proper size to be held between the gum and lip, which, being gradually dissolved and swallowed, obtund the sensations both of hunger and of thirst. Tobacco, by its narcotic quality, seems weli adapted to counteract the uneasy impressions which the gastric juice makes on the nerves of the stomach when it is empty; and the combination of testaceous powders with it may tend to correct the secretion that is supposed to be the chief agent in digestion, and which, if not acid, is always united with acidity. To prevent the calamity of famine, at sea, it has been proposed by Dr. Lind, that the powder of salep should constitute part of the provisions of every ship's company. This pow. der and portable soup, dissolved in boiling water, form a rich thick jelly; and an ounce of each of these articles furnishes one day's subsistence to a healthy full-grown man. Indeed, from Dr. Percival's experiments, it appears that salep contains more nutritious matter, in proportion to its bulk, than any other vegetable production now used as food. The following composition is greatly extolled by Avicenna, the celebrated Arabian physician-Take sweet almonds and beef suet, of each 1 lb.; of the oil of violets 2 oz. and of the roots of marsh mallows 1 oz.: bray these ingredients together in a mortar, and form the mass into boluses, about the size of a common nut.' Gum Arabic might be a good substitute for salep, in the composition already recommended; and, as it gives such firmness to the mass as to require manducation, the saliva, by these means separated and carried into the stomach, would further contribute to assuage the sensations both of hunger and of thirst.

With respect to the cause of hunger, it has been, by turns, attributed to the direct impulse of the vital principle, to the frictions of the sides of the stomach against each other, to the dragging of the liver upon the diaphragm, to the action of bile upon the stomach, to the acrimony and acidity of the gastric juice, to fatigue of the contracted fibres of the stomach, to compression of the nerves of this viscus, &c. &c.

Hunger arises, like all other internal sensations, from the action of the nervous system; it has no other seat than this system itself, and no other causes than the general laws of organisation. What very well proves the truth of this assertion is, that it sometimes continues though the stomach is filled with food; that it cannot be produced though the stomach has been some time empty; lastly, that it is so subject to habit as to cease spontaneously after the habitual hour of repast is

In attempting to recover those who have suffered from famine, great circumspection is required. Warmth, cordials, and food, are the means to be employed; and these may prove too powerful in their operation, if not administered with judgment. For the body, by long fasting, is reduced to a state of more than infantile debility; the minuter vessels of the brain, and of the other organs, collapse for want of fluids to distend them; the stomach and intestines shrink in their capacity; and the heart languidly vibrates, having scarcely sufficient energy to propel the scanty current of blood. Under such circumstances a proper application of heat seems an essential measure, and may be effected by placing on each side a healthy man in contact with the patient. Pediluvia or fomentations may also be used with advantage. The temperature of these should be lower than that of the human body, and gradually increased according to the effects of their stimulus. New milk, weak broth, or water gruel, ought to be employed both for the one and the other; as nutriment may be conveyed into the system this way, by passages probably the most pervious in a state of fasting, if not too long protracted. Wine whey will answer a good purpose, and afford an easy and pleasant nourishment. When the stomach has been a little strengthened an egg may be mixed with the whey, or administered under some other agreeable form. The yolk of one was, to Cornaro, sufficient for a meal; and the narrative of this noble Venetian, in whom a fever was excited by the addition of only two ounces of food to his daily allowance, shows, that the return to a full diet should be conducted with great caution, and by slow gradations.

HUNGERFORD, a market town of Berkshire, seated on the Kennet, in a low and watery soil. It is a great thoroughfare in the Bath and Bristol road, sixty-four miles from London; and was formerly called Ingleford Charnham Street. The constable of this town, who is chosen annually, is lord of the manor, which he holds immediately of the crown. They have a horn here which holds about a quart, and appears by an inscription on it to have been given by John of Gaunt, together with a grant of the royal fishery, in a part of the river which abounds with good trout and craw-fish. Here is a market on Wednesday, and a fair in August.

HUNINGUE, or HUNINGUEN, a small, and not long since a very strong, town of the department of the Upper Rhine (Alsace, France), the chief place of a canton, in the arrondissement of Altkirch. It is a post town, and contains about 1000 inhabitants. This town is very advantageously situated on the left bank of the Rhine, near the frontiers of Switzerland, about a mile and a half from Bâle. It was dismantled in 1815. by order of the allied powers, and is now comparatively a heap of ruins: the inhabitants, discouraged by the injustice with which they regard their town as having been treated, have to a great extent abandoned it. The houses, which were burned and demolished during the siege, still remain in the same state as they were left by that terrible event. The last days previous to the destruction of Huninguen were marked by one of

the most astonishing deeds of arms (say the French) that has been witnessed in our age, so fertile in transactions of this kind. Blockaded by 25,000 Austrians, its feeble garrison consisting of 140 men, united with a few of the inhabitants, defended the place with the greatest courage. It was not until twelve days siege, and after having lost half of its defenders, that it made an honorable capitulation, by which the garrison was allowed to retire to the army of the Loire. The next day a platoon of infantry, two platoons of artillery, and five gendarmes, headed by general Barbarègre, with the officers of his staff, and followed by the wounded, came out of the place, with drums beating, in the presence of the enemy's army and an immense crowd of spectators, astonished that so feeble a company, which did not comprise more than fifty effective men, could have made so extraordinary a defence, and treated on equal terms with an army of 25,000.' Huninguen is twenty-one miles east of Altkirch, and twenty-seven south-east of Mulhausen. HUNKS, n. s. Isl. hunsker, sordid. A covetous sordid wretch; a miser; a curmudgeon.

She has a husband, a jealous, covetous, old hunks.

Dryden. The old hunks was well served, to be tricked out of a whole hog for the securing of his puddings.

L'Estrange.

Irus has given all the intimations of being a close hunks, worth money.

Addison.

HUNNIADES (John Corvinus), waywode of Transylvania, a general of the Hungarian armies, who was the terror of the Turks, and repeatedly defeated them under Amurath II. and Mahomet II. He forced both these bloody conquerors to raise the siege of Belgrade; but died, to the great grief of all Christendom, in 1456. See CoN

STANTINOPLE,

HUNNS, or HUNS, an ancient race, who formerly inhabited that part of Sarmatia bordering on the Palus Mæotis and the Tanais, the ancient boundary between Europe and Asia. Their country, as described by Procopius, lay north of Mount Caucasus, which, extending from the Euxine to the Caspian Seas, parts Asiatic Sarmatia from Colchis, Iberia, and Albania; lying on the isthmus between the two seas. Here they resided unknown to other nations, and themselves ignorant of other countries, till the year 376. At this time a hind pursued by the hunters, or, according to some authors, an ox stung by a gadfly, having passed the marsh, was followed by some Hunns to the other side, where they discovered a country much more agreeable than their own. On their return, having acquainted their countrymen with what they had seen, the whole nation passed the marsh, and falling upon the Alans, who dwelt on the banks of the Tanais, almost exterminated them. They next fell upon the Ostrogoths, whom they drove out of their country, and forced to retire to the plains between the Borysthenes and the Tanais, now known by the name of Podolea. Then, attacking the Visigoths, they obliged them to shelter themselves in the most mountainous parts of their country; till at last the Gothic nations, finding it impossible to withstand such an inundation of barbarians, obtained leave from the emperor Valens to settle

in Thrace. The Hunns thus became masters of all the country between the Tanais and Danube in 376, where they continued quietly till 388, when great numbers of them were taken into the pay of Theodosius I. They frequently passed the Danube, committing the greatest ravages in the western empire: sometimes they fell upon the eastern provinces, where they put all to fire and sword. They were often defeated and repulsed by the Romans, but the empire was now too weak to subdue or prevent them from making incursions; so that they continued to make daily encroachments, and became every day more formidable than before. In 441 the Hunns, under Attila, threatened the westerr empire with total destruction. This monarch, having made himself master of all the northern countries, from the confines of Persia to the banks of the Rhine, invaded Mæsia, Thrace, and Illyricum; and the emperor, not thinking himself safe in Constantinople, withdrew into Asia. Attila then attacked Gaul, where he destroyed several cities, massacring the inhabitants. At last he was driven out by Aetius the Roman general and Theodoric king of the Goths, and could never afterwards make any progress. About A. D. 452, or 453, Attila died, and his kingdom was split into a number of small states by his numerous children, who waged perpetual war with each other. The Hunns then ceased to be formidable, and became daily less able to cope with the other barbarous nations whom Attila had kept in subjection. Still, however, their dominion was considerable; and in the time of Charles the Great they were masters of Transylvania, Walachia, Servia, Carniola, Carinthia, and the greater part of Austria, together with Bosnia, Sclavonia, and that part of Hungary which lies beyond the Danube. In 776, while Charles was in Saxony, two princes of the Hunns, Caganus and Juganus, sent ambassadors to him, requesting an alliance with him. Charles received them with extraordinary marks of friendship, and readily complied with their request. However, they entered, not long after, into an alliance with Taffila of Bavaria, who had revolted from Charles. Accordingly Charles, having assembled a very numerous army, divided it into two bodies, one of which he commanded himself, and the other he committed to the care of his generals. The two armies entered the country of the Hunns at different places, ravaged their country far and near, burnt their villages, and took all their strong holds. This he continued for eight years, till the people were almost totally extirpated; nor did the Hunns ever afterwards recover themselves, or appear as a distinct nation.

The Hunns according to Marcellinus were a very savage and barbarous nation. They begin to practise their cruelty, says Jornandes, upon their own children, the very first day they come into the world, cutting and mangling the cheeks of their males, to prevent the growth of hair, and to strike terror into the enemy with their countenances, thus deformed and covered with scars. Their food was roots and raw meat, they being quite unacquainted with the use of fire, and having no houses, nor even huts; but living in the woods, and on the mountains, where,

from their infancy, they were inured to hunger, thirst, and all kinds of hardships; nay, they had such an aversion to houses, which they called the sepulchres for the living, that, when they went into other countries, they could hardly be prevailed upon to come within the walls of any house, not thinking themselves safe. They used even to eat and sleep on horseback, scarce ever dismounting; which induced Zosimus to assert that the Hunns could not walk. Day and night were indifferent to them as to buying, selling, eating, and drinking. They had no law, nor religion; but complied with their inclinations, without the least restraint. In war they began the battle with great fury, and a hideous noise: if they met with a vigorous opposition, their fury abated after the first onset; and, when once put into disorder, they never rallied, but fled in the utmost confusion. They were quite unacquainted with the art of besieging towns; and never attacked an enemy's camp. They were a faithless nation, and thought themselves no longer bound by the most solemn treaties than they found their advantage in observing them. Hence we often find them breaking into the Roman empire, in defiance of the most solemn engagements.

Several corps of Hunns, after their coming into Europe, served in the Roman armies against the Goths and other barbarous nations; nay, they were ready, for hire, to fight against each other.

HENNS, NEPHTHALITE, or the White Hunns, inhabited a rich country, bordering on the north of Persia, and a considerable distance from the Sarmatian or Scythian Hunns above described, with whom they had no intercourse nor the least resemblance either in their persons or manners. They were a powerful nation, and often served against the Romans in the Persian armies; but, in the reign of the emperor Zeno, being provoked by Perozes king of Persia laying claim to part of their country, they defeated the Persians in two pitched battles, slew their king, overran all Persia, and held it in subjection for two years, obliging Cabades, the son and successor of Perozes, to pay them a yearly tribute. These Hunns did not wander, like the others, from place to place; but, contented with their own country, which supplied them with all necessaries, they lived under a regular government, subject to one prince, and seldom made inroads, unless provoked, into either the Persian or Roman territories. They lived according to their own laws, and dealt uprightly with one another, as well as with the neighbouring people. Each of their great men used to choose twenty or more companions to enjoy with him his wealth, and partake of all his diversions; but, upon his decease, they were all buried with him in the same grave. The Nephthalites were,

however, a far more civilised nation than the Scythian Hunns, who, breaking into the empire, filled most of the provinces of Europe with blood and slaughter.

HUNT, v. a., v. n., & n. s.
HUNTER, n. s.
HUNTING-HORN, n. s.
HUN'TRESS, n. s.
HUNTSMAN, n. s.
HUNTSMANSHIP, N. S.

Sax. þuntian, from þundo, a dog. The leading idea in this word is searching after; and in the

strictest sense for objects not within sight: as to chase wild animals; to pursue; search for direct, or manage hounds; to follow the chase hunt is a pack of hounds; a chase; a pursuit : hunter, either the individuals who are engaged in the chase, or the dog that scents the game: hunting-horn, a bugle: huntress, a woman that follows the chase: huntsman, one who delights in the chase, or the servant who manages it: huntsmanship, the qualifications of a hunter.

Wilt thou hunt the prey for the lion, or fill the appetite of the young lions? Job xxxviii. 39. Evil shall hunt the violent man to overthrow him. Psalm cxl.

Within a lodge out of the way, Beside a well in a forest, Where after hunting I toke rest, Nature and kind so in me wrought, That halfe on slepe they me ybrought. Chaucer's Dreame Methought, I herde an hunter blowe T'essay his gret horne.

Chaucer. Boke of the Duchesse.

And therwithall Diane gan appeare

With bowe in hond right as an hunteresse.

Id. The Knightes Tale.

Of dogs, the valued file Distinguishes the swift, the slow, the subtle, The housekeeper, the hunter. Id. Macbeth.

At court your fellows every day Give the art of rhiming, huntsmanship, or play. Donne.

The heart strikes five hundred sorts of pulses in an hour, and is hunted into such continual palpitations, through anxiety, that fain would it break.

Harvey on Consumptions. Down from a hill the beast that reigns in woods, First hunter then, pursued a gentle brace, Goodliest of all the forest, hart and hind.

Shall I call

Milton.